李鵬濤 商杰 鄭柏
全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后人工關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)的研究進(jìn)展
李鵬濤 商杰 鄭柏
髖脫位;關(guān)節(jié)成形術(shù),置換,髖;矯形外科手術(shù);髖關(guān)節(jié);翻修手術(shù)
全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù) ( total hip arthroplasty,THA ) 是緩解髖關(guān)節(jié)疼痛、重建髖關(guān)節(jié)功能的一種有效治療方法,術(shù)后人工關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)是 THA 術(shù)后翻修的主要原因之一[1-2]。文獻(xiàn)關(guān)于 THA 術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)發(fā)生率的報(bào)道不一[3-5]。Woo和 Morrey[6]回顧總結(jié)了 1968~1978年 10500例 THA,發(fā)現(xiàn)初次 THA 的關(guān)節(jié)脫位率為 2.4%,翻修手術(shù)的脫位率4.8%。Meek 等[7]回顧性分析了 1996~2004年 14314例THA,關(guān)節(jié)的脫位率約為 1.9%。目前大多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道的脫位率在人工關(guān)節(jié)的脫位率一般在 1% 左右[3-5]。術(shù)后一旦發(fā)生關(guān)節(jié)脫位,會(huì)給患者帶來極大的軀體、精神上痛苦和經(jīng)濟(jì)上的損失,20%~66% 的關(guān)節(jié)脫位的患者最終須行翻修手術(shù)[8-9]。筆者基于國(guó)內(nèi)外 THA 術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)研究現(xiàn)狀,對(duì) THA 術(shù)后人工關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)的相關(guān)影響因素、診斷和治療綜述如下。
人工髖關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)包括關(guān)節(jié)的脫位與半脫位。脫位指人工關(guān)節(jié)頭與髖臼假體之間關(guān)節(jié)接觸完全喪失,通常在無醫(yī)療輔助的情況下不能復(fù)位。半脫位是指關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)時(shí)有突然震動(dòng),有時(shí)伴有短暫性的活動(dòng)能力降低,合并有刺痛感,通常是由于股骨頭撞擊了髖臼邊緣,但沒有躍出髖臼杯。通常半脫位能自發(fā)復(fù)位,因而是一個(gè)并非嚴(yán)重的臨床表現(xiàn)或主訴,然而,半脫位引起功能障礙時(shí)須行手術(shù)治療[10-11]。關(guān)節(jié)脫位按時(shí)間可分為早期 ( 0~6個(gè)月 ),中期( 6個(gè)月~5年 ) 及晚期 ( >5年 ) 脫位[12]。早期脫位一般與患者相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素有關(guān),如高齡、認(rèn)知或神經(jīng)障礙,也可能由術(shù)中假體安裝位置不當(dāng)或術(shù)后軟組織功能不足引起。晚期脫位原因較多,如外展肌功能缺失,聚乙烯襯墊磨損或長(zhǎng)期存在假體位置不良。晚期脫位有很高的復(fù)發(fā)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),需翻修的可能性也較大[13-14]。Wera 和 Paprosky[15]根據(jù)病因?qū)?THA 術(shù)后不穩(wěn)分為 6型:I 型,髖臼假體位置不當(dāng);II 型,股骨柄假體位置不當(dāng);III 型,外展肌功能不足,例如外展肌松弛、臀中肌缺損、大轉(zhuǎn)子不愈合;IV 型,撞擊引起的不穩(wěn),包括骨與骨、假體與假體、假體與骨的撞擊;V 型,假體位置良好,影像學(xué)上表現(xiàn)為聚乙烯內(nèi)襯偏心性磨損;VI 型:為排除性診斷,一般為未發(fā)現(xiàn)明確病因的關(guān)節(jié)脫位。
