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帕金森病相關(guān)認知功能障礙

2017-01-12 18:47袁晶王含萬新華
關(guān)鍵詞:路易阿爾茨海默帕金森病

袁晶 王含 萬新華

帕金森病相關(guān)認知功能障礙

袁晶 王含 萬新華

帕金森病認知功能障礙起病隱匿,是帕金森病常見非運動癥狀,包括帕金森病輕度認知損害和帕金森病癡呆,尤以執(zhí)行功能障礙突出,亦可見視空間能力、記憶力和言語功能等認知域損害。主要危險因素包括男性、高齡、低受教育程度、嚴重運動癥狀、基線認知功能較差和白天過度嗜睡。主要病理改變是腦組織路易小體形成,也可見阿爾茨海默病樣病理改變。腦脊液總α?突觸核蛋白和β?淀粉樣蛋白1~42水平降低作為生物學(xué)標志物的價值尚存爭議。相關(guān)基因研究較少且無法獲得肯定結(jié)論。PET顯像發(fā)現(xiàn)多巴胺能通路和乙酰膽堿能通路均參與帕金森病認知功能障礙的發(fā)生;MRI研究發(fā)現(xiàn)皮質(zhì)及皮質(zhì)下結(jié)構(gòu)萎縮與帕金森病認知功能障礙有關(guān)。嗅覺障礙可能是帕金森病認知功能障礙的預(yù)測因素之一。帕金森病癡呆與路易體癡呆具有共同的生物學(xué)特性,二者鑒別診斷困難。膽堿酯酶抑制劑和美金剛有助于改善臨床癥狀,應(yīng)注意個體化治療。認知行為療法具有潛在臨床價值,尚待更多研究。

帕金森病; 認知障礙; 綜述

帕金森?。≒D)非運動癥狀(NMS)嚴重影響患者生活質(zhì)量、增加照料者負擔,近年來逐漸引起人們關(guān)注。帕金森病認知功能障礙是帕金森病常見非運動癥狀,包括帕金森病輕度認知損害(PD?MCI)和帕金森病癡呆(PDD)。研究顯示,帕金森病癡呆8年累積患病率高達78.2%[1]。約40%帕金森病患者疾病早期即可出現(xiàn)帕金森病輕度認知損害,增加其進展為帕金森病癡呆的風(fēng)險[2?5]。 因此,了解帕金森病輕度認知損害和帕金森病癡呆相關(guān)臨床表現(xiàn)和生物學(xué)標志物,對闡明二者病理生理學(xué)機制和早期診斷與治療具有重要意義。

一、臨床表現(xiàn)

帕金森病認知功能障礙起病隱匿,執(zhí)行功能障礙相對突出,亦可見視空間能力、記憶力和言語功能等認知域損害。帕金森病輕度認知損害患者可以存在單個或多個認知域損害,執(zhí)行功能和記憶功能障礙最早出現(xiàn)且最突出,二者發(fā)生率相似,亦有研究顯示,執(zhí)行功能障礙發(fā)生率高于記憶障礙[6?7]。帕金森病癡呆患者執(zhí)行功能、視覺和視空間能力障礙相對突出且較阿爾茨海默?。ˋD)患者嚴重,但詞語記憶力、視覺記憶力和言語功能障礙較阿爾茨海默病患者輕微,這些差異在認知功能障礙早期或中期相對明顯,至疾病晚期則難以區(qū)分嚴重認知功能障礙。因此,早期進行神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測驗可以為臨床診斷提供重要客觀證據(jù),但在鑒別診斷方面的作用有限。帕金森病癡呆患者精神癥狀發(fā)生率和嚴重程度較路易體癡呆(DLB)輕微,存在認知功能障礙的帕金森病患者更易出現(xiàn)抑郁、焦慮和淡漠等情感異常[8]。

目前認為,帕金森病認知功能障礙的預(yù)測因素包括男性、高齡、低受教育程度、嚴重運動癥狀、基線認知功能較差和白天過度嗜睡(EDS),而與震顫嚴重程度無關(guān)聯(lián)性[9?12]。此外,帕金森病認知功能障礙除考慮與原發(fā)病相關(guān)外,還應(yīng)排除藥物對認知功能和行為的不良反應(yīng)[13]。

