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中國苧麻屬大葉苧麻組小赤麻系修訂

2016-11-10 01:53王文采
植物研究 2016年6期
關鍵詞:苧麻花序牙齒

王文采

(中國科學院植物研究所,系統(tǒng)與進化植物學國家重點實驗室,北京 100093)

中國苧麻屬大葉苧麻組小赤麻系修訂

王文采

(中國科學院植物研究所,系統(tǒng)與進化植物學國家重點實驗室,北京 100093)

1)接受蕁麻科苧麻屬大葉苧麻亞屬小赤車組,但將其降為系級群,作為大葉苧麻組的一個系處理。(2)在小赤麻系中共承認6種,其中包括1新種,給出了6種的檢索表,簡要形態(tài)描述(對新種給出完整描述)和插圖,還提供了6種的地理分布和分布地圖。(3)討論了6種的密切親緣關系,并提出幾個推測:小赤麻系中的原始種是細野麻,此系其他種可能均自其演化而出;也可能細野麻和密球苧麻為自同一祖先演化而出的一對姊妹群;也可能異葉苧麻自赤麻演化而出。

蕁麻科;苧麻屬大葉苧麻組小赤麻系;分類學修訂;中國

在1981年我編寫出中國苧麻屬分類學修訂[1],參考了荷蘭植物學家C.Blume[4]和日本植物學家Y.Satake[7]關于苧麻屬植物分類學的重要著作,在我建立的我國苧麻屬分類系統(tǒng)中接受了Blume建立的三個組:Sect.Genuinae Bl.(包括BoehmeriadepauperataWedd.,B.ramifloraJacq.等種。此組植物的團傘花序單生葉腋,不形成穗狀、復雜的團傘花序,我認為是苧麻屬的原始群,其他組均由其演化而出),Sect.Tilocnide Bl.[包括B.nivea(L.f.) Gaudich.]和Sect.Duretia(Gaudich.) Bl.[包括B.japonica(L.f.)Miq.,B.spicata(Thunb.) Thunb.等多數(shù)種],以及Satake建立的一組,Sect. ZollingerianaeSatake(包括B.zollingerianaWedd.)。此外,我將Satake建立的二組,Sect. LongispicaeSatake[包括B.japonica(L.f.) Miq.,B.platanifoliaFranch. & Sav.,B.holoseriseaBl.等種]和Sect. DensifloraeSatake(包括B.densifloraHook. & Arn.等種)降為系級群作為Sect.Duretia之下的二系;同時還將他建立的另外一組Sect. SpicataeSatake[包括B.spicata(Thunb.) Thunb.,B.paraspicataNakai等種]歸并于Ser. Longispicae(Satake) W.T.Wang。最近我在鑒定苧麻屬植物標本的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)一新種,橫斷山苧麻(B.hengduanshanicaW.T.Wang),并發(fā)現(xiàn)其與細野麻(B.gracilisC.H.Wright),赤麻(B.silvestrii(Pamp.) W.T.Wang),小赤麻(B.spicata(Thunb.) Thunb.),密球苧麻(B.densiglomerataW.T.Wang)和異葉苧麻(B.allophyllaW.T.Wang)在親緣關系方面甚為相近,這六種擁有以下共同特征:植株被毛較少;莖細,常帶紅色;葉較小,葉片較薄,薄紙質或膜質,長3~8(~10) cm,寬2~10(~13) cm,通常被少數(shù)短毛或近無毛,邊緣的牙齒較小,長1~6(~10) mm;穗狀花序不分枝,稀在基部有少數(shù)短枝,花序軸纖細,直徑0.2~0.5 mm;宿存雌花上部被糙伏毛,常變無毛。根據(jù)這些特征可與Ser. Longispicae相區(qū)別。后者的特征:葉較大,葉片較厚,長度和寬度均達20 cm左右,邊緣牙齒也較大,其頂端三角形牙齒長達2(~3) cm,且常為重牙齒;穗狀花序常分枝,花序軸稍粗些,直徑達1 mm;宿存雌花被頂端密被糙硬毛。根據(jù)上述我認識到應該承認Sect. SpicataeSatake,但將其等級下降,作為Sect. Duretia的一個系Ser. Spicatae(Satake) W.T.Wang處理。

