林萬松,林 潔,林巧燕,周智鋒,李潔羽,葉韻斌
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乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白通過DNMT3A誘導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞RUNX3基因高甲基化
林萬松1,林 潔2,林巧燕1,周智鋒1,李潔羽1,葉韻斌1
目的 研究肝癌細(xì)胞中乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(HBx)對抑癌基因Runt相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子3(RUNX3)表達(dá)的影響及相關(guān)作用機(jī)制,探討乙肝病毒促肝癌發(fā)生的表觀遺傳調(diào)控。方法 HBx重組表達(dá)載體轉(zhuǎn)染5-aza-CdR處理或未處理的Huh7、HepG2肝癌細(xì)胞,Western Blot及RT-qPCR檢測RUNX3 的表達(dá),分析RUNX3基因啟動子CpG島甲基化水平。合成DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶3A的小干擾RNA(siRNA_3A)單獨轉(zhuǎn)染或與HBx共轉(zhuǎn)染,檢測RUNX3的表達(dá)。PCR檢測21例手術(shù)切除的肝細(xì)胞癌新鮮組織標(biāo)本HBx表達(dá)情況,比較HBx陰性與HBx陽性組織樣本間RUNX3的表達(dá)差異以及啟動子甲基化程度。結(jié)果 過表達(dá)HBx可導(dǎo)致肝癌細(xì)胞內(nèi)RUNX3表達(dá)下調(diào),且甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶抑制劑5-aza-CdR可完全阻斷HBx對RUNX3的抑制作用。HBx誘導(dǎo)RUNX3基因啟動子CpG島發(fā)生高甲基化,但不影響DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶的表達(dá)。siRNA_3A轉(zhuǎn)染肝癌細(xì)胞后,RUNX3 mRNA與蛋白表達(dá)均顯著上調(diào);其與HBx共轉(zhuǎn)染后,逆轉(zhuǎn)了單獨HBx對RUNX3的抑制作用。HBx陽性的肝癌組織中RUNX3 mRNA表達(dá)水平較HBx陰性組低,且RUNX3啟動子甲基化程度也相對較高。結(jié)論 HBx通過促進(jìn)RUNX3啟動子區(qū)域發(fā)生高甲基化而抑制其表達(dá),且這一過程是由DNMT3A所介導(dǎo)的。
乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白;肝細(xì)胞癌;Runt相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子3;DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶3A;甲基化
乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白(hepatitis B virus X protein,HBx)是乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)編碼的的一個重要調(diào)節(jié)因子,具有多功能性,在HBV致肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中起著關(guān)鍵作用[1]。HBx可通過反式激活功能誘導(dǎo)多種病毒和宿主細(xì)胞基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄,通過調(diào)節(jié)信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路,參與了氧化應(yīng)激、DNA修復(fù)、蛋白降解、細(xì)胞周期和凋亡等細(xì)胞活動過程[2-3]。此外,研究報道HBx能夠誘導(dǎo)宿主基因的表觀遺傳學(xué)改變,包括DNA甲基化修飾異常等[4-5]。Runt相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子3(Runt-related transcription factor 3,RUNX3)隸屬于Runt 結(jié)構(gòu)域轉(zhuǎn)錄因子家族,具有抑癌基因的功能,在包括HCC在內(nèi)的多種實體瘤中均發(fā)現(xiàn)RUNX3基因由于啟動子高甲基化而表達(dá)受到抑制[6-7],但其異常甲基化的分子機(jī)制有待深入分析。本文通過研究HBx對RUNX3表達(dá)的影響及相關(guān)作用機(jī)制,探討二者之間的聯(lián)系以及對HCC發(fā)病所起的作用。
1.1 細(xì)胞與主要試劑 Huh7和HepG2肝癌細(xì)胞株由福建省腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤免疫學(xué)研究室保存。DMEM高糖培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血清(美國Gibco公司);X-tremeGENE HP DNA轉(zhuǎn)染試劑、逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒、LightCycler 480 SYBR Green定量PCR試劑盒(美國Roche公司);RUNX3單克隆抗體、DNMT1、DNMT3A、DNMT3B多克隆抗體(英國Abcam公司);Xpress單克隆抗體、TRIzol試劑(美國Invitrogen公司);β-actin多克隆抗體、HRP標(biāo)記二抗(美國Cell Signaling Technology公司);DNA提取試劑盒、EpiTect Bisulfite Kit亞硫酸氫鈉處理試劑(德國Qiagen公司);5-aza-CdR(美國Sigma公司)。
