李翔+楊沅君+劉杰夫+董茜
【摘要】 糖尿病腎病是糖尿病最常見的并發(fā)癥,也是導致慢性腎衰竭的重要原因,但臨床的治療方法效果局限。目前的研究從抑制鈉-葡萄糖協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白2、蛋白激酶C、多元醇通路以及晚期糖化終末產(chǎn)物等方面,試圖干擾發(fā)病過程中的炎性反應、氧化應激、免疫應答和組織纖維化來特異性治療。干細胞移植方法也為進一步治療糖尿病腎病提供了新希望。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 糖尿病腎病; 治療; 發(fā)病機制; 干細胞
【Abstract】 Diabetic nephropathy is the most common complication of diabetes,and it is also an important cause of chronic renal failure,but the clinical treatment effect is limited.The current study from the inhibition of sodium glucose cotransporter 2,protein kinase C,polyol pathway and advanced glycation end products and so on,to inflammatory reaction and interference in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress,immune response and tissue fibrosis to specific treatment.Stem cell transplantation provides a new hope for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
【Key words】 Diabetic nephropathy; Therapeutics; Pathogeneses; Stem cell
First-authors address:Department of Clinical Medicine,Xuzhou Medical University,Xuzhou 221000,China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2016.30.040
隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展、人們生活習慣的改變和生活節(jié)奏加快,糖尿?。╠iabetes mellitus,DM)的發(fā)病率日益上升。糖尿病腎?。╠iabetic nephropathy,DN)是DM最常見的微血管并發(fā)癥,也是導致終末期腎?。╡nd-stage renal disease,ESRD)的最常見原因,嚴重威脅人類的健康[1]。然而,目前臨床上的治療方法有很大的局限性,不能有效地減緩病情的發(fā)展[2]。因此,有越來越多的學者致力于探索治療DN的新思路(見圖1)?,F(xiàn)就近年來治療DN的研究進展予以綜述。
1 針對病因的治療
1.1 鈉-葡萄糖協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白2 在高糖或高胰島素環(huán)境下,腎近端小管表面表達的鈉-葡萄糖協(xié)同轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白2(sodium-glucose transporter 2,SGLT2)升高,導致其介導的對Na+和葡萄糖的重吸收程度升高[3],這提示使用SGLT2抑制劑,能夠阻斷鈉和糖的共轉(zhuǎn)運,改善患者的高血糖和高血壓水平。臨床試驗聯(lián)合SGLT2抑制劑和RAAS阻斷表現(xiàn)出了極佳的心血管和腎臟保護效果[4-5],具體的作用機制不清,可能與血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶Ⅱ、血管緊張素1-7/1-9的升高[6]、以及球管反饋有關(guān),但文獻[7-8]研究表明其具有增加生殖系統(tǒng)感染和骨折的風險。