( 1) 年齡:早期 Morrey 等[16]報(bào)道年齡是 THA 術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)脫位的危險(xiǎn)因素,年齡>80歲者,THA 術(shù)后 1年脫位率可達(dá) 9.2%,而 Khatod 等[17]回顧性分析了 1693例初次髖關(guān)節(jié)置換與 277例髖關(guān)節(jié)翻修,沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡與脫位率有相關(guān)關(guān)系;( 2) 性別:許多研究已報(bào)道女性患者脫位率高于男性患者[6,18-19],Woo 等[6]報(bào)道的病例中女性脫位率高達(dá)男性 3倍,原因可能與男女髖關(guān)節(jié)周圍軟組織及肌肉張力不同有關(guān);( 3) 認(rèn)知及肌肉、神經(jīng)障礙:認(rèn)知障礙如癡呆、酗酒以及影響肌張力和運(yùn)動(dòng)覺的肌肉神經(jīng)障礙,如腦血栓后遺癥、小兒麻痹癥等,是 THA 術(shù)后脫位的高危因素[20-22];( 4) 髖部手術(shù)史:髖部手術(shù)史也是關(guān)節(jié)脫位的高危因素,其原因與手術(shù)造成的外展肌功能不足、骨質(zhì)缺損、原有解剖結(jié)構(gòu)變形有關(guān)[6,22-23]。其它因素例如感染、肌肉缺失、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎等也可能與脫位的發(fā)生有關(guān)[24-25]。
1. 手術(shù)入路:手術(shù)入路對(duì)人工關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性是否有影響尚有爭(zhēng)議。THA 手術(shù)入路主要有前側(cè)入路,外側(cè)入路及后側(cè)入路。Tamaki 等[3]對(duì) 790位 DAA 患者 ( 871例髖關(guān)節(jié) ) 至少隨訪了 5年,其關(guān)節(jié)脫位的發(fā)生率為 0.92% ( 8/871)。作者認(rèn)為前路手術(shù)的低脫位率可能與術(shù)中肌肉保留有關(guān)。后側(cè)入路中因?yàn)樾g(shù)中需要切斷短外旋肌群,一般被認(rèn)為術(shù)后關(guān)節(jié)脫位的發(fā)生率相對(duì)較高。早期 Masonis等[26]及 Tsukada 等[27]報(bào)道 THA 后側(cè)入路的脫位率分別為 3.23%、4.00%。Higgins 等[28]對(duì) 2009~2014年前側(cè)與后側(cè)入路 THA 術(shù)后脫位的研究做了系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),發(fā)現(xiàn)前路的脫位率 ( 0.27% ) 明顯低于后路 ( 1.20% )。而近期 Maratt等[29]的一項(xiàng)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究報(bào)道,前側(cè)入路 ( 0.84% ) 與后側(cè)入路 ( 0.79% ) 術(shù)后脫位率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在后路 THA 普遍進(jìn)行關(guān)節(jié)囊及軟組織修復(fù),已經(jīng)使脫位發(fā)生率降到和前路相當(dāng)?shù)乃健?/p>
2. 假體安放位置:髖臼及股骨柄的安放位置對(duì)于關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性非常重要。理想的髖臼假體方位必須既能保持適當(dāng)?shù)捏y關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)范圍,又能保持較低的內(nèi)襯磨損,以減少遠(yuǎn)期翻修率。Lewinnek 等[30]通過放射學(xué)影響的研究限定了一個(gè)“安全區(qū)”,即外展角 ( 40±10) °,前傾角( 15±10) °,超過此區(qū)域被認(rèn)為髖臼位置不良。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)髖臼假體的外展角過大時(shí)導(dǎo)致邊緣負(fù)荷、磨損增加和脫位率增加[31-34]。Little 等[31]隨訪了 43例非骨水泥型假體,平均隨訪 66個(gè)月,發(fā)現(xiàn)外展角<45° 時(shí),患者聚乙烯內(nèi)襯的平均磨損率為 0.12mm / 年,而當(dāng)外展角>45° 時(shí),平均磨損率為 0.18mm / 年。但事實(shí)上,髖臼假體放置的位置與多因素有關(guān),而非程序化。術(shù)中患者骨盆位置不易確定、體位經(jīng)常變動(dòng)及髖臼緣骨贅等會(huì)影響髖臼定位。為了提高髖臼假體定位準(zhǔn)確性,Moskal 等[35]報(bào)道可以通過參照患者特異性形態(tài)幫助定位,方法有:( 1) 參照髖臼橫韌帶;( 2) 參照髖臼周圍骨性結(jié)構(gòu);( 3) 參照坐骨大切跡;( 4) 參照髖臼切跡角。