1.2 標(biāo)本 21例新鮮HCC標(biāo)本取自2014-2015年福建省腫瘤醫(yī)院肝膽外科住院手術(shù)患者,術(shù)前均未接受放射和化學(xué)治療,術(shù)后均經(jīng)病理學(xué)證實,組織離體后立即置液氮保存。
1.3 HBx重組表達(dá)載體構(gòu)建 HBx全長克隆于真核表達(dá)載體pcDNA3.1/HisC,載體多克隆位點N端帶有Xpress多肽表位,HBx與Xpress融合表達(dá)。該重組表達(dá)載體命名為pcDNA3.1-HBx已構(gòu)建完成[8],由本實驗室保存。
1.4 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與轉(zhuǎn)染 Huh7和HepG2細(xì)胞以5%CO2、含10%胎牛血清的DMEM常規(guī)培養(yǎng),轉(zhuǎn)染前24 h細(xì)胞用胰酶消化,按2×105個細(xì)胞每孔接種至6孔板中,轉(zhuǎn)染時細(xì)胞達(dá)50%~70%融合。轉(zhuǎn)染按X-tremeGENE HP DNA轉(zhuǎn)染試劑說明書操作,每次均設(shè)空白對照組以及陰性對照組。
1.5 RNA干擾(RNAi)實驗 DNMT3A小干擾RNA(siRNA_3A)及陰性對照siRNA_ctrl設(shè)計參照文獻(xiàn)[9],序列如下(只列出正義鏈):siRNA_3A:5′-CAGGAGATGATGTCCAACCC-3′;siRNA_ctrl:5′- CACGACATCATCTCGAACGC- 3′。單鏈寡核苷酸片段由上海生工生物公司合成,經(jīng)退火后形成雙鏈siRNA,轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞,終濃度為100 nmol/L,48 h后Western Blot檢測DNMT3A的表達(dá)。
1.6 RT-qPCR TRIzol試劑提取總RNA,經(jīng)55 ℃ 30 min逆轉(zhuǎn)錄合成cDNA,實時定量PCR按試劑說明書配制反應(yīng)液,在Roche LightCycler 480 PCR儀上運(yùn)行,循環(huán)參數(shù)為95 ℃ 15 s,60 ℃ 1 min,40個循環(huán)。RUNX3引物序列:上游:5′-CAGGCAATGACGAGAACT-3′,下游:5′-GGTTGGTGAACACAGTGA-3′,擴(kuò)增片段長度為147 bp。
1.7 PCR擴(kuò)增HCC組織HBx基因 PCR擴(kuò)增HBx引物設(shè)計依據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[10],使用普通Taq DNA聚合酶,PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳分離。
1.8 Western Blot 細(xì)胞加入RIPA裂解液提取總蛋白,BCA蛋白定量。取25 μg變性總蛋白經(jīng)10%SDS-PAGE凝膠電泳分離后電轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜。膜以3%BSA室溫封閉2 h,加相應(yīng)的一抗4 ℃孵育過夜,各抗體稀釋濃度分別為:RUNX3(1∶500),DNMT3A(1∶500),Xpress(1∶1 000),β-actin(1∶2 000)。PVDF膜經(jīng)TBST漂洗后加入HRP標(biāo)記的二抗(1∶3 000)孵育2 h,加入化學(xué)發(fā)光底物并置于Bio-Rad ChemiDoc XRS成像系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行顯影與圖像分析。
1.9 甲基化特異性PCR(Methylation Specific PCR,MSP) MSP實驗參照文獻(xiàn)[11],按試劑盒說明提取基因組DNA并進(jìn)行亞硫酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化及純化,合成針對RUNX3啟動子區(qū)域-271 bp至-52 bp的甲基化與非甲基化特異性引物,并分別進(jìn)行PCR擴(kuò)增,產(chǎn)物用1.5%的瓊脂糖凝膠電泳分離,凝膠置于Bio-Rad ChemiDoc XRS成像系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行拍照并掃描DNA條帶灰度值。
2.1 HBx可抑制肝癌細(xì)胞中RUNX3的表達(dá) 3 μg的pcDNA3.1-HBx或空載體對照pcDNA3.1分別轉(zhuǎn)染Huh7細(xì)胞,48 h后提取細(xì)胞總蛋白,Western Blot檢測RUNX3蛋白水平。與pcDNA3.1組比較,HBx組的RUNX3蛋白表達(dá)水平顯著下調(diào)(t=12.036,P<0.01),見圖1A。細(xì)胞加入終濃度為5 μmol/L的5-aza-CdR處理20 h后,再行上述轉(zhuǎn)染實驗,48 h后提取總RNA,RT-qPCR結(jié)果顯示5-aza-CdR處理后,RUNX3 mRNA的表達(dá)顯著高于單獨HBx(未加藥)組(t=17.120,P<0.01),見圖1B。另外,在HepG2細(xì)胞中重復(fù)上述實驗,亦獲得類似的結(jié)果。以上結(jié)果表明過表達(dá)HBx可抑制肝癌細(xì)胞中RUNX3的表達(dá),且甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶抑制劑可阻斷該抑制作用,提示其作用機(jī)制可能與表觀遺傳相關(guān)。
