金 丹,宇克莉,鄭連斌,包金萍,張興華,賈亞蘭
(天津師范大學(xué)a.生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,b.天津市動(dòng)植物抗性重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津 300387)
基諾族的不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為特征與舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型
金 丹,宇克莉,鄭連斌,包金萍,張興華,賈亞蘭
(天津師范大學(xué)a.生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,b.天津市動(dòng)植物抗性重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津 300387)
應(yīng)用人體測(cè)量方法,赴云南省西雙版納傣族自治州景洪市基諾族鄉(xiāng)對(duì)600例(男279例,女321例)基諾族人的扣手、利手、疊臂、卷舌、尖舌和翻舌進(jìn)行調(diào)查.結(jié)果表明,基諾族的扣手右型率為55.50%,利手右型率為96.50%,疊臂右型率為38.67%,性別間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);卷舌率為47.67%,尖舌率為46.00%,翻舌率為5.00%,僅卷舌率的性別間差異具有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01).與中國(guó)西南地區(qū)的13個(gè)族群進(jìn)行比較,基諾族的利手右型率處于較高水平,扣手和疊臂右型率處于偏低或較低水平;卷舌率、尖舌率和翻舌率均處于較低或極低水平.基于不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為和舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型的聚類(lèi)分析結(jié)果表明,基諾族與云南布朗族的親緣關(guān)系最接近.
基諾族;不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為;舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型;聚類(lèi)分析;親緣關(guān)系
基諾族是我國(guó)第56個(gè)民族,主要聚居于云南省西雙版納傣族自治州景洪市的基諾族鄉(xiāng)[1].根據(jù)2000年第5次全國(guó)人口普查統(tǒng)計(jì),基諾族總?cè)丝诩s25000人,語(yǔ)言為基諾語(yǔ),屬漢藏語(yǔ)系藏緬語(yǔ)族彝語(yǔ)支.基諾族是一個(gè)古老的民族,解放初期還保留著部分原始氏族社會(huì)的痕跡,處于從原始社會(huì)向封建社會(huì)的過(guò)渡階段.關(guān)于基諾族的族源問(wèn)題目前仍存有爭(zhēng)議,漢文記載中認(rèn)為基諾族源于三國(guó)時(shí)期孔明南征遺留下來(lái)的將士,但根據(jù)基諾族的說(shuō)法和大量史實(shí),證明其形成上限是在氏族部落(以血緣關(guān)系為紐帶)出現(xiàn)的時(shí)期,位于西雙版納州中部偏東側(cè)的基諾山是基諾族的繁衍生息之地[1].
人體的某些行為活動(dòng)顯示出單側(cè)優(yōu)勢(shì)功能特征,即左右不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為,這種不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為具有群體遺傳特
性且存在地域性[2].人類(lèi)的舌運(yùn)動(dòng)是舌在舌外肌協(xié)調(diào)下,由舌內(nèi)肌的舒縮運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的一系列特殊活動(dòng).舌運(yùn)動(dòng)與遺傳因素有關(guān),不同人群的群體遺傳素質(zhì)差異導(dǎo)致舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型出現(xiàn)率不同[3].不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為與舌運(yùn)動(dòng)均是人類(lèi)群體遺傳學(xué)研究的經(jīng)典指標(biāo).為了研究基諾族這一族源古老的民族的人類(lèi)學(xué)特征并在此基礎(chǔ)上分析其與地理位置相近的其他族群的親緣關(guān)系,本課題組調(diào)查了基諾族的部分不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為特征和舌運(yùn)動(dòng)特征.
2015年9月赴基諾族聚居地——云南省西雙版納傣族自治州景洪市基諾族鄉(xiāng),對(duì)世居當(dāng)?shù)?代以上的基諾族人(以操基諾語(yǔ)為主要判斷依據(jù))進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為特征包括扣手、利手、疊臂,舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型包括卷舌、尖舌和翻舌.本次調(diào)查遵循知情同意原則,采用隨機(jī)取樣方法,共調(diào)查了600例(男279例,女321例)基諾族人,年齡范圍為20~75歲.調(diào)查前向被調(diào)查者演示和講解,待其練習(xí)之后再進(jìn)行觀(guān)察記錄.調(diào)查方法依據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[4].
數(shù)據(jù)采用Excel2016和SPSS11.5軟件進(jìn)行處理.對(duì)性別間的差異進(jìn)行χ2檢驗(yàn),對(duì)群體間的差異進(jìn)行u檢驗(yàn).
