趙基鵬 綜述 王 軍 審校
(北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京 100083)
·文獻(xiàn)綜述·
經(jīng)食道超聲心動(dòng)圖在脊柱矯形手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展
趙基鵬 綜述 王 軍*審校
(北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京 100083)
脊柱矯形手術(shù)常發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)紊亂,經(jīng)食道超聲心動(dòng)圖(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)能直視心臟結(jié)構(gòu),評(píng)估心功能,在循環(huán)紊亂的診斷、鑒別診斷等方面較其他常規(guī)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)手段具有獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì),因此,其在脊柱矯形手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用日益增多。本文就TEE在脊柱矯形手術(shù)患者血容量、心功能、氣體栓塞3個(gè)方面的監(jiān)測(cè)進(jìn)展進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)總結(jié)。
脊柱矯形手術(shù); 經(jīng)食道超聲心動(dòng)圖; 血容量; 心功能; 氣體栓塞
嚴(yán)重脊柱畸形患者常因神經(jīng)受壓導(dǎo)致感覺和運(yùn)動(dòng)功能障礙,并伴隨胸腹腔解剖異常及心肺等功能受損[1]。患者生活質(zhì)量低下,多需要手術(shù)治療,以矯正畸形、減輕疼痛、改善心肺和神經(jīng)功能[2]。然而,脊柱矯形手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、出血多[3],矯形過程可能會(huì)影響心功能[4],甚至有氣體栓塞[5]等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),圍術(shù)期容易發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的血流動(dòng)力學(xué)紊亂,甚至心跳驟停等惡性事件[6]。經(jīng)食道超聲心動(dòng)圖(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)微創(chuàng)并能直視心臟結(jié)構(gòu),評(píng)估心功能,在循環(huán)紊亂的診斷、鑒別診斷等方面具有其他常規(guī)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)監(jiān)測(cè)手段所無法比擬的優(yōu)勢(shì),因此,美國超聲心動(dòng)圖協(xié)會(huì)建議將TEE應(yīng)用于脊柱矯形等血流動(dòng)力學(xué)不穩(wěn)定的大型手術(shù)中[7]。近年來,隨著科技的進(jìn)步和經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力的提高,越來越多的醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)將TEE應(yīng)用于脊柱矯形手術(shù)中,為術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的管理提供極大的幫助。本文就TEE在此類手術(shù)中應(yīng)用于血容量、心功能與氣體栓塞的檢測(cè)做一綜述。
Yang等[3]對(duì)390例脊柱矯形手術(shù)的meta分析顯示,平均出血量單純后路手術(shù)為2639 ml(288例),前后路聯(lián)合手術(shù)高達(dá)5850 ml(16例),脊髓損傷發(fā)生率達(dá)2%。術(shù)中出血多和(或)補(bǔ)液不足可造成絕對(duì)低血容量。一過性脊髓損傷可造成相對(duì)低血容量。正常情況下,高級(jí)中樞對(duì)脊髓神經(jīng)元有易化作用,使脊髓神經(jīng)元處于閾下興奮,外周小血管處于一定的緊張狀態(tài),維持一定的血壓。脊髓損傷后脊髓神經(jīng)元失去高級(jí)中樞的支配,處于無反應(yīng)狀態(tài),脊髓灰質(zhì)側(cè)柱的中間外側(cè)核交感神經(jīng)節(jié)前纖維傳出沖動(dòng)減少,交感縮血管張力降低,外周血管擴(kuò)張,造成相對(duì)低血容量[8]。血容量不足或補(bǔ)液過度都會(huì)對(duì)患者造成不良影響[9],因此,脊柱矯形手術(shù)血容量的管理至關(guān)重要。
目前,用于脊柱矯形手術(shù)中血容量的監(jiān)測(cè)指標(biāo)主要是肺動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管監(jiān)測(cè)的肺動(dòng)脈楔壓(pulmonary arterial wedge pressure,PAWP),中心靜脈導(dǎo)管(central venous catheter,CVC)監(jiān)測(cè)的中心靜脈壓(central venous pressure,CVP),分別反映左、右心室前負(fù)荷及循環(huán)血容量。然而,由于心室內(nèi)壓力和容量并不總是存在線性關(guān)系,因此,PAWP、CVP不能準(zhǔn)確反映血容量[10]。脊柱矯形手術(shù)具有其特殊性,患者處于俯臥位,胸內(nèi)壓增加導(dǎo)致PAWP、CVP增加,此種情況下二者顯然不能準(zhǔn)確反映血容量,臨床證據(jù)也提示PAWP、CVP用于脊柱矯形手術(shù)血容量的監(jiān)測(cè)并不可靠[11]。