注:* * P<0.01Note: * * P<0.01A:Western Blot檢測RUNX3表達(dá),β-actin為內(nèi)參照;B:RT-qPCR檢測RUNX3 mRNA水平A: The RUNX3 protein was detected by western blot; B: The RUNX3 mRNA was detected by RT-qPCR.圖1 過表達(dá)HBx抑制肝癌細(xì)胞RUNX3的表達(dá)Fig.1 Ectopic HBx inhibited the expression of RUNX3
2.2 HBx誘導(dǎo)RUNX3啟動子發(fā)生高甲基化 培養(yǎng)Huh7細(xì)胞進(jìn)行上述步驟1的基因轉(zhuǎn)染實驗,48 h后提取細(xì)胞基因組DNA用于MSP實驗。結(jié)果顯示,對照組DNA甲基化與非甲基化條帶均存在,提示RUNX3啟動子在肝癌細(xì)胞中有部分發(fā)生甲基化;與對照組比較,HBx過表達(dá)組甲基化條帶灰度值明顯增強(qiáng)(t=9.982,P<0.01),非甲基化條帶灰度值降低(t=10.337,P<0.01),見圖2。MSP結(jié)果表明過表達(dá)HBx后RUNX3基因啟動子區(qū)發(fā)生了高甲基化。另外,細(xì)胞過表HBx后,Western Blot檢測DNMT1、 DNMT3A和DNMT3B的表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示,3種甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶蛋白表達(dá)均沒有發(fā)生明顯變化,見圖3。
注:U表示未甲基化,M表示甲基化Note: U: unmethylated, M: methylated圖2 MSP法檢測RUNX3基因啟動子CpG島甲基化水平Fig.2 Methylation of RUNX3 promoter CpG island was evaluated by methylation specific PCR
圖3 過表達(dá)HBx不影響肝癌細(xì)胞DNMTs的表達(dá) Fig.3 Influence of ectopic HBx on the expression of DNMTs
2.3 DNMT3A介導(dǎo)HBx對RUNX3的抑制作用 siRNA_3A轉(zhuǎn)染Huh7、HepG2細(xì)胞后,可顯著下調(diào)DNMT3A蛋白表達(dá)(與對照組比較,t值分別為20.486和18.058,P值均<0.01),表明siRNA能有效干擾DNMT3A,見圖4A。培養(yǎng)Huh7細(xì)胞進(jìn)行共轉(zhuǎn)染實驗,共轉(zhuǎn)染分4個組:A組pcDNA3.1+siRNA_ctrl、B組pcDNA3.1+siRNA_3A、C組HBx+siRNA_ctrl、D組HBx+siRNA_3A。提取細(xì)胞總RNA和總蛋白,RT-qPCR檢測RUNX3 mRNA水平,Western Blot檢測RUNX3蛋白水平。與A組比較,B組的RUNX3 mRNA與蛋白表達(dá)均顯著上調(diào)(t值分別為13.574和12.728,P值均<0.01),C組的RUNX3 mRNA與蛋白表達(dá)均顯著下調(diào),同結(jié)果1相似(t值分別為10.337和10.895,P值均<0.01);D組與C組比較,RUNX3 mRNA與蛋白表達(dá)均顯著上調(diào)(t值分別為16.124和14.858,P值均<0.01),且B、D組間無顯著差異(t值分別為1.910和2.135,P值均>0.05),見圖4B、4C。在HepG2細(xì)胞中重復(fù)上述共轉(zhuǎn)染實驗,獲得類似的結(jié)果。此外,我們還合成了siRNA_DNMT1及siRNA_DNMT3B,分別與HBx共轉(zhuǎn)染,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)干擾DNMT1或DNMT3B的表達(dá)并不能逆轉(zhuǎn)HBx對RUNX3的抑制作用。體外實驗表明,HBx誘導(dǎo)RUNX3啟動子高甲基化從而抑制RUNX3的表達(dá),且干擾DNMT3A(而非DNMT1或DNMT3B)的表達(dá)可完全阻斷該抑制作用,提示HBx可能通過DNMT3A介導(dǎo)RUNX3基因啟動子異常甲基化。
2.4 HCC組織中HBx與RUNX3表達(dá)相關(guān)性 為了進(jìn)一步證實體外實驗的結(jié)果,我們研究臨床標(biāo)本中HBx與RUNX3的相關(guān)性。PCR擴(kuò)增21例HCC新鮮組織標(biāo)本HBx基因,其中7例為陰性,14例為陽性,見圖5A。將標(biāo)本分為HBx陰性組與HBx陽性組,RT-qPCR檢測組兩組中RUNX3的表達(dá)并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析,實驗結(jié)果顯示HBx陽性組RUNX3 mRNA的表達(dá)水平較HBx陰性組低(t=2.700,P<0.05),見圖5B。選取HBx陰性和陽性標(biāo)本各1例,分別提取基因組DNA,MSP法檢測其RUNX3啟動子甲基化程度,如圖5C顯示,HBx陽性標(biāo)本中RUNX3啟動子甲基化程度相對較高(t=4.717,P<0.05)。
