付彥博,竇曉靜,賴寧,黃建,王新勇,王治國(guó)
(新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料與農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水研究所,烏魯木齊 830091)
新疆溫宿縣土壤重金屬含量分布及污染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)
付彥博,竇曉靜,賴寧,黃建,王新勇,王治國(guó)
(新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料與農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水研究所,烏魯木齊 830091)
土壤;重金屬;污染評(píng)價(jià);生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
【研究意義】重金屬是土壤環(huán)境污染物質(zhì)之一[1],由于其滯留持久、高富集等特性,成為威脅區(qū)域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康的重要因素。隨著工農(nóng)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,環(huán)境中重金屬污染加劇,土壤重金屬污染問題已成為全球廣泛關(guān)注的環(huán)境問題[2, 3]。人類活動(dòng)是土壤重金屬污染的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)因子,重金屬的污染直接影響土壤性質(zhì)(物理、化學(xué)),抑制土壤微生物活動(dòng),導(dǎo)致農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)、品質(zhì)降低,最終危及人類健康[4]。旨在對(duì)新疆溫宿縣林果土壤重金屬含量、分布狀況及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),為新疆重金屬污染防治、修復(fù)等技術(shù)提供理論依據(jù)?!厩叭搜芯窟M(jìn)展】新疆(干旱區(qū))的相關(guān)研究主要集中于污灌農(nóng)田、礦區(qū)、山地、綠洲城市工業(yè)園等。任力民等[8]以農(nóng)田為研究對(duì)象,在新疆全疆(13個(gè)地州)進(jìn)行土壤重金屬含量調(diào)查,結(jié)果表明,6種重金屬(Hg、Cd、Pb、As、Cr和Cu)含量均低于國(guó)家二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值,污染評(píng)價(jià)均為安全等級(jí)。陳牧霞等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)新疆污灌區(qū)重金屬Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb以殘?jiān)鼞B(tài)為主。土壤中李長(zhǎng)春和姚峰等[10, 11]均選定五彩灣露天礦區(qū)為研究靶區(qū),利用GIS手段厘定重金屬的空間分布特征和主要來源,評(píng)價(jià)重金屬污染等級(jí)。綜合結(jié)果顯示,此區(qū)域土壤中Cr污染最為嚴(yán)重,煤礦區(qū)域各個(gè)單元的污染程度:工業(yè)區(qū)>開采區(qū)>排土場(chǎng)>辦公生活區(qū)。余艷華等[12]研究了新疆奎屯地區(qū)土壤重金屬的污染狀況,發(fā)現(xiàn)部分地區(qū)土壤As和Cd存在超標(biāo)的情況,羅艷麗等[13]篩選出藨草(ScirpusL)和蘆葦(Phragmites)為此區(qū)域的耐As植物。烏魯木齊市周邊[14-17]農(nóng)田、菜地土壤重金屬含量進(jìn)行調(diào)查,土壤中重金屬有明顯積累,含量超過綠色食品土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量要求?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c(diǎn)】近年來,土壤重金屬含量已廣泛成為區(qū)域環(huán)境質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)的依據(jù)之一[5-7],但在西北干旱區(qū)相關(guān)研究較少。以新疆南部阿克蘇溫宿縣研究靶區(qū),重點(diǎn)分析17個(gè)樣區(qū)(138個(gè)采樣點(diǎn))土壤重金屬(As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr)的含量,同時(shí)評(píng)價(jià)土壤中5種重金屬污染水平?!緮M解決的關(guān)鍵問題】以新疆土壤背景值、國(guó)家土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB15618-1995)為基礎(chǔ),采用單因子污染指數(shù)法和內(nèi)梅羅綜合污染指數(shù)法,闡明溫宿縣土壤重金屬含量及分布特征,對(duì)污染指數(shù)進(jìn)行定量比較及評(píng)級(jí),為土壤重金屬污染防治、修復(fù)等技術(shù)提供參考。