六種的主要形態(tài)特征和親緣關系:(1)細野麻(Boehmeriagracilis)為多年生草本;葉片通常寬卵形或圓卵形,3~7(~10)×2~6(~7.5) cm,頂端有1驟尖頭,基部圓形或圓截形,邊緣每側具8~16個不等大的牙齒,牙齒呈正三角形,寬三角形或三角形,稀呈狹三角形(如采自重慶市奉節(jié)的周洪富,粟和毅110943號標本),1~5(~10)×2~5(~10) mm;穗狀花序長2.5~13 cm,花序軸直徑0.2~0.4 mm;宿存雌花被具扁平邊緣;葉片有時呈卵形,基部寬楔形,如采自重慶市酉陽的譚士賢222、采自湖北宜昌的龍茹090808004和采自陜西平利的采集人不明IV0145等三號標本均具卵形葉而與小赤麻(B.spicata)甚為相似,只是葉緣的牙齒呈正三角形或寬三角形而與小赤麻(葉緣牙齒狹三角形)不同,上列諸號標本均是B.gracilis與B.spicata之間的中間類型的居群的代表(圖1:A~B);(2)赤麻(B.silvestrii)為多年生草本;莖頂部少數(shù)葉較小,其葉片圓卵形,通常不分裂,頂端具1驟尖頭,與B.gracilis的葉極為相似,其下方的葉較大,近五角形,5~8(~13)×4.8~7.5(~13) cm,頂端3淺裂,具3個長驟尖頭,基部近截形或寬楔形,邊緣每側有5~12個不等大的牙齒,牙齒呈正三角形或三角形,1~10(~15)×1~9 mm,頂部的牙齒較大,且常為重牙齒;穗狀花序長4~11(~20) cm,花序軸直徑約0.3 mm;宿存雌花被具扁平邊緣。這里我要指出一個情況,就是采自遼寧南部鳳凰山的近藤舍五8282號的本種標本只有莖中部的一對葉的葉片頂端具3驟尖頭,其他莖下部至頂部的十余個葉的圓卵形葉片頂端均象B.gracilis的葉一樣只有1個驟尖頭,這個現(xiàn)象有力地說明B.silvestrii是由B.gracilis演化而出的種。在我國苧麻屬中存在由具不分裂葉的種演化至具分裂葉的種的現(xiàn)象,如序葉苧麻組(Sect. Phyllostachys W.T.Wang)中的由具不分裂葉的白面苧麻(B.clidemioidesMiq.)演化出具2裂葉的雙尖苧麻(B.bicuspisC.J.Chen)和具3裂葉的陰地苧麻(B.umbrosa(Hand.-Mazz.) W.T.Wang)[2]。再如大葉苧麻系(Ser. Longispicae)中的由具不分裂葉的大葉苧麻(B.japonica(L.f.) Miq.)演化出具3裂葉的懸鈴葉苧麻(B.tricuspis(Hance) Makino)[2]。而在本系Ser. Spicatae則出現(xiàn)了由具不裂葉的B.gracilis演化出具3裂葉的B.silvestrii和具2裂葉的B.hengduanshanica的現(xiàn)象。上述情況顯示了苧麻屬中在物種形成方面的平行演化現(xiàn)象(圖1:C~D);(3)橫斷山苧麻(B.hengduanshanica)為多年生草本或小灌木;葉片卵形或橢圓形,3~10×1.5~5.5 cm,頂端不等2淺裂,具2不等大的驟尖頭,基部圓形或寬楔形,邊緣每側具6~13個牙齒,牙齒呈寬三角形或三角形,1~5×2~6 mm;雄穗狀花序長2~5.2 cm,花序軸直徑約0.2 mm。本種與B.gracilis近緣,區(qū)別主要在于葉片頂端2裂,可能由后者演化而出(圖2:A~C);(4)小赤麻B.spicata為小灌木;莖具分枝;葉對生,葉片卵狀菱形或寬菱形,2.4~7.5×1.5~5 cm,頂端長驟尖,基部寬楔形,邊緣每側具(3~)4~9(~16)個牙齒,牙齒呈狹三角形或三角形,1~6×0.8~6 mm;雄穗狀花序長2.5 cm,雌穗狀花序長4~10 cm,花序軸直徑0.2~0.4 mm;宿存雌花被具扁平邊緣。上面介紹了在重慶酉陽、奉節(jié),湖北宜昌和陜西平利等地出現(xiàn)了B.gracilis和B.spicata之間的中間類型,由此推測本種可能自B.gracilis演化而出(圖1:E~F);(5)密球苧麻(B.densiglomerata)為多年生草本;葉對生,葉片圓卵形,5~9.4×5.2~8 cm,頂端短驟尖或漸尖,基部淺心形,稀圓形,邊緣每側具7~17個牙齒(牙齒呈正三角形或寬三角形,1~5×1~6 mm),下面疏或密被糙伏毛,有時無毛;穗狀花序長2.5~5.5 cm,花序軸直徑約0.5 mm,其上的團傘花序極為密集,彼此緊密鄰接,這是本種的一個重要特征,在小赤麻系的其他種,花序軸上的團傘花序互相間均多少分離;宿存雌花被無扁平邊緣,或有狹扁平邊緣,或頂端部分扁平。本種根據(jù)葉片基部通常淺心形和穗狀花序軸上緊密排列的團傘花序二特征可與B.gracilis區(qū)別,但這二種形態(tài)很相似,常難于區(qū)別。我曾將本種標本誤定為B.gracilis,因此認為二種的親緣關系很緊密,推測本種是由B.gracilis演化而出,向南分布到華南地區(qū)的種,也可能本種與B.gracilis是由同一祖先演化而出的一對姊妹群(圖2:D~I);(6)異葉苧麻(B.allophylla)為多年生草本;莖頂端葉互生,葉片橢圓形,4~5.7×1.4~1.7 cm,不分裂,頂端短驟尖,基部寬楔形;其他下部葉對生,較大,葉片近五角形,6~7×4~5.8 cm,頂端不等3微裂,不等3短驟尖,基部寬楔形,邊緣每側具8~20個牙齒,牙齒呈寬三角形或三角形,1~2.5×1.5~4 mm;穗狀花序長3~8 cm,花序軸直徑0.3~0.5 mm。本種莖頂端互生葉形狀似B.gracilis的葉,下部的對生葉具3驟尖頭,則與B.silvestrii相似,由此推測本種可能由后二者之一演化而出(圖2:J~M)。

圖1 A~B.細野麻:A.開花莖上部;B.瘦果和宿存花被 C~D.赤麻:C.開花莖上部;D.瘦果和宿存花被 E~F.小赤麻:E.葉;F.瘦果和宿存花被(自王文采,1995)Fig.1 A-B.Boehmeria gracilis: A. Upper part flowering stem; B. Achene with persistant perianth C-D.B.silvestrii: C. upper part of flowering stem; D. Achene with persistent perianth E-F. B.spicata: E. Leaf; F.Chene with persistent perianth(from Wang 1995)