1991年,Ranawat 等[36]引入了臼杯與股骨假體柄聯(lián)合前傾角的概念,即髖臼假體與股骨柄前傾角的之和,只要聯(lián)合前傾角在一個(gè)合適范圍內(nèi),就能滿足患者日常活動(dòng)的需要。Widner 等[37]建議假體聯(lián)合前傾角為 37° ,并根據(jù)公式:臼杯前傾角+0.7×股骨柄前傾角=37° 計(jì)算出前傾角。Dorr 等[38]通過計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)航技術(shù)證明聯(lián)合前傾角的合適范圍為 25°~50°,聯(lián)合前傾角過大時(shí)可能導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)前方不穩(wěn),而聯(lián)合前傾角<25° 時(shí),易引起后方不穩(wěn)[39]。傳統(tǒng)的 THA 一般是先安裝髖臼,然后安裝股骨柄,但在使用非骨水泥型假體時(shí),股骨的前傾角往往難以把握。由于股骨的解剖形態(tài),在使用髓腔銼進(jìn)行髓腔成形及最后安裝假體時(shí),髓腔銼或股骨柄一般沿著與股骨近端髓腔匹配最佳的位置置入[40],這導(dǎo)致股骨前傾角從后傾 15° 至前傾 45° 的變異[41-43]。因此,有學(xué)者提出“股骨優(yōu)先”理論[44],即術(shù)中先安裝股骨柄,根據(jù)股骨柄的角度,利用聯(lián)合前傾角調(diào)整髖臼杯的位置。
術(shù)中可通過穩(wěn)定試驗(yàn)測(cè)試髖關(guān)節(jié)動(dòng)態(tài)穩(wěn)定性。檢查髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)時(shí),注意觀察股骨頭假體與髖臼假體是否保持良好的同心圓關(guān)系,有無脫位、頭臼間隙增大或不對(duì)稱發(fā)生。穩(wěn)定實(shí)驗(yàn)陽性:屈曲<90°、后伸<30°、外展<30°、內(nèi)收<30°、外旋<30°、內(nèi)旋<30° 時(shí),出現(xiàn)撞擊、脫位、頭臼間隙增大或不對(duì)稱[45]。
近年來,為了增加假體放置的精確性,計(jì)算機(jī)導(dǎo)航技術(shù) ( computer-assisted orthopaedic surgery,CAOS ) 被引入髖關(guān)節(jié)置換。其原理是基于髖關(guān)節(jié)術(shù)前 X 線或 CT 掃描進(jìn)行三維影像重建,通過計(jì)算機(jī)計(jì)算出假體最佳位置、力學(xué)軸線和截骨平面,模擬匹配。許多報(bào)道已證明這種技術(shù)有利于提高假體安裝的準(zhǔn)確性,但是目前在臨床中,其應(yīng)用仍有局限性[46-48]。一方面,導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)價(jià)格較貴,無疑加重了患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。另一方面,導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)需要進(jìn)行術(shù)中匹配,這會(huì)延長(zhǎng)很多手術(shù)時(shí)間,增加術(shù)中出血量及手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
1. 股骨頭假體直徑:大直徑股骨頭可降低脫位的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Singh 等[54]回顧性分析了 317例髖關(guān)節(jié)置換病例,發(fā)現(xiàn) 36mm 股骨頭組術(shù)后脫位率為 0.60%,而 28mm 組的脫位率為 6.49%。同樣的,Howie 等[55]的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),后側(cè)入路時(shí),初次 THA 術(shù)后 36mm 組脫位發(fā)生率為0.80%,28mm 組脫位率為 4.40%。其機(jī)制主要為:( 1) 大直徑的股骨頭可以增加頭頸比,減少假體的撞擊,從而減少脫位的可能;( 2) 在假體脫位的過程中,較大的直徑需要更大的跳躍距離;( 3) 股骨頭周圍被軟組織包繞,大股骨頭脫位時(shí)可能須克服更多的軟組織阻力。