1.1 材 料
溫宿縣(40°52~42°15′N,79°28′~81°30′E)位于新疆西部天山中段的托木爾峰南麓,塔里木盆地北緣。屬典型的大陸性氣候,年均氣溫10.1℃,年均降水量 65.4 mm,年均無霜期185 d。
將溫宿縣林果按各鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)劃分為17個(gè)區(qū),每個(gè)區(qū)分根據(jù)林果面積分布和土壤類型進(jìn)行樣點(diǎn)布設(shè),共布設(shè)1 300個(gè)樣點(diǎn),選取138個(gè)具有代表性樣點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重金屬樣品采集測(cè)定。每個(gè)樣地采用多點(diǎn)取樣混合一個(gè)代表樣,在每個(gè)樣地中分別取土壤層0~20 cm的土壤0.5 kg,共138份。將土壤樣品晾干后粉碎,過孔徑篩(2 mm),保存待消煮測(cè)定。列出樣品基本信息。表1
表1 樣品信息
Table 1 The information of samples
采樣地點(diǎn)Sampleareas樣區(qū)編號(hào)Codes樣品數(shù)量No.ofSamples經(jīng)度(°)Longitude緯度(°)LatitudepH值PHvalue古勒阿瓦提鄉(xiāng)Guleawatixiangcountry11140.97~41.1280.54~80.697.23佳木鎮(zhèn)Jiamutown22341.23~41.3680.34~80.647.30塔格拉克牧場(chǎng)Tagelapasture3441.31~41.3480.17~80.207.32十萬畝生態(tài)園Shiwanmuecologicalpark42141.34~41.4380.18~80.277.17恰格拉克鄉(xiāng)Qiagelakecountry5741.23~41.2779.85~80.217.63阿熱勒鎮(zhèn)Areletown61041.15~41.2479.71~80.017.63水稻農(nóng)場(chǎng)Shuidaofarm7341.22~41.2880.11~80.157.19吐木秀克鎮(zhèn)Tumuxiuketown8741.37~41.5379.82~80.107.35托乎拉鄉(xiāng)Tuohulacountry9841.28~41.3380.09~80.247.65共青團(tuán)農(nóng)場(chǎng)Gongqingtuaqnfarm10241.24~41.2780.62~80.637.42恰其力克牧Qiaqilikepasture11241.17~41.18≈80.837.74青年農(nóng)場(chǎng)Qingnianfarm12141.180.547.66依希來木其Yixilaimuqi131441.19~41.3180.39~80.467.54克孜勒鎮(zhèn)Keziletown142141.07~41.2380.42~80.517.55尤喀克麥蓋提村Youkakemaitivillage152≈41.17≈79.867.67吉格代牧場(chǎng)Gugedaipasture16141.2979.87.63溫宿鎮(zhèn)Wensutown17141.3480.227.58
1.2 方 法
1.2.1 樣品測(cè)定
土壤樣品測(cè)定采用HCl+ HNO3+HF +HClO4全消毒法[18],秤取8.0 g土壤樣品,用HCl+ HNO3+HF +HClO4(40+20+20+6 mL)消毒,定容至100 mL保存,待測(cè)定。待測(cè)液中,As、Hg含量用原子熒光光譜法測(cè)定,Cd含量用石墨爐原子吸收分光光度法測(cè)定,Pb、Cr含量用火焰原子吸收分光光度法測(cè)定。
1.2.2 重金屬污染評(píng)價(jià)
根據(jù)不同樣區(qū)和不同樣點(diǎn)的整體調(diào)查,對(duì)研究區(qū)域采用污染指數(shù)[19, 20]和潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)價(jià)。
1.2.2.1 污染指數(shù)法
單因子污染指數(shù)計(jì)算如公式(1),Pi為第i污染物的污染指數(shù),Ci為第i污染物的實(shí)測(cè)值,Si為第i污染物的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
內(nèi)梅羅(Nemerow)綜合污染指數(shù)的計(jì)算如公式(2),Ps為綜合污染指數(shù),n為污染物總數(shù),Pi為第i污染物的污染指數(shù),Pmax所有污染元素指數(shù)中的最大值。
公式(1):Pi=Ci/Si.