圖2 A~C.橫斷山苧麻:A.開花雄莖上部;B.雄團傘花序;C.雄花蕾(據(jù)holotype) D~I.密球苧麻:D.葉和穗狀花序:E. 2雄團傘花序;F. 3雌團傘花序;G.雌花(據(jù)李洪鈞3231);H.瘦果和宿存花被(據(jù)曹子余,王忠禱292);I.另1瘦果和宿存花被(據(jù)李學根202260) J~M.異葉苧麻:J.開花莖上部;K.雄團傘花序;L.雌團傘花序;M.雌花(據(jù)holotype)Fig.2 A-C. Boehmeria hengduanshanica:A. Upper part of flowering staminate stem; B. Staminate glomerule; C. Staminate flower bud(from holotype) D-I. B.densiglomerata: D. Leaf and axillary spike; E. Two staminate glomerules; F. Three pistillate glomerules; G. Pistillate flower(from H.J.Li 3231); H. Achene with persistent perianth(from Z.Y.Can & Z.T.Wang 292); I. Another achene with persistent perianth(from X.G.Li 202260) J-M. B.allophylla: J. Upper part of flowering stem; K. Staminate glomenule; L. Pistillate glomerule; M. Pistillate flower(from holotype)

近年來,Ser. Spicatae中所有已發(fā)表的種的種級地位遭遇到變動。2003年,《Flora of China》vol.5[5]中第二版的中國苧麻屬志將B.gracilis歸并于B.spicata。2013年,英國蕁麻科專家C.M.Wilmot-Dear和丹麥蕁麻科專家I.Friis合作發(fā)表了舊世界苧麻屬的分類學修訂[9],最近我閱讀了這篇130多頁、圖文并茂的大文章,了解到舊世界苧麻屬植物的情況,感到此文是蕁麻科植物分類學的一個重要文獻,但此文對Ser. Spicatae諸種的分類學處理令我甚感詫異:(1)將異葉苧麻B.allophylla與B.grandifoliaWedd.、B.longispicaSteud.、B.tricuspis(Hance) Makino、B.macrophylla(Thunb.) Sieb. & Zucc.等多數(shù)學名一起放進B.japonica(L.f.) Miq. var.japonica的同物異名的長名錄中。如上所述,B.allophylla與B.gracilis和B.silvestrii近緣,在葉、花序等器官方面與B.japonica存在多數(shù)區(qū)別,因此,二者不可能是同一分類群。(2)將B.silvestrii恢復為變種等級,作為B.japonica的一個變種B.japonica(L.f.)Miq. var.silvestrii(Pamp.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear。如上所述,B.silvestrii由B.gracilis演化而來,而與B.japonica也存在營養(yǎng)和生殖器官方面的多數(shù)區(qū)別特征,但卻被作為B.japonica的變種,由此,我感到在種的概念(species conception)上,我與這二位專家存在不小區(qū)別。(3)將B.spicata(Thunb.) Thunb. var.teneraBl.(1857,此變種名多年來被不少日本植物學家歸并于B.spicata)轉移至B.japonica之下作為后者的一個變種:B.japonica(L.f.) Miq. var.tenera(Bl.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear,同時還將B.spicata和B.gracilis放入此變種的同物異名的名錄中。如上所述,B.gracilis和B.spicata在親緣關系上極為相近,存在中間類型,但二者還是兩個分類群,并不是同一分類群。此外,這兩個分類群和近緣的B.silvestrii和B.allophylla一樣,與B.japonica存在不少形態(tài)區(qū)別,由此說明這些分類群與B.japonica不是同一種植物。(4)將B.densiglomerata降級作為B.virgata(G.Forster) Guill.的一個變種:B.virgatassp.macrophylla(Hornem.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear var.densiglomerata(W.T.Wang) Friis & Wilmot-Dear。我不了解B.virgata這種植物,從二位專家的著作中了解到這個種包括2亞種,14變種,廣布于亞洲東南部和南部熱帶地區(qū),其中2變種分布于非洲熱帶地區(qū),還有1變種分布于澳大利亞東部,只有1變種var.densiglomerata自我國華南北部一帶向北達長江中游地區(qū)。我對B.virgata缺乏了解,但對B.densiglomerata有一定了解,如上所述,此種與B.gracilis在親緣關系上甚為相近,有時難于區(qū)別,我曾推測此種可能在Ser. Spicatae的分布中心云貴高原北緣一帶由B.gracilis分化而出,或與后者為一對姊妹群一同起源于上述Ser. Spicatae的分布中心,然后向東南分布達云南東南部和華南一帶,根據(jù)這種認識,我對將B.densiglomerata作為舊世界熱帶分布的B.virgata的一個變種深感詫異。

地理分布。小赤麻系(Ser. Spicatae)是苧麻屬分布于東亞植物區(qū)系[8]中的一個具6種的小群,6種中有3種廣泛分布于中國、朝鮮和日本,其他3種為我國特有種。本系的原始種細野麻B.gracilis是本系分布最廣的種,西自四川橫斷山區(qū)東緣,南自華南北部(南嶺山區(qū))向北、向東分別達到了遼寧南部和吉林東南部,以及朝鮮和日本四島(九州、四國、本州和北海道)[6]。第二個分布最廣的種是赤麻(B.silvestrii),西自四川橫斷山區(qū)東緣,南自湖南向北經(jīng)過華中、華北,朝東北方向到達黑龍江東南部,向東和細野麻一樣也到達朝鮮和日本四島[6]。小赤麻(B.spicata)是本系第三個分布廣的種,西自四川東部,南自貴州東南、江西北部和浙江向北比較星散地分布到山西南部和山東東北部,向東分布到朝鮮和日本三島(九州、四國和本州)[6],并在日本分化出一小葉變種var.microphyllaNakai ex Satake[6~7]。日本諸島是在第三紀中新世(Miocene)與大陸分離的,可見上述三種可能在中新世或其前已在我國大陸出現(xiàn)了。本系第四個分布廣的種是我國特有種密球苧麻(B.densiglomerata),在上面討論本種的種級地位問題時曾談到其分布情況,此種可能自云貴高原北部起源后向東南分布達華南一帶以及云南東南部,這里形成Ser. Spicatae的南界。最后是特產(chǎn)我國的兩個狹域分布種:橫斷山苧麻(B.hengduanshanica)可能是細野麻(B.gracilis)向西演化出的種,出現(xiàn)在橫斷山區(qū)的云南維西和西藏察隅,這里形成Ser. Spicatae的西界。另一種,異葉苧麻(B.allophylla)特產(chǎn)廣西西北部凌云縣,此種可能起源自赤麻(B.silvestrii),因此可能是由長江中游地區(qū)向南分布過來的。從6種上述分布情況看,在云貴高原北緣一帶分布有細野麻(B.gracilis),赤麻(B.silvestrii),小赤麻(B.spicata)和密球苧麻(B.densiglomerata),從采集到的大量標本看到有關四種的居群在這一帶大量密集分布,云貴高原北緣無疑是小赤麻系(Ser. Spicatae)的分布中心。