注: * *P<0.01,siRNA_ctrl表示siRNA_control,siRNA_3A表示siRNA_DNMT3A
Note: * *P<0.01, siRNA_ctrl: siRNA_control, siRNA_3A: siRNA_DNMT3A
A:Western Blot檢測siRNA對DNMT3A干擾的效率;B、C:Western Blot及RT-qPCR檢測RUNX3表達(dá)
A: The DNMT3A protein was detected by western blot in HCC cells transfected with siRNA_DNMT3A; B, C: The expression of RUNX3 was measured in HCC cells co-transfected with siRNA_DNMT3A and HBx.
圖4 DNMT3A介導(dǎo)肝癌細(xì)胞中HBx對RUNX3的抑制作用
Fig.4 HBx downregulates RUNX3 expression through DNMT3A in HCC cells
注:*P<0.05,U表示未甲基化,M表示甲基化
Note: *P<0.05, U: unmethylated, M: methylated
A:PCR擴(kuò)增21例HCC新鮮組織標(biāo)本HBx基因,數(shù)字1-21代表標(biāo)本編號;B: RT-qPCR檢測HCC組織中RUNX3的表達(dá);C:MSP法檢測HCC組織中RUNX3基因啟動子CpG島甲基化水平
A: HBx was detected by PCR in 21 HCC tissues; B: To analyzed the transcription of RUNX3 between HCC tissues with HBx negative and tissues with HBx positive by RT-qPCR; C: The methylation of RUNX3 promoter CpG island was evaluated by methylation specific PCR in HCC tissues with HBx negative or with HBx positive.
圖5 RUNX3在HBx陽性及陰性HCC組織中的差異表達(dá)及啟動子甲基化比較
Fig.5 Expression and methylation of RUNX3 were analyzed in HCC tissues
染色質(zhì)異常貫穿于腫瘤形成及進(jìn)展的各個階段,其中最具特征的就是通過表觀遺傳學(xué)改變,尤其是基因啟動子區(qū)域的DNA高甲基化,在轉(zhuǎn)錄水平沉默某些調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞重要功能的基因表達(dá)。已有證據(jù)表明,病毒基因是調(diào)控DNA甲基化的一個關(guān)鍵因子。多種病毒,如人乳頭瘤病毒、EB病毒所誘導(dǎo)的DNA甲基化是宮頸癌、胃癌等病毒相關(guān)性癌癥的始動機(jī)制[12-13],猿猴病毒40T、EB病毒以及卡波氏肉瘤相關(guān)皰疹病毒等能夠通過多種途徑導(dǎo)致DNMTs的異常改變[14-16]。HBx相較于HBV中的其他組分,更常整合到宿主基因組中,并隨著宿主基因持續(xù)復(fù)制,這一過程發(fā)生在HCC 形成之前,是促進(jìn)HCC發(fā)生的一個重要生物學(xué)事件[17-18]。HBx具有廣泛的調(diào)節(jié)作用,其確切的分子機(jī)制有待深入發(fā)掘。
RUNX3的缺失與細(xì)胞分化調(diào)節(jié)異常及腫瘤形成有關(guān)。在包括HCC在內(nèi)的多種實體瘤中,因高甲基化而導(dǎo)致的RUNX3失活非常普遍。研究HBx與HCC中RUNX3甲基化調(diào)控間的關(guān)系,將會為理解HBx參與HCC發(fā)生發(fā)展機(jī)制提供新的思路。
本研究通過體外轉(zhuǎn)染實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達(dá)HBx可抑制肝癌細(xì)胞RNNX3 mRNA及蛋白表達(dá),且誘導(dǎo)RUNX3啟動子發(fā)生高甲基化;同時臨床樣本中也發(fā)現(xiàn)HBx陽性的HCC組織RUNX3表達(dá)水平較HBx陰性組低,且RUNX3啟動子甲基化程度相對較高。提示HBx可促進(jìn)RUNX3基因高甲基化從而抑制RUNX3的表達(dá)。這與之前的報道相符,RUNX3的表達(dá)確實受到了某些病毒相關(guān)蛋白的調(diào)控[19-20]。
另外,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)干擾肝癌細(xì)胞DNMT3A的表達(dá),可上調(diào)RUNX3水平; DNMT3A siRNA與HBx共轉(zhuǎn)染可逆轉(zhuǎn)單獨HBx對RUNX3的抑制作用,使RUNX3回復(fù)上調(diào)表達(dá),表明DNMT3A介導(dǎo)了HBx對RUNX3的抑制作用。DNMT3A屬于從頭DNA甲基化轉(zhuǎn)移酶,在腫瘤進(jìn)展的早期階段,特定基因啟動子區(qū)域的CpG島高甲基化和非CpG島的低甲基化均有賴于從頭DNMTs的作用[21]。但HBx并不是通過上調(diào)DNMT3A而促進(jìn)RUNX3高甲基化的。Zheng等報道,肝癌細(xì)胞中HBx可與DNMT3A發(fā)生直接相互作用,且HBx通過該相互作用促進(jìn)或者抑制DNMT3A結(jié)合至某些抑癌或促癌基因啟動子區(qū)[10]。因此我們推測HBx也可能通過該分子機(jī)制調(diào)控RUNX3的表達(dá)。總之,本文初步闡明了HCC中HBx對抑癌基因RUNX3表達(dá)的影響及相關(guān)作用機(jī)制,豐富了對表觀遺傳學(xué)調(diào)控HCC發(fā)生發(fā)展的認(rèn)識,為利用表觀遺傳學(xué)原理治療HCC提供了新的思路。