依據(jù)《土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB15618-1995)中的二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)果園土壤重金屬進(jìn)行污染評(píng)價(jià)(pH=7.48<7.5,圖1中警戒線),列出土壤污染指數(shù)分級(jí)[21, 22]。表2
表2 土壤污染指數(shù)分級(jí)
Table 2 The Grading of soil pollution indexes
指數(shù)Index范圍Range污染等級(jí)Pollutiongrade污染水平Pollutionlevel單因子污染指數(shù)PiSinglefactorpollutionindex(Pi)Pi≤1安全清潔1
1.2.2.2 潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)法
采用Hakanson[23]潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)法評(píng)價(jià)溫宿縣土壤中重金屬的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及危害,公式如下:
表3 重金屬生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、污染水平評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
Table 3 Assessment standards of potential ecological risk coefficient(Eir) and risk indices (RI) of heavy metals
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)使用Microsoft Excel 2010(Microsoft公司,美國(guó))進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,SPSS19.0(IBM公司,美國(guó))進(jìn)行單因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和相關(guān)性分析。
2.1 溫宿縣土壤重金屬含量
研究表明,溫宿縣17個(gè)樣區(qū)土壤重金屬含量特征值為As平均含量11.96 mg/kg,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差為3.56 mg/kg,變異系數(shù)為29.77%;Hg平均含量0.032 mg/kg,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差為0.03 mg/kg,變異系數(shù)為9.38%;Cd平均含量0.17 mg/kg,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差為0.04 mg/kg,變異系數(shù)為23.53%;Pb平均含量22.93 mg/kg,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差為3.74 mg/kg,變異系數(shù)為16.31%;Cr平均含量43.38 mg/kg,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差13.60 mg/kg,變異系數(shù)為28.11%。溫宿縣138個(gè)采樣點(diǎn)5種土壤重金屬差異不大(9.38%~29.77%),平均值和背景值的比值均接近1(0.5~1.7)。溫宿縣果園的重金屬含量基本上與新疆土壤背景值相似,土壤均未受到污染。表4
表4 溫宿縣果園土壤重金屬含量
Table 4 The heavy metal contents of Urumqi soil
注:背景值為新疆土壤背景值,比值為平均值/背景值[24, 25]Note: It’s the Xinjiang soil background value, the ratio is average/ background values
2.2 溫宿縣土壤重金屬含量分布特征
研究表明,138個(gè)土壤樣品As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr 5種重金屬含量均低于國(guó)家土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值(國(guó)家《土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(GB15618-1995)),即該區(qū)域土壤重金屬含量不存在污染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。其中Hg、Pb和Cr的土壤重金屬含量均明顯低于國(guó)家二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值,土壤樣點(diǎn)As和Cb的含量與警戒值較為接近。圖1
2.3 土壤重金屬的相關(guān)性
2.3.1 相關(guān)性
溫宿縣5種重金屬含量的相關(guān)分析表明,土壤中5種重金屬之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系較為簡(jiǎn)單,As-Hg、As-Cd、As-Cr、Hg-Cd、Hg-Cr、Cd-Pb、Cd-Cr 均呈極顯著正相關(guān)(P<0.01),Hg-Pb呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),As-Pb之間沒有顯著性相關(guān)關(guān)系(P>0.05)。說明土壤中重金屬As- Hg- Cd- Cr的相關(guān)性較好,具有較強(qiáng)的同源性,Pb有較強(qiáng)的異源性。表5
注:虛線為各重金屬元素含量的國(guó)家土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB15618-1995)限值
Note: The dotted line is the second grade of nation soil environmental quality standards limit for heavy metal content (GB15618-1995)
圖1 土壤重金屬含量
Fig.1 Soil heavy metals contents of each survey point
表5 土壤重金屬含量的相關(guān)關(guān)系矩陣
Table 5 Correlation matrix of heavy metals contents in soils
注:**極顯著性相關(guān);*顯著性相關(guān)Note: The sign ** indicates differences at significant level of P=0.01, and * with P=0.05
2.3.2 主成分分析
溫宿縣土壤重金屬主成分因子分析表明,將土壤污染物的信息進(jìn)行了集中和提取,識(shí)別出起主導(dǎo)作用的成分。主成分分析可知,5種重金屬辨識(shí)出2 個(gè)主成分,分別解釋總因子的54.6%和25.3%,累計(jì)貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)到54.6%和80.0%。因此,此分析數(shù)據(jù)可以解釋5種重金屬元素來源的絕大部分信息。第1主成分分析可知,重金屬As、Hg、Cd和Pb具有較大載荷(高于背景值),第2主成分分析可知,只有重金屬Cr具有較高的載荷,各元素之間的相關(guān)性較強(qiáng)。表6
表6 重金屬元素主成分因子載荷矩陣
Table 6 Factors matrix of heavy metals insoils