TEE能準(zhǔn)確可靠、實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)血容量。術(shù)中通過TEE肉眼觀察心腔的充盈情況快速定性,也可定量測(cè)定血容量。臨床上常在食管中段四腔心和二腔心切面獲取血容量信息,描記舒張末期心內(nèi)膜,超聲軟件系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)計(jì)算左心室舒張末期容積(參考值男性67~155 ml,女性56~104 ml),也可在經(jīng)胃中段短軸切面測(cè)量左心室舒張末期直徑(參考值男性42~59 mm,女性39~53 mm),以判斷容量狀態(tài)[12]。由于心室容積個(gè)體差異較大,因此,動(dòng)態(tài)觀察其變化更具有臨床意義。三維TEE半自動(dòng)測(cè)量心室容積,具有實(shí)時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、可重復(fù)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)并可觀察容量反應(yīng)性,較二維TEE更具優(yōu)勢(shì)[13]。
脊柱矯形手術(shù)使用TEE監(jiān)測(cè)血容量的研究相對(duì)較少,但已有的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道提示其準(zhǔn)確、可靠。Soliman等[14]將TEE和CVP用于12例脊柱矯形患兒(年齡5.5~18.0歲,平均12.96歲)血容量的監(jiān)測(cè),翻身俯臥位后患兒CVP增加(仰臥位8.7 mm Hg,俯臥位17.7 mm Hg),而左室舒張末期直徑減小(仰臥位37.1 mm,俯臥位33.2 mm),俯臥位胸內(nèi)壓增加影響CVP的準(zhǔn)確性而TEE則顯示出較高的準(zhǔn)確性;隨后,Ceroni等[15]報(bào)道1例心臟移植術(shù)后患兒(年齡15歲)行脊柱矯形手術(shù),估計(jì)出血量1500 ml,術(shù)中TEE實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)心腔充盈情況,輸入術(shù)中回收的自體血300 ml,術(shù)前儲(chǔ)備的自體血1000 ml以及異體血1000 ml,患兒預(yù)后良好,TEE血容量監(jiān)測(cè)的準(zhǔn)確性再次得到證實(shí)。
脊柱畸形患者隨著畸形程度的加重,膈肌和腹腔臟器受壓,胸腔容積縮小,影響心臟收縮和舒張功能[16]?;颊咝墓δ艽嬖谝欢ǔ潭仁軗p,盡管有些患者心功能處于代償期,但圍術(shù)期有失代償?shù)娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,脊柱矯形圍術(shù)期應(yīng)注意心功能的監(jiān)護(hù)。
Shephard等[17]提出理想的心功能監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備應(yīng)具備的特征:準(zhǔn)確、迅速、費(fèi)用低、使用簡單、可重復(fù)、無并發(fā)癥。然而,目前并不存在如此理想的監(jiān)測(cè)設(shè)備。肺動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管間斷熱稀釋法曾是臨床測(cè)定心輸出量的“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,但其創(chuàng)傷大,準(zhǔn)確性受較多因素的影響,而TEE在病因診斷方面更具優(yōu)勢(shì)。Bergman等[18]報(bào)道1例頸椎骨折急診手術(shù)患者突發(fā)心房顫動(dòng)、循環(huán)紊亂,術(shù)中TEE檢查提示全心功能異常、主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄、左心耳血栓。
作為一種微創(chuàng)的心功能監(jiān)測(cè)手段,TEE不僅可以肉眼法定性評(píng)估,而且可以定量測(cè)定心功能。舒張末期和收縮末期在食管中段四腔心和二腔心切面,描記左心室心內(nèi)膜,超聲軟件系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)計(jì)算每搏量(參考值36~82 ml/m2)、心輸出量(參考值3.5~8.0 L/min)、射血分?jǐn)?shù)(參考值55%~75%),在經(jīng)胃中段短軸切面,系統(tǒng)可自動(dòng)計(jì)算面積變化分?jǐn)?shù)(參考值45%~80%)、內(nèi)徑縮短分?jǐn)?shù)(參考值>30%)等反映心臟收縮功能指標(biāo)。在食管中段四腔心切面,獲取經(jīng)二尖瓣的多普勒血流,系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)計(jì)算左心室舒張?jiān)缙谂c晚期血液流速比值(參考值1~2)、減速時(shí)間(參考值160~240 ms)等反映心臟舒張功能指標(biāo)[12]。
Dharmavaram等[19]借助TEE前瞻性研究5種手術(shù)體位系統(tǒng)(表1)對(duì)俯臥位患者心功能的影響,Andrews、Wilson和Siemens體位系統(tǒng)對(duì)心功能的影響較大,而Jackson體位系統(tǒng)或恰當(dāng)安放縱向墊枕對(duì)心功能的影響較小,更適于心功能受損患者脊柱矯形手術(shù)。在另一項(xiàng)包括30例患兒的前瞻性觀察性研究中,TEE監(jiān)測(cè)到翻身俯臥位導(dǎo)致患兒心指數(shù)降低0.5 L·min-1·m-2(降低18.5%),再次證實(shí)脊柱矯形手術(shù)俯臥位對(duì)患兒心功能的抑制[20]。