2.1 基諾族的不對(duì)稱(chēng)特征與舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型
基諾族不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為特征和舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型的出現(xiàn)率及性別間χ2檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果如表1所示.
表1 基諾族不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為特征和舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型出現(xiàn)率Tab.1 Frequencies of behavioral traits of lateral function and tongue movement types of Jino
由表1的結(jié)果可以看出,基諾族的扣手右型率為55.50%,符合中國(guó)大多數(shù)族群的扣手右型率大于50%的調(diào)查結(jié)果[5].男性的扣手右型率高于女性的數(shù)值,但性別間差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),這與Lutz[6]的扣手出現(xiàn)率與性別無(wú)關(guān)的觀(guān)點(diǎn)相符.基諾族利手右型率為96.50%,符合中國(guó)族群利手右型率大于85%的調(diào)查結(jié)果[5].女性的利手右型率略高于男性的數(shù)值,性別間差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),這與Pelecanos[7]認(rèn)為左右利手率不存在性別差異的觀(guān)點(diǎn)一致.基諾族的疊臂右型率為38.67%,與我國(guó)多數(shù)族群疊臂右型率較低的調(diào)查結(jié)果相符[5].基諾族男性的疊臂右型率高于女性的數(shù)值,但性別間差異也不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05).
舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型方面,基諾族的卷舌率為47.67%,女性卷舌率大于男性的數(shù)值,性別間差異具有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01).Sturtevant[8]認(rèn)為卷舌由一對(duì)等位基因控制,按照卷舌對(duì)非卷舌為顯性性狀的遺傳方式,基諾族的卷舌基因頻率R=0.277,r=0.723.基諾族的尖舌率為46.00%,女性的尖舌率同樣高于男性的數(shù)值,但性別間差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05).李玉玲等[9]認(rèn)為尖舌對(duì)非尖舌為常染色體顯性遺傳,根據(jù)此種遺傳方式,基諾族的尖舌基因頻率P=0.265,p=0.735.基諾族的翻舌率為5.00%,女性的翻舌率高于男性的數(shù)值,性別間差異不具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05).楊康娟等[10]認(rèn)為翻舌對(duì)非翻舌可能為隱性性狀,根據(jù)此種遺傳方式,基諾族翻舌的基因頻率T=0.776,t= 0.224.
2.2 基諾族與其他族群的比較
本研究選取了13個(gè)與基諾族地理位置相對(duì)較近的中國(guó)南方族群與基諾族進(jìn)行不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為特征和舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型的比較,包括廣西仫佬族[11-12]、貴州布依族[13-14]、貴州革家人[15-16]、貴州屯堡人[17-18]、湖南漢族[19-20]、四川漢族[21-22]、四川彝族[23-24]、云南獨(dú)龍族[25-26]、云南蒙古族[27-28]、云南佤族[29-30]、云南布朗族(數(shù)據(jù)未發(fā)表)、云南傣族(數(shù)據(jù)未發(fā)表)、云南怒族[31-32].不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為右型率、舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型出現(xiàn)率與u檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果如表2所示.
表2 基諾族與其他13個(gè)族群不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為特征和舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型出現(xiàn)率的比較(u檢驗(yàn))Tab.2 Comparison of frequency of behavioral traits of lateral functional and tongue moving types of Jino with 13 ethnic groups(u-test)
由表2可以看出,基諾族的扣手右型率顯著低于廣西仫佬族、貴州布依族、貴州革家人等8個(gè)族群,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與四川漢族、四川彝族、云南布朗族等相近,在14個(gè)族群中處于偏低水平.基諾族的利手右型率顯著低于云南布朗族,高于貴州布依族、貴州革家人、湖南漢族等5個(gè)族群,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與云南傣族、云南怒族、云南蒙古族等相近,在14個(gè)族群中處于較高水平.基諾族的疊臂右型率顯著高于云南布朗族,低于其他12個(gè)族群,差異多數(shù)具有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01).總的來(lái)看,在14個(gè)族群中基諾族的疊臂右型率處于較低水平.
基諾族的卷舌率顯著低于貴州布依族、貴州屯堡人、四川漢族等8個(gè)族群,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);與云南布朗族、云南獨(dú)龍族、貴州革家人等5個(gè)族群相近,在14個(gè)族群中處于較低水平.基諾族的尖舌率與云南布朗族和貴州革家人相近,顯著低于其他11個(gè)族群,差異具有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),在14個(gè)族群中處于較低水平.基諾族的翻舌率與云南布朗族相近,顯著低于其他12個(gè)族群,差異具有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01),在14個(gè)族群中處于極低水平.