元素Element主成分Principalcomponent12As0.899-0.019Hg0.8670.161Cd0.8180.371Pb0.684-0.541Cr0.1920.900方差貢獻(xiàn)率Variancecontributionrate54.625.3積累貢獻(xiàn)率Accumulationcontributionrat54.680.0
2.4 土壤重金屬污染評(píng)價(jià)
采用污染指數(shù)法評(píng)價(jià)溫宿縣土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr重金屬元素的污染狀況,評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)見表3,評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果表明,由單因子污染指數(shù)來看,溫宿縣重金屬As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr的土壤中均屬于安全等級(jí)(Pi均≤1),為清潔水平;10萬畝生態(tài)園的土壤污染指數(shù)值最低(0.31),清潔程度最高,恰格拉克鄉(xiāng)的土壤污染指數(shù)值最高(0.77),但在安全等級(jí)以內(nèi);由5種重金屬元素的綜合污染指數(shù)可知,各樣區(qū)的溫宿縣重金屬As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr的土壤均屬于安全等級(jí)(Px均≤0.7),為清潔水平;由溫宿縣各樣區(qū)土壤重金屬單因子、綜合污染指數(shù)平均值可知,污染程度排序?yàn)椋篈s(0.56)>Cd(0.38)>Cr(0.15)>Pb(0.07)>Hg(0.053),綜合污染屬于清潔水平(Px≤0.7)。表7
表7 土壤污染指數(shù)分級(jí)
Table 7 The Grading of soil pollution indexes
樣區(qū)編碼Samplecodes單因子污染指數(shù)Pi Singlefactorpollutionindex(Pi)AsHgCdPbCr綜合污染指數(shù)PxComprehensivePollutionindex(Px)10.480.050.630.090.180.4920.440.040.540.080.150.4230.420.060.410.080.190.3440.310.050.420.070.10.5650.770.060.320.060.180.5860.660.060.320.060.170.570.630.140.590.070.180.580.660.170.60.070.180.5290.720.040.270.060.130.54100.380.040.430.070.120.34110.430.010.230.050.110.33120.740.020.330.060.150.55130.640.020.270.070.130.48140.590.020.30.070.160.45150.640.050.330.050.160.48160.680.070.250.050.140.51170.40.020.220.060.080.3平均值Mean0.560.0530.380.070.150.46
2.5 潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)
從綜合潛在生態(tài)危險(xiǎn)指數(shù)來看,5種重金屬的RI值的范圍為79.78~236.10。有58.8%的樣區(qū)處于低生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度(RI<150),41.2%的樣區(qū)處于中生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度(150≤RI<300)。各樣區(qū)綜合潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)的平均值表明,溫宿鎮(zhèn)處于低生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度(RI=139.94<150)。表3,表8
表8 重金屬潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)系數(shù)(Eir)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)(RI)
工農(nóng)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,導(dǎo)致土壤環(huán)境中重金屬污染逐漸加劇,溫宿縣林果園主要種植紅棗、核桃,以農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)為主。溫宿縣17個(gè)樣區(qū)138個(gè)土壤樣品的重金屬As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr的平均含量11.96、0.032、0.17、22.93 和43.38 mg/kg,與孫繼坤[24]得出的新疆土壤背景值相似,說明近30年,溫宿縣林果園的土壤環(huán)境良好,基本上未受到農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)的影響。5種重金屬的含量分別均低于國(guó)家土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值,但部分地區(qū)的As和Cd含量較為接近警戒線,需做相應(yīng)的預(yù)防、治理。
以污染指數(shù)、潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指數(shù)法綜合評(píng)定溫宿縣重金屬情況,有更全面、更實(shí)時(shí)、更準(zhǔn)確的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。溫宿縣基本上不存在重金屬污染、生態(tài)危險(xiǎn)狀況。其中,重金屬As的污染指數(shù)為0.56,較其他元素大,需注意治理、管理。潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)得出,As、Pb和Cr處于低生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度,Hg和Cd處于中生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度,綜合潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)屬于低生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度,說明溫宿縣整體的生態(tài)環(huán)境良好。因此,溫度縣土壤環(huán)境處于安全、清潔等級(jí),有利于進(jìn)行農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng),研究結(jié)果可為該區(qū)土壤重金屬污染防治、修復(fù)等技術(shù)的研究提供理論支撐。
新疆溫宿縣17個(gè)樣區(qū)138個(gè)土壤樣品的五種重金屬含量(As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr)均低于國(guó)家土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)限值,且土壤重金屬含量的變異系數(shù)比值均接近1(0.5~1.7),基本上與新疆土壤背景值相似,即該區(qū)域土壤重金屬含量不存在污染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),土壤均未受到污染。