二、生物學(xué)標志物

1.病理學(xué)和腦脊液標志物 帕金森病癡呆患者主要病理改變是腦組織路易小體(LB)形成,由α?突觸核蛋白(α?Syn)組成[14]。病理學(xué)研究顯示,大腦皮質(zhì)路易小體數(shù)目與認知功能障礙嚴重程度和帕金森病癡呆密切相關(guān)[15]。值得注意的是,并非所有存在大腦皮質(zhì)路易小體的帕金森病患者均發(fā)生癡呆,帕金森病癡呆患者亦常見阿爾茨海默病典型病理改變——神經(jīng)炎性斑[NPs,又稱老年斑(SPs)]和神經(jīng)原纖維纏結(jié)(NFT)。大腦皮質(zhì)路易小體與阿爾茨海默病病理改變具有相關(guān)性,細胞模型研究結(jié)果顯示,α?Syn可以促進tau蛋白和β?淀粉樣蛋白(Aβ)沉積[15]。帕金森病和阿爾茨海默病早期均可以發(fā)生Meynert基底核變性,使膽堿能通路受阻,膽堿能活性下降與認知功能尤其是記憶功能減退密切相關(guān)[16]。研究顯示,帕金森病癡呆和路易體癡呆患者腦脊液總α?Syn水平下降[17],盡管其臨床價值尚存爭議,但該項指標對反映帕金森病認知功能障礙的神經(jīng)病理改變可能有一定價值[18]。此外,帕金森病輕度認知損害和帕金森病癡呆患者也可以觀察到腦脊液可溶性Aβ1~42水平下降,與帕金森病早期認知功能障礙相關(guān)[19],因此認為,帕金森病癡呆是兩種病理學(xué)機制共同作用的結(jié)果[20]。

2.基因?qū)W標志物 不同基因型可能影響認知功能,但與帕金森病認知功能障礙之間的相關(guān)性尚未完全闡明。關(guān)于多巴胺能通路相關(guān)靶點的基因?qū)W研究較多,例如,與大腦皮質(zhì)多巴胺表達相關(guān)的兒茶酚?O?甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(COMT)基因[21]、與紋狀體多巴胺再攝取相關(guān)的溶質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運體?多巴胺轉(zhuǎn)運體1(SLC6A3/DAT1)基因[22],這些基因異常可能與帕金森病患者額葉?紋狀體通路功能異常有關(guān)。膽堿能通路在帕金森病認知功能障礙中發(fā)揮重要作用[23],但是關(guān)于膽堿能通路相關(guān)靶點的基因?qū)W研究較少,目前僅見編碼煙堿型乙酰膽堿受體α4亞單位(CHRNA4)基因,但并未顯示其與老齡化相關(guān)[24]。Bohnen等[23]認為,多巴胺能通路和膽堿能通路的不同基因之間可能存在交互作用。某些阿爾茨海默病相關(guān)基因也可能參與帕金森病癡呆的發(fā)生,一項前瞻性臨床研究顯示,微管相關(guān)tau蛋白(MAPT)基因H1/H2基因型和載脂蛋白Eε4(ApoEε4)等位基因均與帕金森病癡呆發(fā)生率相關(guān)[25];亦有學(xué)者持反對觀點質(zhì)疑其相關(guān)性[26]。研究顯示,基于家族性帕金森病的α?突觸核蛋白基因(SNCA)E64點突變[27?28]和三重擴增[29]以及葡糖腦苷脂酶(GBA)基因[30]均與帕金森病認知功能障礙及其嚴重程度相關(guān)??傊两鹕≌J知功能障礙相關(guān)基因研究較少且涉及不同神經(jīng)生化通路,尚無法獲得肯定結(jié)論。