大股骨頭意味著內(nèi)襯厚度的降低。使用大股骨頭增加關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定的同時(shí),也相應(yīng)增加了股骨頭與聚乙烯內(nèi)襯的磨損。在過去很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi),許多學(xué)者為了降低內(nèi)襯磨損問題選擇使用較小的股骨頭,但隨著高交聯(lián)聚乙烯內(nèi)襯的應(yīng)用,這個(gè)問題逐漸被解決。許多研究已表明,與傳統(tǒng)聚乙烯內(nèi)襯相比,高交聯(lián)聚乙烯內(nèi)襯能顯著降低磨損率[56-58]。
另一個(gè)防脫位的設(shè)計(jì)就是高邊的內(nèi)襯,它在一定程度上起到了提高關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定的作用。但是這種高邊的設(shè)計(jì)可能會(huì)增加假體撞擊的可能性,使股骨頭因?yàn)楦軛U作用在另一側(cè)脫出[59]。
2. 股骨偏心距 ( femoral offset ):股骨偏心距是股骨頭旋轉(zhuǎn)中心至股骨長(zhǎng)軸的垂直距離。在 THA 術(shù)中,重建股骨偏心距可以恢復(fù)髖外展肌的力臂,維持髖關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性。如果偏心距較小,會(huì)導(dǎo)致髖關(guān)節(jié)周圍軟組織松弛,外展肌功能不足,肌筋膜張力減低,同時(shí)可能會(huì)引起股骨近端與骨盆的撞擊,這些因素會(huì)增加髖關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。重建股骨偏心距的主要方法有:( 1) 增加假體的股骨頸長(zhǎng)度;( 2) 降低股骨假體頸干角;( 3) 髖臼內(nèi)襯側(cè)方內(nèi)移;( 4) 大轉(zhuǎn)子截骨;( 5) 假體股骨頸內(nèi)側(cè)移位[60]。史振才等[61]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)股骨偏心距與股骨外展肌力臂具有正相關(guān)性,股骨距保留部分的長(zhǎng)度、術(shù)后股骨頸干角與股骨偏心距存在明顯相關(guān)性,髖關(guān)節(jié)的外展肌力與股骨偏心距和外展肌力臂存在正相關(guān)性,因此術(shù)中欲重建股骨偏心距,應(yīng)選用更接近解剖頸干角的股骨柄假體,保留適當(dāng)?shù)墓晒蔷嚅L(zhǎng)度,通過增加假體頸的長(zhǎng)度,使下肢等長(zhǎng)。
診斷 THA 關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)主要依靠病史和輔助檢查。病史采集務(wù)必詳實(shí),比如患者假體類型、第 1次脫位的時(shí)間、發(fā)生的次數(shù)、頻率等。早期脫位可能是由于外展肌功能尚未恢復(fù)或關(guān)節(jié)囊未愈合,晚期脫位可能與假體內(nèi)襯磨損等因素有關(guān)。體格檢查應(yīng)包括原手術(shù)切口的位置,兩側(cè)肢體是否等長(zhǎng),髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度 ( range of motion,ROM ),兩側(cè)外展肌力量,以及患肢是否有血管神經(jīng)癥狀。手術(shù)切口的位置可以判斷 THA 的手術(shù)入路。進(jìn)行髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)度檢查時(shí)應(yīng)注意有發(fā)生關(guān)節(jié)脫位的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),可以根據(jù)檢查時(shí)患者的恐懼征 ( apprehension sign ) 判斷發(fā)生髖關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)的大概位置。另外應(yīng)觀察患者步態(tài),如果出現(xiàn) Trendelenberg 步態(tài),一般是由于外展肌功能障礙引起的。假體感染也有可能引起關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn),檢查血沉及 CRP 可以幫助排除感染引起的不穩(wěn)。
雙髖關(guān)節(jié)正位 X 線片及髖關(guān)節(jié) CT 對(duì)于診斷及術(shù)前規(guī)劃非常重要。在骨盆正位 X 線片上經(jīng)過雙側(cè)淚滴下緣劃一條直線,小轉(zhuǎn)子到此直線間距可計(jì)算雙下肢長(zhǎng)度的不同。觀察片子中髖臼假體及股骨柄的位置,測(cè)量髖臼前傾角及外展角,注意比較患側(cè)與對(duì)側(cè)肢體的偏心距。