分類學處理

苧麻屬Boehmeria Jacq.大葉苧麻組小赤麻系

Sect.Duretia(Gaudich.) Bl. Ser.Spicatae(Satake) W.T.Wang, st. et comb. nov. ——BoehmeriaJacq. subgen.Duretia(Gaudich.) Satake sect.SpicataeSatake in J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, sect. 3, Bot. 4: 480. 1936; Ohba in Iwatsuki et al. Fl. Japan 2a: 102. 2006. Lectotype: Boehmeria spicata(Thunb.) Thunb.

Series haec est arcte affinis Ser.Longispicis(Satake) W. T. Wang, quae foliis majoribus crassioribus utrinque pilis pluribus obtectis margine valde grosse dentatis, dentibus apicalibus triangularibus usque ad 2(-3) cm longis saepe duplicatis, spicarum rhachidibus crassioribus usque ad 1 mm in diam., perianthiis fructiferis apice dense hispidis differt.

Perennial herbs, rarely small shrubs. Stems often reddish in colour. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate; blades usually thinly papery or membranous, 3-8(-10)×2-10(-13) cm, usually covered with few short hairs or subglabrous, with marginal teeth 1-6(-10) mm long. Spikes usually simple, rarely at base with a few short branches; rachis slender, 0.2-0.5 mm in diam. Persistent pistillate perianth above strigose, often glabrate.

Six species, of them three species wide-spread in China, Korea and Japan, and the other three ones endemic to China.

1.細野麻 圖1:A-B

BoehmeriagracilisC. H. Wright in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 485. 1899; Hand.-Mazz. Symb. Sin. 7: 151. 1929; Fl. Econ. Pl. China 1: 98, fig. 62. 1961; Iconogr. Corm. Sin. 1: 520, fig. 1039. 1972; Fl. Tsinling. 1(2): 115, fig. 96. 1974; S. X. Fu, Fl. Hupeh. 1: 180. 1976; B. Z. Ding et al. Fl. Honan. 1: 301. 1981; W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 3(4): 409. 1981; Fl. Jiangsu 2: 86, fig. 854. 1982; Fl. Dalian Distr. 1: 137, fig. 143. 1982; Z. T. Yin in Fl. Beijing, rev. ed., 1: 126. 1984; et in Fl. Hebei. 1: 290. 1986; Z. W. Xue in Fl. Anhui 2: 128, fig. 396. 1987; S. Z. Liu in Fl. Liaoning 1: 307, pl. 121. 1988; X. S. Zhang in Fl. Guizhou. 4: 70. 1989; Fl. Shandong 1: 993, fig. 655. 1992; X. Y. Yu et al. in Fl. Shanxi 1: 352, pl. 216. 1992; Y. Q. He in Fl. Zhejiang 2: 119, fig. 2-160. 1992; W. T. Wang in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 23(2): 346, pl. 78: 5-6. 1995; B. G. Li in Fl. Hunan 2: 304, fig. 2-227. 2000; S. J. Fan et al. Fl. Laoshan 1: 162, fig. 148. 2003; F. L. Zhang in Fl. Tianjin 97, fig. 94. 2004; Z. X. Peng & G. L. Zhang in Fl. Gansu 2: 245. 2005; W. T. Wang in Fl. Guangxi 2: 870. 2005; Ohba in Iwatsuki et al. Fl. Japan 2a: 103. 2006; X. Z. Zi & D. C. Zhang, Fl. Dabieshan 329, fig. 459. 2006; C. X. Yang et al. Keys Vasc. Pl. Chongqing 156. 2009; Z. H. Chen in Fl. Tianmushan 1: 284, fig. 1-299. 2009; Y. Zhou, Pl. Resour. Changbai Mount. China 420, pl. 204: 5. 2010; Q. L. Gan, Fl. Zhuxi., Suppl. 176. 2011; F. Z. Li et al. Fl. Taishan 1: 314, pl. 352. 2012. Syntypes: 湖北:巴東,A. Henry 4692(K, non vidi),4728(K, non vidi; photo, PE);Changlo, A. Henry 6258(K, non vidi).

B.paraspicataNakai, Rep. Veg. Mt. Apoi 19. 1930; Satake in J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, sect. 3, Bot. 4: 483, fig. 9-10. 1936; Kitagawa, Lineam. Fl. Manch. 171. 1939; B. S. Xu in Obs. Fl. Hwangshan. 108. 1965. Holotype: Japan: Hokkaido, Isihari Prov., 1931-08, G. Koidzumi s. n.(TI, non vidi).