3.影像學(xué)標志物 (1)PET顯像:18F?脫氧葡萄糖(18F?FDG)PET研究顯示,帕金森病輕度認知損害患者主要表現(xiàn)為局限性額葉、顳葉和海馬旁回葡萄糖代謝降低,帕金森病癡呆患者表現(xiàn)為雙側(cè)額葉、頂葉后部和枕葉葡萄糖代謝明顯降低[31],提示帕金森病患者大腦皮質(zhì)中后部葡萄糖低代謝可能與認知功能障礙相關(guān),代謝降低越明顯、認知功能障礙越嚴重,表明18F?FDG PET可以為早期識別帕金森病認知功能障礙提供有價值的影像學(xué)信息。18F?多巴胺(18F?Dopa)PET研究顯示,與正常對照者相比,帕金森病癡呆患者和帕金森病非癡呆患者紋狀體多巴胺合成減少,尾狀核18F?Dopa攝取減少,與工作記憶和執(zhí)行功能減退相關(guān)[32]。一項采用11C?雷氯必利(11C?RAC)PET檢測執(zhí)行認知任務(wù)時多巴胺釋放的研究結(jié)果顯示,與正常對照者相比,帕金森病非癡呆患者執(zhí)行空間相關(guān)任務(wù)時尾狀核背側(cè)多巴胺釋放減少[33],提示黑質(zhì)?紋狀體多巴胺減少在帕金森病患者執(zhí)行功能障礙中發(fā)揮重要作用。另一項采用高親和性紋狀體外多巴胺D2/D3受體對比劑11C?FLB 457 PET的研究顯示,執(zhí)行認知任務(wù)時,正常對照者右側(cè)眶額皮質(zhì)多巴胺釋放增加,而帕金森病患者并未觀察到此種現(xiàn)象[34]。上述研究均提示,帕金森病認知功能障礙的發(fā)病機制不僅是由于黑質(zhì)?紋狀體變性,還與中腦多巴胺能通路有關(guān)。膽堿能通路亦參與其中,一項采用11C?甲基?哌啶?4?丙酸(11C?PMP)PET檢測乙酰膽堿酯酶活性的研究顯示,帕金森病癡呆患者較非癡呆患者、帕金森病非癡呆患者較正常對照者腦組織乙酰膽堿酯酶活性明顯降低,且與注意力、工作記憶和執(zhí)行功能障礙存在相關(guān)性[23]。Petrou 等[35]對 11 項11C?匹茲堡復(fù)合物 B(11C?PIB)PET研究進行回顧分析發(fā)現(xiàn),路易體癡呆(DLB)患者較帕金森病癡呆患者、帕金森病癡呆患者較帕金森病輕度認知損害患者Aβ沉積更明顯。檢測tau蛋白和神經(jīng)原纖維纏結(jié)的PET對比劑,目前僅局限于阿爾茨海默病、輕度認知損害和進行性核上性麻痹(PSP)的研究,其在帕金森病輕度認知損害和帕金森病癡呆中的研究尚未見諸報道[36]??傊ㄟ^PET顯像可以反映出帕金森病認知功能障礙發(fā)生與發(fā)展的異質(zhì)性。在神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)水平,黑質(zhì)?紋狀體和中腦多巴胺能通路以及乙酰膽堿能通路均可能參與帕金森病認知功能障礙的發(fā)生且作用機制復(fù)雜;在分子病理學(xué)水平,Aβ、tau蛋白和α?Syn在帕金森病認知功能障礙發(fā)生中的作用機制也可能不同,因此尚待更大規(guī)模的研究進一步加以驗證。(2)MRI:帕金森病認知功能障礙的診斷主要依靠臨床表現(xiàn),MRI僅能提供支持證據(jù)。過去10年的MRI研究比較帕金森病癡呆或非癡呆患者與正常對照者的腦結(jié)構(gòu)變化,得出以下結(jié)論。首先,多項橫斷面和前瞻性研究根據(jù)認知功能將帕金森病患者分組,與正常對照者相比,帕金森病非癡呆患者未見明顯腦萎縮[37?39]。其次,有研究顯示,與正常對照者和帕金森病非癡呆患者相比,帕金森病癡呆患者海馬、海馬旁回、枕葉、右側(cè)額葉、左側(cè)頂葉灰質(zhì)體積縮小,尤以枕葉萎縮更為明顯[40]。亦有研究顯示,帕金森病癡呆患者左側(cè)顳上回、右側(cè)海馬或前額葉背外側(cè)皮質(zhì)、前扣帶回、顳葉,以及皮質(zhì)下海馬、丘腦、尾狀核萎縮更加突出[41]。有研究比較帕金森病輕度認知損害患者與正常對照者腦萎縮程度,結(jié)果顯示,前者輔助運動區(qū)(SMA)、顳上回、頂葉上部皮質(zhì)和枕葉內(nèi)側(cè)皮質(zhì)萎縮速度更迅速[38]。不同腦結(jié)構(gòu)的解剖學(xué)改變可能與不同認知域損害有關(guān),大腦皮質(zhì)輔助運動區(qū)萎縮是提示帕金森病輕度認知損害的潛在影像學(xué)標記[30]。顳葉萎縮見于帕金森病癡呆及其他類型癡呆,可能并非是帕金森病認知功能障礙的影像學(xué)標記。帕金森病癡呆患者枕葉萎縮較非癡呆患者明顯,且與幻覺密切相關(guān),可能是帕金森病輕度認知損害患者出現(xiàn)幻覺的影像學(xué)標記[42]??傊べ|(zhì)及皮質(zhì)下結(jié)構(gòu)萎縮與帕金森病認知功能障礙有關(guān)。