1. 保守治療:保守治療主要適用于急性脫位的早期,對(duì)于反復(fù)多次發(fā)生的脫位效果不好。一般來講,如果假體的位置良好,閉合復(fù)位后 67% 的患者都不會(huì)發(fā)生再次脫位[62]。閉合復(fù)位的時(shí)候,可以靜脈使用鎮(zhèn)靜劑及麻醉藥品,使患者肌肉松弛。Schuh 等[63]報(bào)道嘗試多次的閉合復(fù)位可能會(huì)對(duì)股骨頭造成損傷。復(fù)位成功后復(fù)查 X 線片?;贾苿?dòng)的方法有單側(cè)髖關(guān)節(jié)“人”字形石膏固定、支具固定或患肢皮牽引等。支具制動(dòng)患肢直到關(guān)節(jié)囊周圍軟組織愈合。一般在復(fù)位后支具佩戴 6~12周,取下支具后8周內(nèi),應(yīng)嚴(yán)格遵守預(yù)防措施防止再次脫位。前外側(cè)脫位的患者,術(shù)后應(yīng)使下肢輕度屈曲,將其保持在外展位,避免交叉雙腿,患肢輕度內(nèi)旋。對(duì)于后脫位,下肢屈曲應(yīng)限制在 70° 內(nèi),避免屈曲位內(nèi)旋運(yùn)動(dòng),坐位時(shí),務(wù)必保持兩腿分開,建議使用較高的馬桶、椅子。
2. 手術(shù)治療:THA 術(shù)后反復(fù)性脫位者,一般須行手術(shù)治療,手術(shù)方式取決于脫位機(jī)制。( 1) 假體位置不當(dāng)引起的不穩(wěn),主要方法是重新調(diào)整假體的位置,僅僅更換高邊或帶裙邊的內(nèi)襯往往效果不佳。Pavizi 等[64]報(bào)道,反復(fù)性脫位需要進(jìn)行翻修的患者,35% 是由于髖臼假體位置不當(dāng)引起的,其中 91% 的患者在翻修后不會(huì)再次出現(xiàn)脫位。( 2) 外展肌功能不足引起的不穩(wěn),可通過增加頸長(zhǎng)、使用限制性內(nèi)襯的方法增加穩(wěn)定性。限制性內(nèi)襯的設(shè)計(jì)是髖臼內(nèi)襯把股骨頭扣鎖在里面使股骨頭不易脫出,但是髖關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生髖臼內(nèi)部撞擊,導(dǎo)致髖臼假體的早期松動(dòng)或者股骨頭與股骨頸的分離脫位的可能性增大。所以在使用限制性假體治療反復(fù)脫位時(shí)患者的髖臼側(cè)必須盡可能地保留充足的骨量且骨質(zhì)要好,確保能打入足夠的螺釘保證要有明確的初始穩(wěn)定性。( 3) 撞擊導(dǎo)致的關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn),首先要明確撞擊的來源,撞擊不但會(huì)出現(xiàn)在股骨假體和髖臼假體之間,也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在股骨近端如小轉(zhuǎn)子與髖臼或其周圍的殘留骨贅之間的撞擊。撞擊往往與假體的頭頸比率低,或術(shù)中沒有恢復(fù)正常偏心距有關(guān)。這類不穩(wěn)在翻修時(shí),需清除髖臼周圍骨贅等撞擊部分,換用大直徑股骨頭,增大頸長(zhǎng)與偏心距。( 4) 假體聚乙烯內(nèi)襯偏心性磨損導(dǎo)致的不穩(wěn),翻修方法為使用組合式金屬髖臼杯和聚乙烯襯墊或單純更換聚乙烯內(nèi)襯。( 5) 當(dāng)脫位原因不明時(shí),可進(jìn)行雙極關(guān)節(jié)置換、使用限制性假體等方案。
綜上所述,THA 術(shù)后人工關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)與患者自身情況、手術(shù)操作及假體設(shè)計(jì)等多因素有關(guān)。大部分情況下,初次人工關(guān)節(jié)脫位可通過閉合復(fù)位、患肢制動(dòng)的方法進(jìn)行保守治療。對(duì)于反復(fù)性脫位的患者,應(yīng)仔細(xì)分析,結(jié)合患者主訴、體征及影像學(xué)檢查結(jié)果,明確關(guān)節(jié)脫位病因及類型,針對(duì)性地?cái)M定手術(shù)方案。最后,對(duì)于 THA 術(shù)后人工關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)應(yīng)務(wù)必遵循預(yù)防為先的原則,盡量在初次 THA中獲得良好的髖關(guān)節(jié)平衡性及穩(wěn)定性。
[1] 芮敏, 鄭欣, 孫少松, 等. 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)皮膚切口不同縫合方式的前瞻性對(duì)比研究[J]. 中國(guó)骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志, 2016, 5(12):891-895.