采用最遠(yuǎn)鄰元素法(furthest neighbor)進(jìn)行聚類(lèi)分析,結(jié)果如圖1所示.由圖1可以看出,14個(gè)族群可分為3組:云南蒙古族、云南佤族、云南獨(dú)龍族、云南傣族、廣西仫佬族等為第1組;四川彝族、云南怒族、湖南漢族、四川漢族、貴州屯堡人為第2組;云南基諾族、云南布朗族為第3組,即這2個(gè)族群的親緣關(guān)系最近.基諾族和布朗族都是云南省內(nèi)古老的民族之一,是特有的土著民族,主要生活在西雙版納州,兩民族與當(dāng)?shù)卮鲎寤祀s居住,彼此生活習(xí)慣相近.在基諾族的創(chuàng)世紀(jì)中,人類(lèi)的發(fā)祥地是在基諾山中,更為重要的是,不僅基諾族發(fā)祥于基諾山,漢、傣、哈尼、布朗等一切民族也都是在基諾山發(fā)祥,是共同出世的兄弟[1],基諾族沒(méi)有不與外族通婚的禁忌,自古就與布朗族互有交往.在基諾族與布朗族的血型調(diào)查中也發(fā)現(xiàn),兩民族的ABO血型表現(xiàn)型較接近,表現(xiàn)為O>B>A>AB[33].基諾族與布朗族久居云南,且有混合居住的現(xiàn)象,基因發(fā)生交流、融合的可能性大,這可能是基諾族與布朗族在聚類(lèi)分析結(jié)果中最為接近的原因.
圖1 14個(gè)族群不對(duì)稱(chēng)行為和舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型的聚類(lèi)分析Fig.1 Clusteranalysisonbehavioraltraitsoflateralfunctional and tongue moving types of 14 ethnic groups
本研究對(duì)云南基諾族的部分不對(duì)稱(chēng)特征和舌運(yùn)動(dòng)類(lèi)型進(jìn)行了調(diào)查,并且與部分南方族群進(jìn)行比較.結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),基諾族的扣手和利手右型率高于左型率,疊臂右型率低于左型率;卷舌、尖舌和翻舌的出現(xiàn)率均低于非出現(xiàn)率.14個(gè)族群中,基諾族的利手右型率處于較高水平,扣手和疊臂右型率處于偏低或較低水平;卷舌率、尖舌率和翻舌率均處于較低或極低水平.聚類(lèi)分析結(jié)果表明,基諾族與云南布朗族的親緣關(guān)系最接近.
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(責(zé)任編校 紀(jì)翠榮)
Behavioral traits of lateral functional dominance and
tongue moving types in Jino
JIN Dan,YU Keli,ZHENG Lianbin,BAO Jinping,ZHANG Xinghua,JIA Yalan
(a.College of Life Sciences,b.Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance,Tianjin Normal University,Tianjin 300387,China)
Using anthropometric methods,a sample of 600 Jino people(male 279,female 321)was investigated in Jino township of Jinghong City of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunan Province.The behavioral traits of lateral functional dominance included clasping hand,handedness,folding arm;the tongue moving types included tongue rolling,pointed tongue and tongue twisting.The results showed that the frequencies of right type of clasping hand,handedness and folding arm were 55.50%,96.50% and38.67% respectively,andtherewerenosexualstatisticdifferencesforthethreetraits(P> 0.05).The percentages of tongue rolling,pointed tongue and tongue twisting were 47.67%,46.00% and 5.00% respectively,and only tongue rolling had highly sexual statistic difference(P<0.01).Compared with 13 ethnic groups in the southwest of China,the frequency of right type of handedness was in a high level,and the frequencies of the other two traits were in slightly lower or rather lower level.The three types of tongue moving types were all in rather lower or extremely lower levels. According to the cluster analysis based on the three traits of lateral functional dominance and three tongue moving types indicated that Jino had the closet relationship with Blang in Sichuan Province.
Jino;lateral functional dominance;tongue moving types;cluster analysis;relationship
Q984
A
1671-1114(2016)05-0076-05
2016-01-10
科技部科技基礎(chǔ)性工作專(zhuān)項(xiàng)資助項(xiàng)目(2015FY111700-3);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(31671245,31401022,31271283).
金 丹(1990—),女,碩士研究生.
宇克莉(1963—),女,副教授,主要從事人類(lèi)群體遺傳學(xué)方面的研究.