B.tricuspis(Hance) Makino var.unicuspisMakino, Ill. Fl. Japan, rev. ed., 641. 1948, nom. subnud.; Ohwi, Fl. Japan 441. 1956 et rev. ed., 391. 1965; Y. C. Zhu in Herb. Pl. N.-E. China 2: 5, fig. 3. 1959; Satake in Satake et al. Wild Fls. Japan 2: 9, pl. 7: 2. 1982; Y. N. Lee, Fl. Korea 91. 1996.

B.spicataauct. non(Thunb.) Thunb.: Chen, Friis & Wilmot-Dear in Fl. China 5: 173. 2003, p. p. quoad syn.B.gracilisC. H. Wright; B. Liu, Field Guide Wild Pl. China: Shandong 292, fig. 3. 2009; J. C. Zhao et al. Fl. Xiaowutaishan 1: 176, fig. 126. 2011; Z. L. Xu in Fl. Jiangsu 2: 172, fig. 2-279. 2013, p. p.

B.japonica(L. f.) Miq. var. tenera(Bl.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear in Blumea 58(2): 193. 2013, p. p. quoad syn. B. gracilis C. H. Wright.

Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite; blades broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, rarely ovate, 3-7(-10)×2-6(-7.5) cm, apex cuspidate, base rounded, rounded-truncate or broadly cuneate, margins on each side 8-16-dentate, with teeth deltoid or triangular, 1-5(-10)×2-5(-10) mm. Spikes 2.5-13 cm long; rachis 0.2-0.4 mm in diam.; glomerules along rachis among themselves more or less separate. Persistent perianth with complanate margins.

地理分布:四川、貴州、廣西北部、廣東北部、福建、浙江、江西、湖南、湖北、重慶、甘肅南部、陜西南部、山西南部、河南、安徽、江蘇東北部、山東、河北、遼寧南部和東部、吉林東南部;朝鮮、日本。

標本登錄(均存PE):四川:寶興,關克儉,王文采2597。貴州:納雍,畢節(jié)隊423;雷山,簡焯坡等51079;凱里,黔南隊1966;石阡,黔南隊2608;道真,劉正宇20507;梵凈山,黔北隊2672。廣西:融水,陳少卿12861;羅城,秦仁昌5479。廣東:乳源,粵73隊603。福建:南靖,葉國棟1623;漳平,林镕4491。浙江:天目山,賀賢育25397;天臺山,陳詩3920。江西:上猶,江西隊71-522;井岡山,熊杰3104;鉛山,聶敏祥4424;靖安,張吉華97004;修水,賴書紳2922;廬山,關克儉74242。湖南:新寧,羅林波317;衡南,王小溪117;桑植,劉林翰9246;石門,壺瓶山隊1185。湖北:咸豐,王映明6548;鶴峰,李洪鈞6749;利川,戴倫膺1602;宜昌,龍茹090808004,090819018;巴東,鄂植考隊24490;神農架,鄂植考隊25249;羅田,何其果U1。重慶:南川,金佛山,李國鳳63545;酉陽,譚士賢170,222;武隆,劉正宇180330;石柱,三峽隊1919;開縣,巴山隊2526;奉節(jié),周洪富,粟和毅109229;巫溪,三峽隊290;城口,戴天倫101149。甘肅:文縣,王新402;康縣,張志英16897。陜西:嵐皋,采集人不明I0364;紫陽,李培元4656;平利,采集人不明IV0145;漢中,汪勁武376;太白山,秦嶺隊1410;終南山,王作賓2072;戶縣,郭本兆674;藍田,蘇貴興278。山西:晉城,包士英1763。河南:新縣,植物資源隊D0917;商縣,植物資源隊D0582;欒川,河南隊2028;西峽,河南隊1446;林州,經(jīng)濟植物隊1189。安徽:休寧,劉曉龍279;績溪,黃成林1129;黃山,錢崇澍1214;潛山,沈保安149;岳西,劉曉龍476;舒城,謝中瑤97232;金寨,劉曉龍438。山東:嶗山,金維堅s.n.。河北:內丘,劉鑫源1283;正定,采集人不明T36;易縣,楊朝廣3227;興隆,俞德浚366;遷西,遷西隊467。北京:臥佛寺,臥佛寺隊476;百花山,王啟無60783;十三陵,劉繼孟643。遼寧:丹東,王薇1181;鳳凰山,J. Sato 5508。

《天目山植物志》苧麻屬作者陳征海根據(jù)細野麻(B.gracilis)和小赤麻(B.spicata)在葉形、葉片頂端尾狀尖頭,葉緣牙齒數(shù)目等方面的區(qū)別特征明確指出細野麻“明顯不同于小赤麻”,而不同意將B.gracilis歸并于B.spicata[3],我對他的種的概念完全贊同。

2.赤麻 圖1:C-D

Boehmeriasilvestrii(Pamp.) W. T. Wang in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 20(2): 204. 1982; Z. T. Yin in Fl. Beijing, rev. ed. 1: 127, fig. 160. 1984; et in Fl. Hebei. 1: 291, fig. 257. 1986; Z. X. Peng & G. L. Zhang in Acta Bot. Bor.-Occ. Sin. 5(2): 130. 1985; S. Z. Liu in Fl. Liaoning 1: 308, pl. 122. 1988; Fl. Shandong 1: 993, fig. 054. 1992; J. Xing & Z. Lu in Fl. Heilongjiang 4: 180, pl. 46. 1992; W. T. Wang in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin 23(2): 348, pl. 78: 1-2. 1995; B. G. Li in Fl. Hunan 2: 307, fig. 2-228. 2000; Chen, Friis & Wilmot-Dear in Fl. China 5: 172. 2003; S. J. Fan et al. Fl. Laoshan 1: 161, fig. 147. 2003; F. D. Zhang in Fl. Tianjin 98, fig. 95. 2004; Z. X. Peng & G. L. Zhang in Fl. Gansu 2: 246. 2005; C. X. Yang et al. Keys Vasc. Pl. Chongqing 155. 2009; Q. L. Gan, Fl. ZHuxi., Suppl. 178, fig. 207. 2011. ——B.platanifoliaFranch. & Sav. var.silvestriiPamp. in Nouv. Giorn. Bot. Ital., n. s., 22: 278. 1915. ——B.japonica(L. f.) Miq. var.silvestrii(Pamp.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear in Blumea 58(2): 191, fig. 34: g. 2013. Syntypes: 湖北西北部:P. C. Silvestri 4070(FI, non vidi), 4070a(FI, non vidi; photo, PE).