溫宿縣土壤中5種重金屬之間基本上均呈極顯著相關(guān)關(guān)系(As-Pb除外),可辨識(shí)為2個(gè)主成分。PC1中重金屬As、Hg、Cd和Pb具有較大載荷,PC2中只有Cr具有較大載荷。
由單因子、綜合污染指數(shù)來看,溫宿縣重金屬As、Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr的土壤中均屬于安全等級(jí)(Pi均≤1,Px均≤0.7),為清潔水平;由溫宿縣各樣區(qū)土壤重金屬單因子、綜合污染指數(shù)平均值可知,污染程度排序?yàn)椋篈s>Cd>Cr>Pb>Hg,綜合污染屬于清潔水平(Px≤0.7)。
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Fund project:Supported by the special funds for basic science and technology research of nono "profit research institutions of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region "remediation measures of main heavy metal pollution in Xinjiang soil" (ky2014037),Excellent Youth Fund of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences "The influence of biocharcoal on the adsorption characteristics of heavy metal cadmium" (xjnkq-2014004) and special funds for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements "Walnut orchard health management of precision fertilizer technology integration and demonstration(201454122)
Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Soil Heavy Metal Contents in Wensu County of Southwest Xinjiang
FU Yan-bo, DOU Xiao-jing, LAI Ning, HUANG Jian, WANG Xin-yong, WANG Zhi-guo
(ResearchInstituteofSoil,FertilizerandAgriculturalWaterConservation,XinjiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Urumqi830091,China)
【Objective】 To make clear the level of heavy metal contamination by analyzing the total quantity in Wensu County and conduct risk assessment of their safety.【Method】In 2004, 138 soil samples in 17 sampling points in Wensu County were collected, and the total content of heavy metals(As, Hg, Cd, Pb and Cr) was determined.【Result】The results showed that in Wensu county As was 11.96 mg/kg, Hg 0.032 mg/kg, Cd 0.17 mg/kg, Pb 22.93 mg/kg, Cr 43.38 mg/kg. The coefficient variability of heavy metals was really little. According to the state soil environmental quality standards as the evaluation standard, the integrated pollution indexes of various elements were: As>Cd>Cr>Pb>Hg. The pollution assessment showed that five kinds of heavy metals were all at security and clean level(Pi≤1), so was the comprehensive pollution indices of heavy metals(Px≤0.7). The average values of potential ecological risk assessment showed that the various elements were: Hg (77.35) > Cd (42.60) > As (11.03) >Pb (7.96) >Cr(1.01), a lower ecological risk level was estimated to soil heavy metals. The comprehensive range of potential ecological risk index of five finds of heavy metals was between 79.78 and 236.10, so a lower ecological risk level was determined, too.【Conclusion】In Wensu county, the heavy metal contamination (As, Hg, Cd, Pb and Cr) is lower than the warning level, and the degree of pollution is below the safe level. The single factor and comprehensive ecological risk assessment are also at a low ecological risk, which indicates that the soil environmental quality is overall good in Wensu County.
soil; heavy metals; pollution assessment; ecological risk
2016-08-26
自治區(qū)公益性科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專項(xiàng)資金“新疆土壤主要重金屬污染修復(fù)措施研究”(ky2014037);新疆農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院優(yōu)秀青年基金“生物炭對(duì)土壤重金屬鎘吸附特征的影響”(xjnkq-2014004);自治區(qū)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化專項(xiàng)資金項(xiàng)目“核桃健康果園水肥精準(zhǔn)管理技術(shù)集成與示范”(201454122)
付彥博(1986-),男,助理研究員,研究方向?yàn)橥寥郎鷳B(tài)與農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水,(E-mail)fuyanbo2010@163.com
王治國(guó)(1980-),男,副研究員,研究方向?yàn)橥寥郎鷳B(tài)與農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水,(E-mail)13565915020@126.com
10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2016.12.016
X825
:A
:1001-4330(2016)12-2280-10