[2] Bozic KJ, Kurtz S, Lau E, et al. The epidemiology of bearing surface usage in total hip arthroplasty in the United States[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2009, 91(7):1614-1620.
[3] Tamaki T, Oinuma K, Miura Y, et al. Epidemiology of dislocation following direct anterior total hip arthroplasty:a minimum 5-year follow-up study[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2016,31(12):2886-2888.
[4] Maratt JD, Gagnier JJ, Butler PD, et al. No difference in dislocation seen in anterior vs posterior approach total hip arthroplasty[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2016, 31(9Suppl):127-130.
[5] Higgins BT, Barlow DR, Heagerty NE, et al. Anterior vs.posterior approach for total hip arthroplasty, a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2015, 30(3):419-434.
[6] Woo RY, Morrey BF. Dislocations after total hip arthroplasty[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1982, 64(9):1295-1306.
[7] Meek RM, Allan DB, Mcphillips G, et al. Epidemiology of dislocation after total hip arthroplasty[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2016, 447:9-18.
[8] Alberton GM, High WA, Morrey BF. Dislocation after revision total hip arthroplasty: an analysis of risk factors and treatment options[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2002, 84-A(10):1788-1792.
[9] Kosashvili Y, Drexler M, Backstein D, et al. Dislocation after the first and multiple revision total hip arthroplasty: comparison between acetabulum-only, femur-only and both component revision hip arthroplasty[J]. Can J Surg, 2014, 57(2):E15-18.
[10] 徐衛(wèi)東, 吳岳嵩. 人工髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后脫位 (續(xù))[J]. 中國(guó)矯形外科雜志, 2001, 8(4):399-401.
[11] 李強(qiáng). 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后脫位及處理[J]. 中國(guó)醫(yī)藥指南,2009, 7(8):112-114.
[12] De Martino I, Triantafyllopoulos GK, Sculco PK, et al. Dual mobility cups in total hip arthroplasty[J]. World J Orthop, 2014,5(3):180-187.
[13] D’Angelo F, Murena L, Zatti G, et al. The unstable total hip replacement[J]. Indian J Orthop, 2008, 42(3):252-259.
[14] Meek RMD, Allan DB, Mcphillips G, et al. Late dislocation after total hip arthroplasty[J]. Clin Med Res, 2008, 6(1):17-23.
[15] Wera GD, Ting NT, Moric M, et al. Classification and management of the unstable total hip arthroplasty[J].J Arthroplasty, 2012, 27(5):710-715.
[16] Morrey BF. Difficult complications after hip replacement:Dislocation[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1997, (344):1791-1787.
[17] Khatod M, Barber T, Paxton E. An analysis of the risk of hip dislocation with a contemporary total joint registry[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2006, 447:19-23.
[18] Berry DJ, von Knoch M, Schleck CD, et al. The cumulative long-term risk of dislocation after primary Charnley total hip arthroplasty[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2004, 86-A(1):9-14.
[19] Hedlundh U, Karlsson M, Ringsberg K, et al. Muscular and neurologic function in patients with recurrent dislocation after total hip arthroplasty: A matched controlled study of 65patients using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and postural stability tests[J]. J Arthroplasty, 1999, 14(3):319-325.
[20] Sanchez-Sotelo J, Berry DJ. Epidemiology of instability after total hip replacement[J]. Orthop Clin North Am, 2001,32(4):543-552.
[21] Woolson ST. Rahimtoola ZO. Risk factors for dislocation during the first 3months after primary total hip replacement[J].J Arthroplasty, 1999, 14(6):662-668.
[22] Paterno SA, Lachiewicz PF, Kelley SS. The influence of patientrelated factors and the position of the acetabular component on the rate of dislocation after total hip replacement[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1997, 79(8):1202-1210.
[23] Daly PJ, Morrey BF. Operative correction of an unstable total hip arthroplasty[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1992, 74(9):1334-1343.
[24] Petel PD, Ports A, Frolw MI. The dislocating hip arthroplasty:prevention and treatment[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2007, 22(4Suppl 1):86-90.
[25] Berry DJ, von Knoch M, Schleck CD, et al. Effect of femoral head diameter and operative approach on risk of dislocation after primary total hip arthroplasty[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,2005, 87(11):2456-2463.
[26] Masonis JL, Bourne RB. Surgical approach, abductor function,and total hip arthroplasty dislocation[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2002, (405):46-53.