B.tricuspisauct. non(Hance) Makino: Y. C. Zhu in Herb. Pl. N.-E. China 2: 5. 1959; Ohwi, Fl. Japan, rev. ed. 391. 1965; Iconogr. Corm. Sin. 1: 520, fig. 1040. 1972; Fl. Tsinling. 1(2): 115, fig. 97. 1974; S. X. Fu, Fl. Hupeh. 1: 182. 1976; B. Z. Ding et al. Fl. Henan. 1: 299. 1981; W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 3(4): 410. 1981; Fl. Dalian Distr. 1: 137, fig. 144. 1982; Satake in Satake et al. Wild Fls. Japan 2: 9, pl. 7:1. 1982; Y. N. Lee, Fl. Korea 91. 1996; Ohba in Iwatsuki et al. Fl. Japan 2a: 103. 2006

Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite; blades of apical leaves often undivided, those of other lower leaves 3-lobed and 3-cuspidate, broadly ovate or subpentagonal, 5-8(-13)×4.8-7.5(-13) cm, base subtruncate or broadly cuneate, margins on each side 5-12-dentate, with teeth deltoid or triangular, apical ones often double, 1-10(-15)×1-9 mm. Spikes 4-11(-20) cm long; rachis ca. 0.3 mm in diam.; glomerules along rachis among themselves separate. Persistent pistillate perianth with complanate margins.

地理分布:四川、重慶、湖南、湖北、甘肅南部、陜西南部、河南西部、山東東部、河北、遼寧東部、吉林東南部和黑龍江東南部;朝鮮、日本。

標本登錄(均存PE):四川:洪溪,管中天6942;寶興,C.S.Chang, H. Kim等S11120;茂縣,汪發(fā)纘22043。重慶:城口,戴天倫101582,102442。湖北:宜昌,趙常明等70;興山,趙常明等1757;神農架隊11380。甘肅:文縣,陳偉烈等8812;康縣,張志英16558;天水,張珍萬195。陜西:石泉,西北大學隊238;寧陜,孔憲武3031;佛坪,傅坤俊4616;太白山,王作賓1600;商洛,王作賓16058;藍田,王作賓15986;渭南,王作賓15794;華山,郝景盛4114。河南:盧氏,劉繼孟4571;西峽,河南隊1341。山東:青島,周太炎1010。河北:內丘,劉鑫源745;涿鹿,楊朝廣160;昌黎,夏緯瑛1929。北京:西山,王忠濤,馬欣堂124;百花山,王文采294;延慶,陳家瑞83015。遼寧:鳳凰山,J. Sato 5506,近藤舍吾8282。

3.橫斷山苧麻 圖2:A-C

BoehmeriahengduanshanicaW. T. Wang, sp. nov. Type: 西藏(Xizang):察隅縣,上察隅,格容(Chayu Xian, Shangchayu, Gerong),alt. 2200 m,山谷常綠闊葉林下(under evergreen broad-leaved forest in valley),多年生草本(perennial herbs),1973-07-01,自然資源綜合考察委員會調查隊(Expedition from Commission for integrated survey of natural resources)401(♂,holotypeand isotype, PE)。云南(Yunnan):維西縣,白濟汍,兩巖瓦(Weixi Xian, Baijiwan, Liangyanwa),alt. 1 880 m;常綠闊葉林,水邊(by streams under evergreen broad-leaved forest),灌木高1 m,1981-07-10,植物所橫斷山隊(Hengduan Shan Exped. Inst. Bot.)1257(♂, PE).

Species nova haec est arcte affinisB.gracilisC. H. Wright, a qua foliis omnibus apice inaequaliter 2-lobatis et 2-cuspidatis differt.

Perennial herbs or small shrubs. Stems 40-100 cm tall, on internodes very sparsely and on nodes densely strigose. Leaves opposite, those of the same pair slightly unequal in size, the larger one with longer petiole and the smaller one with shorter petiole; blades thinly papery, ovate or elliptic, 3-10×1.5-5.5 cm, apex obliquely and unequally 2-lobed with each lobe at apex cuspidate, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margins on each side 6-13-dentate, with teeth broadly triangular or triangular, 1-5×2-6 mm; surfaces adaxially finely strigose, abaxially on nerves strigose; nervation trinerved, with the midrib having 2-3 pairs of secondary nerves; cystoliths dense, minutely puncticulate; petioles 0.5-5 cm log, very sparsely strigose; stipules brown, narrowly lanceolate, 4.5-6×0.5-0.8 mm, adaxially glabrous, abaxially on midrib strigose. Staminate spikes singly axillary, 2-5.2 cm long, simple or below with a short branch, with 12-30 glomerules; rachis 0.5 mm in diam., strigose; bracts similar to stipules, but smaller, 1-1.8 mm long; glomerules 1-2 mm in diam., 2-5-flowered. Staminate flower bud subglobose, ca. 1 mm in diam., appressed-hispid, tetramerous. Pistillate spikes with pistillate flowers and achenes unknown.