脊柱矯形手術(shù)中氣體栓塞事件并不少見。一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)回顧顯示1978~2002年文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的脊柱矯形術(shù)中氣體栓塞事件共22例[5]。俯臥位矯形術(shù)野與右心之間可能存在重力梯度,開放的靜脈內(nèi)壓低于大氣壓,空氣可能被吸入靜脈,形成氣體栓塞;當(dāng)患者血容量不足,靜脈內(nèi)壓降低,氣體栓塞的發(fā)生率隨之增加。脊柱矯形手術(shù)氣體栓塞危險(xiǎn)因素眾多:腹部懸空、潮氣量增加、大出血、控制性降壓、低CVP、胸椎后凸等[5]。因此,臨床上亟需氣體栓塞監(jiān)測(cè)的敏感工具。
Michenfelder等[21]對(duì)比各種氣體栓塞檢測(cè)方法的敏感性,69例坐位手術(shù)中22例共發(fā)生29次氣體栓塞,心前區(qū)多普勒檢出27例,CVC抽出氣體22例,3例有明顯癥狀(低血壓、心動(dòng)過速、紫紺等),經(jīng)食道聽診發(fā)現(xiàn)3例;心前區(qū)多普勒敏感性高于經(jīng)CVC抽氣、 經(jīng)食道聽診和臨床癥狀(檢出率分別為93%、76%、10%、10%)。一項(xiàng)包括600例坐位神經(jīng)手術(shù)的回顧性研究顯示,氣體栓塞檢出率TEE(25.6%)明顯高于心前區(qū)多普勒(9.4%)[22]。
表1 脊柱手術(shù)常用的5種體位系統(tǒng)[19]
脊柱矯形手術(shù)患者氣體栓塞的診斷,如果僅靠臨床表現(xiàn)[血壓驟降、呼氣末二氧化碳分壓和(或)脈搏血氧飽和度驟降]、心電圖表現(xiàn)(心律失常或ST段改變、P波高尖等)[23],從CVC抽氣[21]或術(shù)野觀察到氣泡亦或尸檢確診[5],靈敏度低且具有滯后性。脊柱畸形患者中心靜脈解剖可能變異,CVC難以放置恰當(dāng),從CVC抽氣并不靈敏[21]。經(jīng)食道聽診常受到電刀等手術(shù)室噪音的干擾,準(zhǔn)確性低[24]。心前區(qū)多普勒可以發(fā)現(xiàn)0.25 ml的氣體,但俯臥位矯形手術(shù)放置位置不太理想,且患者肥胖影響其靈敏性[23]。TEE診斷氣體栓塞閾值是0.02~0.19 ml/kg[23,25],是目前用于脊柱矯形手術(shù)氣體栓塞監(jiān)測(cè)的最佳工具。正常心腔在TEE上成像為液性暗區(qū),脊柱矯形手術(shù)中若TEE顯示心腔內(nèi)出現(xiàn)顆粒狀、空泡狀或團(tuán)塊狀透亮強(qiáng)回聲信號(hào),高度提示氣體栓塞[26]。
TEE可準(zhǔn)確反映血容量,定性定量判斷心功能,敏感監(jiān)測(cè)氣體栓塞,在脊柱矯形手術(shù)的麻醉管理中具有明顯優(yōu)越性。盡管偶有食管損傷、上消化道出血等并發(fā)癥(總發(fā)生率為0.2%)的相關(guān)報(bào)道,還需要操作者有一定的TEE相關(guān)理論水平和操作技能[27],但隨著TEE的優(yōu)勢(shì)逐漸凸顯,其在脊柱矯形等大型手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用將愈發(fā)廣泛,加之TEE設(shè)備不斷走向便攜化和智能化,未來TEE的臨床應(yīng)用前景將更加廣闊。
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(修回日期:2016-05-01)
(責(zé)任編輯:李賀瓊)
Advances of Application of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Spinal Correction Surgery
ZhaoJipeng,WangJun.
DepartmentofAnesthesiology,PekingUniversityThirdHospital,Beijing100083,China
WangJun,E-mail:luckyoldhorse@sina.com
Spinal correction surgery; Transesophageal echocardiography; Blood volume; Cardiac function; Air embolism
A
1009-6604(2016)06-0554-04
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2016.06.022
2016-01-25)
*通訊作者,E-mail:luckyoldhorse@sina.com
【Summary】 Severe hemodynamic disturbance often occurs in spinal correction surgery. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) can identify heart structure and evaluate cardiac functions, which has an unique advantage over other routine hemodynamic monitoring methods in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of circulatory disturbance. Therefore, it is gaining popularity in spinal correction surgery. This review summarized advances of application of TEE in spinal correction surgery. Monitoring of blood volume, cardiac functions, and air embolism are mainly summarized in the review.