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Ye Yun-bin, Email: zjyunbin@189.cnSupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81301444) and the Program for Young Teacher Education Research of Fujian Province (No. JB13128)
Hepatitis B virus X protein induced hypermethylation of RUNX3 through DNMT3A in HCC cells
LIN Wan-song1, LIN Jie2, LIN Qiao-yan1, ZHOU Zhi-feng1, LI Jie-yu1, YE Yun-bin1
(1.TumorImmunologyLaboratoryofFujianProvincialCancerHospital,FujianKeyLaboratoryofTranslationalCancerMedicine,Fuzhou350014,China;2.PathologyDepartment,FujianProvincialHospital,theShengliClinicalMedicalCollegeofFujianMedicalUniversity,Fuzhou350001,China)
We investigated the effect of hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) on runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression of RUNX3 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and western blot as well as the methylation of RUNX3 promoter CpG island was evaluated by methylation specific PCR in HCC cells transfected with HBx recombinant plasmids. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) were co-transfected with HBx recombinant plasmids into HCC cells, and then the expression of RUNX3 was measured. In addition, the expression and methylation of RUNX3 were analyzed in 21 HCC tissues. Result showed that ectopic HBx inhibited the expression of RUNX3 and induced hypermethylation of RUNX3 CpG island in HCC cells. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect was abrogated by DNMT3A siRNA. The transcription of RUNX3 was higher in HCC tissues with HBx negative than tissues with HBx positive. But the methylation of RUNX3 CpG island exhibited the opposite trend. Our data indicate that HBx may downregulate the expression of RUNX3 through epigenetic mechanism.
Hepatitis B virus X protein; hepatocellular carcinoma; runt-related transcription factor 3; DNA methyltransferase 3A; methylation
國家自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項目(No. 81301444)和福建省中青年教師教育科研項目(No. JB13128)聯(lián)合資助
葉韻斌,Email:zjyunbin@189.cn
1.福建省腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤免疫學(xué)研究室,福建省腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)重點實驗室,福州 350014;
2.福建省立醫(yī)院病理科,福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)省立臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,福州 350001
10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2016.08.007
373
A
1002-2694(2016)08-0717-06
2016-03-09;
2016-05-08