譚歲賽, 黃秋林
綜述與講座
腹腔熱灌注化療在進(jìn)展期胃癌中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展
譚歲賽, 黃秋林
胃癌是世界上最常見的五大癌癥之一,死亡率排第三位。根治性切除術(shù)雖是目前唯一可治愈胃癌的方法,但進(jìn)展期胃癌術(shù)后5年生存率僅為23%。研究表明,多數(shù)患者死于術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移,主要原因是術(shù)前腹腔內(nèi)微小轉(zhuǎn)移灶或游離癌細(xì)胞導(dǎo)致的腹腔種植轉(zhuǎn)移。近年來,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者針對(duì)如何改善胃癌患者預(yù)后做了大量研究,進(jìn)展期胃癌需要多學(xué)科的綜合性治療。腹腔熱灌注化療是將熱療、腹腔化療及腹腔灌洗三者有機(jī)結(jié)合的一種新技術(shù),在預(yù)防與治療多種腹腔惡性腫瘤及腹膜種植轉(zhuǎn)移、惡性腹水方面具有獨(dú)特的療效。作者對(duì)近年來腹腔熱灌注化療在進(jìn)展期胃癌中的應(yīng)用情況進(jìn)行了綜述。
胃腫瘤; 治療應(yīng)用; 化學(xué)療法; 局部灌注; 透熱療法; 腹腔化療
胃癌是世界上最常見的五大癌癥之一,死亡率排第三位[1]。中國是胃癌高發(fā)國,其發(fā)病率和死亡率均排第三[2]。中國早期胃癌的檢出率僅為5%~10%,多數(shù)患者確診時(shí)已是進(jìn)展期[3-4]。根治性切除術(shù)雖是目前唯一可能治愈胃癌的方法,但進(jìn)展期胃癌術(shù)后5年生存率僅為23%[5]。研究表明,多數(shù)患者因術(shù)前腹腔內(nèi)微小轉(zhuǎn)移灶或游離癌細(xì)胞(peritoneal free cancer cell,PFCC)導(dǎo)致的腹腔種植轉(zhuǎn)移死于術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移[5-6],胃癌腹膜種植轉(zhuǎn)移是惡性腹水形成的主要原因[7]。研究證實(shí),進(jìn)展期胃癌需要多學(xué)科的綜合性治療。腹腔熱灌注化療(hyperthermic intraperitoneal peroperative chemotherapy,HIPEC)是將熱療、腹腔化療及腹腔灌洗三者有機(jī)結(jié)合的一種技術(shù)。1977年Dr.Charles等設(shè)計(jì)并創(chuàng)造第一臺(tái)腹腔灌注系統(tǒng),1979年Sparaatt等率先將腹腔熱灌注應(yīng)用于臨床。經(jīng)過多年的研究與發(fā)展,已證實(shí)HIPEC在預(yù)防與治療多種腹腔惡性腫瘤及其腹膜種植轉(zhuǎn)移、惡性腹水方面具有獨(dú)特的療效[8-10]?,F(xiàn)對(duì)近年來HIPEC在進(jìn)展期胃癌(advanced gastric cancer,AGC)中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展作一概述。
胃癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)占30%~50%[7,11-12]。D2根治術(shù)后,腹膜是第一或唯一的腫瘤局部復(fù)發(fā)部位,占12%~40%[12]。主要原因?yàn)?,原發(fā)腫瘤癌細(xì)胞的自然脫落、手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷所致外傷性播散[13]。因此,清除或殺滅腹腔癌細(xì)胞、微小轉(zhuǎn)移灶是改善術(shù)后療效、提高生存率的關(guān)鍵。HIPEC可以將小的或非血管化的腫瘤組織和游離癌細(xì)胞與高濃度的化療藥物直接接觸,同時(shí)降低靜脈化療藥物的高濃度和毒性。
