王振江+籍萬杰

情態(tài)動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的看法或主觀設(shè)想，不能單獨(dú)使用，需與其他動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。情態(tài)動詞數(shù)量較多，情感色彩較重，用法比較復(fù)雜，是廣大考生學(xué)習(xí)中的難點(diǎn)。下面結(jié)合典型考例，幫助大家理清情態(tài)動詞的意義和用法。

一、考查情態(tài)動詞的基本意義和特殊用法

一些常見情態(tài)動詞的基本意義以及特殊用法往往是高考考查的重點(diǎn)，考生應(yīng)確切理解其含義并根據(jù)句子意思使用恰當(dāng)?shù)那閼B(tài)動詞。

1. must 和need

must表示“必須”的意思，含有說話人主觀上的看法和態(tài)度；need作情態(tài)動詞表示“必要，必須”，通常用于否定句和疑問句，不能用于肯定句。

【典例1】I love the weekend， because I _____ get up early on Saturdays and Sundays. （2016年北京卷）

解析：neednt。根據(jù)句子的因果關(guān)系可知，此處表示“不需要”應(yīng)使用neednt。

【典例2】—Cant you stay a little longer？ （2015年北京卷）

—Its getting late. I really _____ go now. My daughter is home alone.

解析：must。此處表示個人的主觀意愿，意思是“我現(xiàn)在必須要走了”，應(yīng)使用must。

另外，must用于疑問句，表示責(zé)備、抱怨的感情色彩，意思為“偏要，硬要”；而mustnt則表示“禁止，不允許”，是說話人強(qiáng)有力的勸告。

【典例】— _____ you interrupt now？ Cant you see Im on the phone？

—Sorry Sir， but its urgent.

解析：Must。根據(jù)對話的語境可知，此處表示“責(zé)備，抱怨”的感情，應(yīng)使用must，意思是“你一定（非得）要……嗎？”。

2. can和could

兩者都用來表示能力，意為“能夠，會”，也用來表示許可（常用在口語中）或表示懷疑、驚異、不相信等態(tài)度（常用于否定句，疑問句或感嘆句中）。could表示過去，也可以表示語氣的委婉。

【典例1】 It was really annoying； I

______ get access to the data bank you had recommended. （2016年天津卷）

解析：couldnt。根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示“不能”進(jìn)入數(shù)據(jù)庫，并且前面句子中的動詞用的是過去時，故應(yīng)使用couldnt。

【典例2】Although you _____ find bargains in London， its not generally a cheap place to shop. （2014年全國大綱卷）

解析：can。根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示“能夠”，且后面的句子使用的是一般現(xiàn)在時，故應(yīng)使用can。

3. shall和should

shall用于第一、第三人稱疑問句表示征求對方意見；用于第二、第三人稱肯定句或否定句表示說話人給對方的“禁止、命令、警告、允諾或威脅等”。

should 用來表示建議、責(zé)任、義務(wù)時，意為“應(yīng)該，應(yīng)當(dāng)”，此時可用ought to替換；也可用來表示驚訝、贊嘆等情緒，意為“竟然”。另外，should還可以表示按常理進(jìn)行的推測，意為“按理應(yīng)當(dāng)”。

【典例1】One of our rules is that every student ______ wear school uniform while at school.

解析：shall。根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示學(xué)校的規(guī)定，學(xué)生在校應(yīng)穿校服，具有強(qiáng)制、命令的感情色彩，故應(yīng)使用shall。

【典例2】 It was sad to me that they， so poor themselves， ______ bring me food. （2014年江蘇卷）

解析：should。此處表示驚訝，用should，意思是“竟然”。

4. may和might

表示允許、許可以及表示推測時，兩者都可用，只是might表示的語氣較委婉或推測的語氣更弱。

【典例1】You _____ feel all the training a waste of time， but Im a hundred percent sure later youll be grateful you did it. （2015年陜西卷）

解析：may。根據(jù)句意，此處表示可能性比較大的推測，應(yīng)使用may，意思是“可能，或許”。

【典例2】Life is unpredictable； even the poorest _____become the richest. （2014年江西卷）

解析：might。此處表示推測，但可能性小，故應(yīng)使用might。

二、考查情態(tài)動詞表推測的用法

1. 對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼耐茰y用“情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形”。

肯定的推測一般用must， may， might。其中，must的語氣最強(qiáng)，意為“肯定”“準(zhǔn)是”“想必是”；may的語氣次之，意為“很可能”，might語氣最弱，意為“有時會”“也許”“可能”。

否定推測分為兩種情況：語氣不很肯定時，常用may / might / could not，意思是“可能不”“也許不”；否定語氣較強(qiáng)時，則用cant，意思是“根本不可能”“想必不會”，表示驚異、懷疑的感情色彩。

【典例1】You _____ be Carol. You havent changed a bit after all these years. （2015年重慶卷）

解析：must。由后面的“這些年你一點(diǎn)沒變”可知，此處表示十分肯定的推測，應(yīng)使用must。

【典例2】It _____ be the postman at the door. Its only six oclock.