4.小赤麻 圖1:E-F

Boehmeriaspicata(Thunb.) Thunb. In Trans. Linn. Soc. 2: 330. 1794; Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2: 220. 1856; C. H. Wright in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26: 488. 1899; Chien in Contr. Biol. Lab. Sci. Soc. China 9: 270. 1934; Satake in J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo. sect. 3, Bot. 4: 482. 1936; Ohwi, Fl. Japan, rev. ed. 391. 1965; S. X. Fu, Fl. Hupeh. 1: 181. 1976; W. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 3(4): 411. 1981; Satake in Satake et al. Wild Fls. Japan 2: 9, pl. 7: 3. 1982; Fl. Jiangsu 2: 86, fig. 383. 1982; W. T. Wang in Iconogr. Corm. Sin., Suppl. 1: 203, fig. 8463. 1982; Yahara in J. Jap. Bot. 59: 129, fig. 1. 1984; Y. Q. He in Fl. Zhejiang 2: 119, fig. 2-159. 1992; W. T. Wang in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 23(2): 350, pl. 78: 3-4. 1995; Y. N. Lee, Fl. Korea 91, fig. 237. 1996; Chen, Friis & Wilmot-Dear in Fl. China 5: 173. 2003, p. p. excl. syn.B.gracilisC. H. Wright,B.paraspicataNakai ex Satake etB.tricuspisvar.unicuspisMakino; Ohba in Iwatsuki et al. Fl. Japan 2a: 103. 2006; Z. H. Chen in Fl. Tianmushan 1: 283, fig. 1-298. 2009; Q. L. Gan, Fl. Zhuxi., Suppl. 177, fig. 206. 2011; Z. R. Xu in Fl. Jiangsu 2: 172. 2013, p. p. excl. fig. 2-279 et syn.B.gracilisC. H. Wright. ——UrticaspicataThunb. in Murray, Syst. Veg., ed. 14, 850. 1784. Lectotype: Japan: C. P. Thunberg 22115(UPS-fide Yahara, 1984).

B.spicata(Thunb.) Thunb. var.akariBl. l. c. Type: Japan: Unknown collector s. n.(holotype, L; isotype, K. ——fide Wilmot-Dear & Friis, 2013).

B.spicata(Thunb.) Thunb. var.teneraBl. l. c. ——B.japonica(L. f.) Miq. var.tenera(Bl.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear in Blumea 58(2): 193, fig. 35. 2013, p. p. excl. syn.B.gracilisC. H. Wright,B.paraspicataNakai ex Satake etB.tricuspisvar.unicuspisMakino. Holotype: Japan: Herb. Lugd.-Bat. 908186(L-fide Yahara, 1984).

Small shrubs. Stems with branches. Leaves opposite; blades ovate-rhombic, 2.4-7.5×1.5-5 cm, apex long cuspidate, base broadly cuneate, margins on each side(3-)4-9(-16)-dentate, with teeth narrowly triangular or triangular, 1-6×0.8-6 mm. Staminate spikes ca. 2.5 cm long, pistillate spikes 4-10 cm long; rachis 0.2-0.4 mm in diam.; glomerules along rachis among themselves more or less separate. Persistent pistillate perianth with complanate margins.

地理分布:四川、重慶、貴州東南部、湖北、江西北部、浙江、江蘇北部、河南西部、陜西南部、山西南部、山東東部;朝鮮、日本。

標本登錄(均存PE):四川:萬源,李培元6115。重慶:石柱,三峽隊1920;開縣,巴山隊2318;奉節(jié),三峽隊2874;巫山,周洪富,粟和毅109728;巫溪,三峽隊191。貴州:雷山,簡焯坡等50769。湖北:恩始,傅國勛1431;神農架,鄂植考隊25249。江西:廬山,王名金788。浙江:麗水,章紹堯6078;天目山,劉慎諤146。江蘇:江陰,采集人不明20359;云臺山,劉昉勛10792。河南:內鄉(xiāng),河南隊837;西峽,河南隊969;嵩縣,河南隊905。陜西:寧陜,孔憲武303;太白山,Zhu, Chen, Xu & Wang 1615。山西:垣曲,H. Smith 6373。山東:棲霞,采集人不明179;牟平,劉慎諤,劉繼孟1199,1383。

5.密球苧麻 圖2:D-I

BoehmeriadensiglomerataW. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 3(4): 408, pl. 1; 1-2. 1981; Fl. Fujian. 1: 474. 1982; X. S. Zhang in Fl. Guizhou. 4: 72. 1989; W. T. Wang in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 23(2): 346, pl. 77:1-2. 1995; B. G. Li in Fl. Hunan 2: 307, fig. 2-230. 2000; Chen, Friis & Wilmot-Dear in Fl. China 5: 172. 2003; Y. Z. Ruan in Fl. Guangdong 6: 102, fig. 44. 2005; W. Q. Chen in Fl. Luochang 1: 604. 2005; W. T. Wang in Fl. Guangxi 2: 870. 2005; C. X. Yang et al. Keys Vasc. Pl. Chongqing 156. 2009. ——B.virgata(G. Forster) Guill. ssp.macrophylla(Hornem.) Friis & Wilmot-Dear var.densiglomerata(W. T. Wang) Friis & Wilmot-Dear in Blumea 58(2): 173, fig. 29. 2013. Holotype: 廣西: 大瑤山, 1928-06-24, 辛樹幟844(IBSC). Paratypes: 廣西:融水,陳少卿14808(IBK,IBSC);東蘭,陳立卿92186(IBK)。廣東:連南,譚沛祥54321;英德,黃成163450;翁源,劉心祈2102;樂昌,陳少卿2551(上列標本均存IBSC)。福建:南靖,曾滄江417(AU)。江西:龍南,劉心祈4619(IBSC)。貴州:興仁,貴州隊7941(PE)。四川:峨眉山,賀賢育5584(IBSC);長寧,四川中藥所515(IMC);珙縣,四川中藥所275(IMC);合江,四川中藥所260(IMC)。

Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite; blades orbicular-ovate, 5-9.4×5.2-8 cm, abaxially sparsely or densely strigose, sometimes glabrous, apex shortly cuspidate or acuminate, base subcordate, rarely rounded, margins on each side 7-17-dentate, with teeth deltoid or broadly triangular, 1-5×1-6 mm. Spikes 2.5-5.5 cm long; rachis ca. 0.5 mm in diam.; glomerules along rachis among themselves tightly contiguous. Persistent pistillate perianth without complanate margins or with narrow complanate margins, or apically complanate.