HIPEC主要機(jī)制:①稀釋患者腹腔殘留癌細(xì)胞,機(jī)械性的沖刷作用將癌細(xì)胞帶出腹腔,降低腹腔表面的種植概率[14]。②熱效應(yīng)使癌細(xì)胞膜蛋白變性,破壞癌細(xì)胞染色體、釋放溶酶菌,直接破壞腫瘤細(xì)胞,甚至致癌細(xì)胞死亡[15]。③熱效應(yīng)與化療藥物有協(xié)同作用,在43 ℃時(shí),可顯著增強(qiáng)腫瘤細(xì)胞膜的通透性,利于化療藥物滲入細(xì)胞,提高化療敏感性[16];化療藥物經(jīng)門靜脈吸收可殺滅入肝的癌栓或癌細(xì)胞[8]。④熱療可促使腫瘤細(xì)胞合成熱休克蛋白,刺激機(jī)體的免疫系統(tǒng),產(chǎn)生特異性免疫反應(yīng)[17]。
HIPEC在藥物選擇方面,不僅要考慮原發(fā)病,還應(yīng)顧及藥物本身的特性,應(yīng)選擇穿透力較強(qiáng)、腹膜吸收率較低、腹膜刺激性小的藥物,亦可根據(jù)個(gè)體差異來選擇對(duì)患者高敏感的化療藥物。目前絲裂霉素、鉑類(如順鉑、奧沙利鉑)、依托泊苷、多柔比星、紫杉醇和表柔比星等已用于HIPEC。早在2008年的胃癌專家共識(shí)[18]中首推絲裂霉素,其次是鉑類(如順鉑、奧沙利鉑)、5-氟尿嘧啶、多柔比星[19]。 實(shí)施HIPEC時(shí),既可單一給藥,也可聯(lián)合給藥。目前用藥劑量原則上以靜脈用量為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。與全身靜脈化療藥物同用時(shí),可考慮減少劑量,降低全身及局部毒副作用。此外,使用過程中根據(jù)特殊的藥性,鉑類化療藥物需進(jìn)行水化,紫杉醇類藥物需抗過敏等;對(duì)腹膜通透性不高的藥物可適當(dāng)加量,增加局部藥物濃度,提高腫瘤細(xì)胞減滅效果。
3.1 術(shù)前HIPEC AGC侵犯漿膜層時(shí)癌細(xì)胞易脫落至腹腔,形成轉(zhuǎn)移性腹膜癌(peritoneal cancer, PC)。對(duì)于腹腔細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查陽性或有腹膜轉(zhuǎn)移結(jié)節(jié)者,術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)概率高或難以根治。Randle等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn),使用評(píng)分系統(tǒng)對(duì)腹水進(jìn)行評(píng)分,腹水中每增加一個(gè)評(píng)分點(diǎn),將增加33%不完全切除率,故可考慮行術(shù)前HIPEC。Sun等[21]指出,使用HIPEC在延長生存期上具有較大優(yōu)勢。
至于術(shù)前HIPEC放置灌注管,目前多采用腹腔鏡輔助或B超引導(dǎo)。Ferron等[22]研究表明:腹腔鏡輔助置管有利于腹腔內(nèi)灌注液分布均勻,減少手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,但操作較為復(fù)雜,費(fèi)用稍高。B超引導(dǎo)置管具有創(chuàng)傷小,操作時(shí)間短,費(fèi)用低廉,且可重復(fù)進(jìn)行的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[23-24],但不適用腹腔內(nèi)有粘連的患者。
3.2 術(shù)中HIPEC Yu等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),一組接受D2根治術(shù)的胃癌患者術(shù)前只有24%腹腔灌洗細(xì)胞學(xué)陽性,而術(shù)后立即行腹腔灌洗可達(dá)到58%陽性,表明手術(shù)促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞向腹腔播散。癌細(xì)胞來源于轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié),淋巴管癌栓在淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)中破裂、切除或分離,和腫瘤侵入靜脈叢時(shí)靜脈出血等[13,26]。一旦癌細(xì)胞進(jìn)入腹腔,通過重力、腸蠕動(dòng)和膈肌收縮產(chǎn)生負(fù)壓擴(kuò)散到各個(gè)區(qū)域。