[27] Tsukada S, Wakui M. Lower dislocation rate following total hip arthroplasty via direct anterior approach than via posterior approach: five-year-average follow-up results[J]. Open Orthop J, 2015, (9):157-162.
[28] Higgins BT, Barlow DR, Heagerty NE, et al. Anterior vs.posterior approach for total hip arthroplasty, a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2015, 30(3):419-434.
[29] Maratt JD, Gagnier JJ, Butler PD, et al. No difference in dislocation seen in anterior vs posterior approach total hip arthroplasty[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2016, 31(9Suppl):127-130.
[30] Lewinnek GE, Lewis JL, Tarr R, et al. Dislocations after total hip-replacement arthroplasties[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1978,60(2):217-220.
[31] Little NJ, Busch CA, Gallagher JA, et al. Acetabular polyethylene wear and acetabular inclination and femoral offset[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2009, 467(11):2895-2900.
[32] Wan Z, Boutary M, Dorr LD. 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換中髖臼假體位置對(duì)磨損的影響[J]. 中華骨科雜志, 2009, 29(3):285-288.
[33] Rienstra W, van der Veen HC, van den Akker Scheek I,et al. Clinical outcome, survival and polyethylene wear of an uncemented total hip arthroplasty: a 10- to 12-year follow-up study of 81hips[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2013, 28(8):1362-1366.
[34] 蘭天, 肖軍, 史占軍. 髖關(guān)節(jié)假體聚乙烯磨損及其影響因素的相關(guān)性分析[J]. 中華醫(yī)學(xué)雜志, 2014, 94(43):3416-3420.
[35] Moskal JT, Capps SG, Scanelli JA. Improving the accuracy of acetabular component orientation: avoiding malpositioning:AAOS exhibit selection[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2010,95(11):286-296.
[36] Ranawat CS, Maynard MJ. Modern techniques of cemented total hip arthroplasty[J]. Tech Orthopedics, 1991, 6:17-25.
[37] Widmer KH, Zurfluh B. Compliant positioning of total hip components for optimal range of motion[J]. J Orthop Res,2004, 22(4):815-821.
[38] Dorr LD, Malik A, Dastane M, et al. Combined anteversion technique for total hip arthroplasty[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2009, 67(1):119-127.
[39] Malik A, Maheshwari A, Dorr LD. Impingement with total hip replacement[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2007, 89(8):1832-1842.
[40] Renkawitz T, Haimerl M, Dohmen L, et al. Minimally invasive computer-navigated total hip arthroplasty, following the concept of femur first and combined anteversion: design of a blinded randomized controlled trial[J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2011, 12:192.
[41] Wines AP, McNicol D. Computed tomography measurement of the accuracy of component version in total hip arthroplasty[J].J Arthroplasty, 2006, 21(5):696-701.
[42] Weber T, Dendorfer S, Bulstra SK, et al. Gait six month and one-year after computer assisted Femur First THR vs.conventional THR.Resultsof a patient- and observer- blinded randomized controlled trial[J]. Gait Posture, 2016, 49:418-425.
[43] Sendtner E, Tibor S, Winkler R, et al. Stem torsion in total hip replacement[J]. Acta Orthop, 2010, 81(5):579-582.
[44] Sendtner E, Müller M, Winkler R, et al. Femur first in hip arthroplasty--the concept of combined anteversion[J]. Z Orthop Unfall, 2010, 148(2):185-190.
[45] 趙鳳朝, 李子榮, 張念非, 等. 全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)性脫位的治療[J]. 中國(guó)矯形外科雜志, 2008, 16(14):1061-1064.
[46] Parratte S, Argenson JN. Validation and usefulness of a computer-assisted cup-positioning system in total hip arthroplasty. A prospective, randomized, controlled study[J].J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2007, 89(3):494-499.
[47] Clavé A, Sauleau V, Cheval D, et al. Can computer-assisted surgery help restore leg length and offset during THA? A continuous series of 321cases[J]. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res,2015, 101(7):791-795.
[48] Lass R, Kubista B, Olischar B, et al. Total hip arthroplasty using imageless computer-assisted hip navigation: a prospective randomized study[J]. J Arthroplasty, 2014, 29(4):786-791.