地理分布:四川、重慶、貴州、云南東南部、廣西北部和西南部、廣東北部和東北部、福建南部、江西西南部、湖南和湖北西南部。

標本登錄(均存PE):四川:雷波,趙清威117431。重慶:江津,劉正宇183054;金佛山,劉正宇10235;酉陽,譚士賢255。貴州:赤水,曹子余,王忠濤292;梵凈山,武陵山隊295。云南:屏邊,大圍山,中蘇云南考察隊3624。廣西:興安,廣西隊53-947;那坡,方鼎,覃德海79663。廣東:蕉嶺,李學根202260。福建:漳平,林镕4491。江西:崇義,賴占鈞等贛-14。湖南:新寧,羅林波132;綏寧,席建明,萬成志81320;永順,北京隊459。湖北:宣恩,李洪鈞3231;建始,王從榮1010。

6.異葉苧麻 圖2:J-M

BoehmeriaallophyllaW. T. Wang in Acta Bot. Yunnan. 3(4): 112, pl. 1: 7. 1981; et in Fl. Reip. Pop. Sin. 23(2): 350. 1995; Chen, Friis & Wilmot-Dear in Fl. China 5: 173. 2003; W. T. Wang in Fl. Guangxi 2: 870. 2005. Holotype: 廣西:凌云,小東蘭,1928-08-17,陳立卿02643(IBK).

B.japonicaauct. non(L. f.) Miq.: Wilmot-Dear & Friis in Blumea 58(2): 189. 2013, p. p. quoad syn.B.allophyllaW. T. Wang tantum.

Perennial herbs. Apical leaves alternate, their blades undivided, elliptic, 4-5.7×1.4-1.7 cm, apex shortly cuspidate, base broadly cuneate; other lower leaves opposite, their blades subpentagonal, 6-7×4-5.8 cm, apex unequally 3-lobulate and shortly 3-cuspidate, base broadly cuneate, margins on each side 8-20-dentate, with teeth broadly triangular or triangular, 1-2.5×1.5-4 mm. Spikes 3-8 cm long; rachis 0.3-0.5 mm in diam.; glomerules on rachis among themselves more or less separate. Achenes unknown.

地理分布:廣西凌云特有種。

致謝深切感謝鐘小紅女士打印本文稿件。

1.王文采.中國苧麻屬校訂[J].云南植物研究,1981,3(3):307-328.

2.王文采.Boehmeria[M].//王文采,陳家瑞.中國植物志:第23卷第2冊.北京:科學出版社,1995:320-355.

3.陳征海.Boehmeria[M].//金水虎.天目山植物志.杭州:浙江大學出版社,2009:280-285.

4.Blume C L.Boehmeria[M].//Blume C L.Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum,Sive Stirpium Exoticarum Novarum Velminus Cognitarum ex Vivis Aut Siccis Brevis Expositio et Descriptio.Leiden:Brill,1856:193-256.

5.Chen C J,Friis I,Wilmot-dear C M.Urticaceae[M].//Wu Z Y,Raven P H.Flora of China.Beijing:Science Press,Missouri:Botanical Garden Press,2003:164-175.

6.Ohba H.Boehmeria[M].//Iwatsuki K,Boufford D E,Ohba H.Flora of Japan.Tokyo:Kodansha Ltd,2006:101-198.

7.Satake Y.Boehmeriajaponica[M].//Journal of the Faculty of Science.Tokyo:University of Tokyo,1936:467-542.

8.Takhtajan A L.Floristic regions of the World[M].Berkeley:University of California Press,1986.

9.Wilmot-dear C M,Friis I.The old world species ofBoehmeria(Urticaceae,tribusBoehmerieae).A taxonomic Revision[J].Blumea,2013,58(2):85-216.

10.Yahara T.Note on nomenclature and infraspecific classification ofBoehmeriajaponica(L.f.) Miq.andB.spicata(Thunb.) Thunb.(Urticaceae)[J].The Journal of Japanese Botany,1984,59(5):129-142.

ArevisionofBoehmeriasect.Duretiaser.Spicatae(Urticaceae)ofChina

WANG Wen-Tsai

(State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany,Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Scienses,Beijing 100093)

(1)Boehmeriasubgen.Duretiasect.Spicataeis recognized, but relegated to serial rank, and treated as one of the series under Sect.Duretia. (2)In Ser.Spicataeare recognized 6 species, including 1 new species, which are keyed, except the new species briefly described, and illustrated. Besides, the geographical distributions and a distribution map of them are provided. (3)The close relationships among the 6 species are discussed, and several speculations are thought out: In Ser.Spicatae,Boehmeriagracilisis the primitive species, and all other species of this series might originate from it; orB.gracilisandB.densiglomeratamight be a pair of sister groups derived from a common ancestry; orB.allophyllamight be derived fromB.silvestrii.

Urticaceae;Boehmeriasect.Duretiaser.Spicatae;taxonomic revision;China

王文采(1926—),男,研究員,中國科學院院士,從事有花植物分類學研究。

2016-04-18

Q949.737.5

A

10.7525/j.issn.1673-5102.2016.06.002

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