1.2 蛋白激酶C 蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)作為一細胞質(zhì)酶,廣泛存在于機體組織器官及細胞中。其活性包括調(diào)節(jié)血管內(nèi)皮細胞通透性和收縮性、ECM的合成、細胞增殖和調(diào)亡、血管新生、白細胞黏附、激活和抑制細胞因子和細胞生長等。PKC有多種亞型,其中PKCα、β被認為與DN的發(fā)病密切相關(guān)。PKCα與PICK2、β-arrestin2結(jié)合,使得nephrin蛋白的內(nèi)吞作用增強,從而導致蛋白尿[9]。Meier等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn):PKCβ基因敲除的DN大鼠的蛋白尿并沒有明顯改善,但腎小球增生和細胞外基質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生減少。Menne等[11]綜合兩者的結(jié)果,同時抑制PKCα和PKCβ,較好的阻止了DN的發(fā)展。另外,近年來還發(fā)現(xiàn)PKCε、aPKC在腎臟保護中具有重要作用[12-13]。
1.3 多元醇通路 多元醇通路由醛糖還原酶(aldose reductase,AR)及其受體NADPH和山梨糖醇脫氫酶及其受體NAD組成。腎小球細胞內(nèi)持續(xù)的高糖環(huán)境會導致AR活化。作為多元醇通路的限速酶,AR活化使葡萄糖大量轉(zhuǎn)化為山梨醇,引起細胞滲透性損傷[14]。另外,AR在調(diào)節(jié)多元醇通路的同時也在糖代謝、細胞外基質(zhì)病理變化中起重要作用。大量AR的激活會引起AGE、ROS以及TGF-β的增多[15],導致氧化應激和組織纖維化。還有研究表明,AR可促進PKC的激活,通過上述途徑加速腎小球的損傷。因此多元醇通路將是較好的治療DN的靶點。
1.4 晚期糖化終末產(chǎn)物 高血糖和氧化應激會促進內(nèi)源性晚期糖基化終產(chǎn)物(advanced glycation end products,AGE)的產(chǎn)生[16]。AGE在組織中的積聚,會造成腎小球基底膜結(jié)構(gòu)改變、電荷屏障減弱、足細胞受損、細胞外基質(zhì)增生,并最終導致腎小球硬化和蛋白尿。而AGE除了自身的積聚會導致組織損傷外,與其受體AGER或Toll樣受體2和4結(jié)合后,還會激活一系列的胞內(nèi)信號轉(zhuǎn)導通路[17],釋放炎性因子并導致氧化應激。體外實驗將AGE與腎小管上皮細胞共同培養(yǎng),可見TGF-β、PAI-1、MCP-1的高表達[18]。在文獻[19-20]DN的動物實驗中,抑制AGE的形成或破壞其誘導的交聯(lián)反應都具有腎臟保護作用。目前的研究致力于抑制內(nèi)源性AGE的生成,以及尋找新的AGER拮抗劑,用于治療糖尿病引起的微血管并發(fā)癥。新的高親和力DNA適體用于阻斷AGE生成的方法也展現(xiàn)出了良好的應用前景[21]。
2 干細胞治療
盡管不斷地研究新的藥物作用靶點給治療DN提供了很好的思路,但到目前為止療效還是很有限[22],因此急需開辟新的途徑以求進一步的治療。干細胞移植方法能夠促進受損的腎臟組織、細胞的再生或直接分化為相應細胞來修復腎臟,給進一步治療DN提供了希望,因而受到了人們的關(guān)注。
胚胎干細胞(embryonic stem cell,ESCs)是從早期胚胎(原腸胚期之前)或原始性腺中分離出來的一類細胞,它具有體外培養(yǎng)無限增殖、自我更新和多向分化的潛能。ESCs除了能分化為胰島素分泌細胞外[23],在特定的生長因子或誘導劑的作用下還能夠向腎臟細胞譜系分化,如近端小管樣細胞[24],但由其帶來的倫理問題一直限制著它的發(fā)展。
間充質(zhì)干細胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)既具有多向分化潛能、免疫抑制和異體移植的安全性[25-27],又避免了ESCs的倫理問題,近年來被廣泛用于多種疾病治療的研究。MSCs能夠分化為胰島素分泌細胞、腎小管上皮細胞、上皮細胞和足細胞[28-30]。文獻[31]研究報告指出MSCs的移植能夠改善蛋白尿、血清肌酐/尿素氮比值、腎小球高壓、系膜增生和纖維化。然而MSCs移植療法仍有許多缺點:來自不同供體的MSCs的異質(zhì)性很大,而且在慢性心血管系統(tǒng)疾病的患者和慢性腎病模型的大鼠中,MSCs的增殖和分化能力會降低[32],這些都會影響其治療效果,需要繼續(xù)研究來解決這些問題。
由尿液中分離出來的干細胞—尿源性干細胞(urine-derived stem cells,USCs)是近來發(fā)現(xiàn)的新的干細胞亞型[33]。從尿中提取干細胞更加地安全和經(jīng)濟。USCs具有較長的端粒酶長度,自我更新能力和增生能力都很強,但是關(guān)于其應用于DN的治療暫無報道。
3 小結(jié)
DN的發(fā)生發(fā)展涉及多種發(fā)病機制的參與,不斷深入研究發(fā)病機制,將為DN的治療提供更多治療靶點以及早期診斷的標志。近來有研究報道自噬參與了糖尿病腎病的發(fā)病過程,其作用將是未來研究熱點。隨著DN研究不斷深入,干細胞、基因療法不斷發(fā)展,相信在不久的將來,糖尿病腎病的患者一定會得到更好的治療。
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(收稿日期:2016-06-24) (本文編輯:郎威)