解析：cant。由后面一句“才剛剛六點(diǎn)鐘”可反推前面句子中門口的“肯定不是”郵遞員，故填cant。

2. 對過去發(fā)生事情的推測，用“情態(tài)動詞+have done”。

對過去發(fā)生事情的肯定推測用“must / may / might + have done”；否定推測用“can / may / might not + have done”；疑問推測用“Can... have done？”。

【典例1】George ______（go） too far. His coffee is still warm. （2016年浙江卷）

解析：cant have gone。由后面的“他的咖啡仍然是溫的”可推知“喬治根本不可能走得太遠(yuǎn)”。此處表示對過去的否定推測應(yīng)使用cant have done。

【典例2】Jack described his father， who ______（be） a brave boy many years ago， as a strong-willed man.

解析：must have been。此處表示對過去的肯定推測，應(yīng)使用must have done，故填must have been。

【典例3】My MP4 player isnt in my bag. Where ______ I have put it？

解析：can。此處表示對過去發(fā)生事情的疑問推測，應(yīng)使用“Can...have done？”，故填can。

三、考查“情態(tài)動詞+have done”表示虛擬的用法

1.“should + have done”表示本應(yīng)該做某事而實際上沒有做。其否定式表示某種行為不該發(fā)生但卻發(fā)生了。

【典例1】—Sorry， Mum！ I failed the job interview again. （2015年福建卷）

—Oh， its too bad. You _____ have made full preparations.

解析：should。根據(jù)對話語境可知，表示對過去發(fā)生的事情的后悔遺憾應(yīng)使用should have done，表示本應(yīng)該做，而實際未做。

【典例2】I _______ have watched that movie —itll give me horrible dreams.

解析：shouldnt。表示“本來不應(yīng)該做而做了某事”用shouldnt have done，故填shouldnt。

2. “would+ have done”表示本來愿意做某事而實際上沒有做。其否定式表示本不愿意做而做了。

【典例】People are recycling many things which they ______（throw） away in the past.（2014年安徽卷）

解析：would have thrown。表示過去本來會做而沒有做的事情，用would have done。

3.“could+ have done”表示本來能夠做成某事，但結(jié)果卻沒能做成，含有遺憾的意味。

【典例】We ______ （face） the difficulty together， but why didnt you tell me？

解析：could have faced。表示對過去本來能夠做而未做某事的后悔或遺憾，應(yīng)使用could have done形式。

4.“neednt + have done”表示本來不必做某事而實際上做了某事。

【典例】 I ______ have worried before I came to the new school， for my classmates here are very friendly to me. （2015年天津卷）

解析：neednt。表示本沒有必要做某事而實際上做了用neednt have done。

四、鞏固練習(xí)

（一）單句填空

1. He seldom listens to others. He ______

answer for what he has done.

2. Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How ______ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony？

3. Its strange that he ______ come so late. He is always on time for everything.

4. If you really want yourself to be in good health， you ______ be always smoking so much.

5. —Nancy______（receive） the letter from her mother.

—No， she cant have. The postman hasnt come yet.

6. —______ I clean the dining room at once？

—Yes， you must.

7. —Where is my English book， mum？

—It ______be in Toms room. Last night he was reading it when I came to his room.

8. I tried to call you last week but your dog simply ______ not let me come through the gate.

9. — Ive prepared all kinds of food for the picnic.

—Do you mean we_____ bring anything with us？

10. The boss said to the secretary， “If you work well， you ______ have a rise.”

11. Can you believe that he ______ marry such a girl much older than him？

12. —Can I tell my best friend about it？

—No， I dont want anyone else to know it. You _____ tell anyone.

13. —She looks very happy. She ______ have passed the exam.

—I guess so. Its not difficult after all.

14. I still remember my happy childhood when my mother ______ take me to Disneyland at weekends.

15. ______ I have a look at your new pen？

16. —What does the sign over there read？

—“No person _______ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette， cigar or pipe in this area.”

17. In crowded places like airports and railway stations， you _______ take care of your luggage.

18. The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I ______ have taken the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.

19. Tom， you ______ leave all your clothes on the floor like this！

20. What do you mean， there are only ten tickets？ There _____ be twelve.

21. —What do you think we can do for our aged parents？

—You _______ do anything except to be with them and be yourself.

22. John， look at the time. _______ you play the piano at such a late hour？

23. —______ we hand in our exercise-books now？

—No， you neednt.

24. —May I take this book out of the reading room？

— No， you ______. You read it in here.

25. Mark _____ have hurried. After driving at top speed， he arrived half an hour early.

（二）語法填空

“Selfie（自拍）” has become one of the hottest English words since it was first used in an Australian online forum in 2002. Believe it or not， it 1 （name） Word of the Year in 2013 by Oxford Dictionaries.

Selfie is a photo 2 （take） of oneself. People usually take selfies 3 （use） a smart phone and send them to a social media website. Nowadays， more and more people are taking selfies. From your best friend 4 your favorite pop star， selfies are taking over many popular websites.

What 5 （make） people love selfies？ Selfies 6 help remember whats going on to them. “Almost every day， I take a photo of myself， 7 Ill later save in my Qzone. These photos serve as good memories of my

8 （person） life，” said a teenager from Hunan. Another reason for taking a selfie is that people hope to make friends online and share their feelings with others. “My classmates and I often share selfies online. Through these photos， we get to know each other better，” said another teenager in Anhui. “Im too shy 9 （ask） someone to take pictures of me， but its easier to do it by 10 （I）.