因此,行術(shù)中HIPEC非常必要。術(shù)中HIPEC可及時(shí)殺滅脫落癌細(xì)胞,控制微病灶且操作方便,無需另外穿刺置管,不易損傷腸管,可以充分灌注到所有間隙,但延長了手術(shù)和麻醉時(shí)間,增加并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn),保溫效果欠佳。張成剛等[27]對(duì)75例T3、T4期胃腸道腫瘤患者行術(shù)中腹腔熱灌注化療(奧沙利鉑+5-Fu),結(jié)果顯示對(duì)循環(huán)生理(心率、平均動(dòng)脈壓)和腎功能有一定影響,但均在可控范圍內(nèi)。
3.3 術(shù)后HIPEC 胃癌切除后,殘留癌細(xì)胞增殖動(dòng)力學(xué)發(fā)生變化,癌細(xì)胞進(jìn)入增殖期,3 d后增殖速度減緩,1周后恢復(fù)到術(shù)前水平。因此,胃癌術(shù)后HIPEC要盡早開始,盡量1周內(nèi)完成[28]。常在關(guān)腹前完成放置灌注管,分別于左、右上腹部或下腹部留置引流管,2根或4根,以便化療藥物在腹腔內(nèi)充分灌洗,但長期帶管可增加腹腔感染率。
適應(yīng)證:①胃癌原發(fā)灶能行根治性切除或明顯減瘤手術(shù),且無遠(yuǎn)處廣泛轉(zhuǎn)移者;②腹膜有散在的胃癌轉(zhuǎn)移灶或PFCC檢測為陽性者;③主要器官功能正常,無化療禁忌證。禁忌證:①因手術(shù)、腹腔炎性病變或其他原因使腹腔內(nèi)粘連嚴(yán)重,甚至出現(xiàn)腸梗阻者; ②預(yù)計(jì)不能耐受腹腔熱灌注治療者(如年齡>70歲,嚴(yán)重營養(yǎng)不良、嚴(yán)重高血壓、心臟病等,經(jīng)積極治療病情繼續(xù)惡化);③巨大腫物占據(jù)使腹腔容量<1 000 ml者;④伴腹腔外轉(zhuǎn)移者;⑤嚴(yán)重凝血障礙者。
①化療藥物相關(guān)性并發(fā)癥:全身性反應(yīng),如骨髓抑制、胃腸道反應(yīng)、肝腎毒性等;局部反應(yīng),如化學(xué)性腹膜炎、吻合口炎、粘連性腸梗阻及腹痛腹脹[29]。②腹腔穿刺及置管相關(guān)性并發(fā)癥:包括灌注管孔或腹腔內(nèi)出血、感染、腹部臟器穿孔、導(dǎo)管梗阻等,但相對(duì)少見。 出現(xiàn)以上并發(fā)癥時(shí),需積極對(duì)癥處理,必要時(shí)暫停HIPEC,甚至行手術(shù)治療。
近年來, HIPEC已作為多病種的輔助治療得以廣泛應(yīng)用,使用的化療藥物亦越來越豐富。研究證實(shí),不管是術(shù)前、術(shù)中還是術(shù)后,HIPEC在提高生存率、降低術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率及手術(shù)并發(fā)癥等方面均具有一定的優(yōu)勢[19,30-31]。但目前世界范圍內(nèi)尚未形成統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的HIPEC操作規(guī)范、灌注藥物選擇等,還需進(jìn)一步研究以提高其在進(jìn)展期胃癌中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
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湖南省衛(wèi)生計(jì)生委科研重大項(xiàng)目(No.A2016004); 湖南省研究生科研創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目(No.CX2016B488)
421001 湖南 衡陽,南華大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院 胃腸外科
黃秋林,Email:1907722730@qq.com
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4136.2017.04.015
1674-4136(2017)04-0258-03
2017-03-05] [本文編輯:欽嫣]