[49] Tarasevicius S, Robertsson O, Wingstrand H. Posterior soft tissue repair in total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial[J]. Orthopedics, 2010, 33(12):871.
[50] Zhang D, Chen L, Peng K, et al. Effectiveness and safety of the posterior approach with soft tissue repair for primary total hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis[J]. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res,2015, 101(1):39-44.
[51] Robinson RP, Robinson HJ Jr, Salvati EA. Comparison of the transtrochanteric and posterior approaches for total hip replacement[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1980, (147):143-147.
[52] Pellicci PM, Bostrom M, Poss R. Posterior approach to total hip replacement using enhanced posterior soft tissue repair[J].Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1998, (355):224-228.
[53] Browne JA, Pagnano MW. Surgical technique: a simple softtissue-only repair of the capsule and external rotators in posterior-approach THA[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2012,470(2):511-515.
[54] Singh SP, Bhalodiya HP. Head size and dislocation rate in primary total hip arthroplasty[J]. Indian J Orthop, 2013,47(5):443-448.
[55] Howie DW, Holubowycz OT, Middleton R, et al. Large femoral heads decrease the incidence of dislocation after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2012, 94(12):1095-1102.
[56] Kuzyk PR, Saccone M, Sprague S, et al. Cross-linked versus conventional polyethylene for total hip replacement: a metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2011, 93(5):593-600.
[57] 李冬松, 忻振凱, 曲廣運(yùn), 等. 高交聯(lián)聚乙烯內(nèi)襯在中國(guó)年輕全髖關(guān)節(jié)置換患者中應(yīng)用的 6年隨訪結(jié)果[J]. 中華關(guān)節(jié)外科雜志(電子版), 2011, 5(5):36-41.
[58] Samujh C, Bhimani S, Smith L. Wear analysis of secondgeneration highly cross-linked polyethylene in primary total hip arthroplasty[J]. Orthopedics, 2016, 39(6):e1178-1182.
[59] Cobb TK, Morrey BF, Ilstrup DM. The elevated-rim acetabular liner in total hip arthroplasty: relationship to postoperative dislocation[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1996, 78(1):80-86.
[60] 嚴(yán)廣斌. 股骨偏心距[J]. 中華關(guān)節(jié)外科雜志(電子版), 2013,7(5):740.
[61] 史振才, 李子榮. 全髖人工關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中股骨偏心距的重建[J]. 中華外科雜志, 2004, 42(16):997-1000.
[62] D’Angelo F, Murena L, Zatti G. The unstable total hip replacement[J]. Indian J Orthop, 2008, 42(3):252-259.
[63] Schuh A, Mittelmeier W, Zeiler G, et al. Severe damage of the femoral head after dislocation and difficult reduction maneuvers after total hip arthroplasty[J]. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2006, 126(2):134-137.
[64] Parvizi J, Kim KI, Goldberg G, et al. Recurrent instability after total hip arthroplasty: Beware of subtle component malpositioning[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2006, 447:60-65.
Research progress in hip instability after total hip arthroplasty
LI Peng-tao, SHANG Jie, ZHENG Bai.
Xuzhou Third People’s hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221005, China
Total hip arthroplasty is an effective way to alleviate hip pain and to reconstruct the joint function,which is widely used in the treatment of some diseases such as late hip arthritis, femoral head necrosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Hip instability is one of the most common complications of total hip arthroplasty, and is also an important indication for revision arthroplasty. Hip instability following total hip arthroplasty is associated with many factors,including patient risk factors, surgical factors and component factors. Patient risk factors for dislocation include age,gender, the history of hip surgery, neuromuscular and cognitive disorders. Surgical factors include surgical approach,component position and soft tissue repairing. Component factors include size of the femoral head and femoral offset.The treatment of instability can be especially complicated and tough. First episode of dislocation can be treated with closed reduction techniques in most cases. Recurrent instability should be surgically treated. Before the operation, the cause of the disease should be carefully analyzed and the mechanism of joint dislocation should be defined. The aim of this current article is to analyze the relevant risk factors and to make a treatment protocol by reviewing the most recent literature published on this topic.
Hip dislocation; Arthroplasty, replacement, hip; Orthopedic procedures; Hip joint; Joint prosthesis revision
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2017.10.010
R687.4, R619
221005 江蘇,徐州市第三人民醫(yī)院
2017-01-01)
( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
中國(guó)骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志2017年10期