4.嗅覺障礙 帕金森病患者嗅覺障礙發(fā)生率為50% ~ 90%[43?44],且是疾病早期表現(xiàn)之一。從病理學(xué)機制看,嗅球和低位腦干是最早出現(xiàn)α?Syn的部位,此后再向腦干上部和大腦皮質(zhì)擴散。嗅覺檢測簡便、費用較低,故成為有價值的生物學(xué)標記。一項前瞻性隊列研究顯示,約91%帕金森病患者在診斷時即已存在不同程度嗅覺障礙;基線嗅覺減退與非運動癥狀和認知功能減退相關(guān),若同時存在腦脊液Aβ1~42水平下降,提示帕金森病輕度認知損害風(fēng)險增加[45],提示嗅覺障礙可能是帕金森病非運動癥狀和認知功能障礙的預(yù)測因素之一。

三、鑒別診斷

帕金森病癡呆與路易體癡呆具有共同的生物學(xué)特性,典型病理改變均可見α?Syn[46],臨床表現(xiàn)存在重疊,故二者鑒別診斷較為困難。目前主要依據(jù)運動癥狀與認知功能障礙的時間關(guān)系制定“一年規(guī)則(1?year rule)”,即運動癥狀出現(xiàn)前后1年內(nèi)發(fā)生認知功能障礙,診斷為路易體癡呆,反之則診斷為帕金森病癡呆[47],但“一年規(guī)則”具有主觀性。與二者區(qū)別相比,二者之間的聯(lián)系更加廣泛:路易體癡呆患者認知功能障礙與運動癥狀在時間上密切相關(guān),而帕金森病患者也常于疾病早期出現(xiàn)認知功能障礙;臨床表現(xiàn)均為精神癥狀、自主神經(jīng)功能障礙、快速眼動睡眠期行為障礙(RBD)、認知功能波動和對抗精神藥敏感等;神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測驗均可見注意障礙、執(zhí)行功能障礙、視空間能力障礙、言語障礙、記憶障礙和行為改變。然而,二者的確存在細微差別,路易體癡呆患者的幻覺和對抗精神藥的敏感性較帕金森病癡呆患者更明顯,帕金森樣癥狀相對輕微;而帕金森病癡呆患者的運動癥狀則表現(xiàn)為更多的不對稱性。目前更傾向于不必要對二者進行嚴格區(qū)分。

四、治療原則

1.藥物治療 主要是對癥治療,目前尚無改變疾病進程的藥物。帕金森病癡呆和路易體癡呆存在膽堿能通路缺陷已獲共識[48?49],因此,膽堿酯酶抑制劑可能有助于改善臨床癥狀,但易出現(xiàn)震顫加重和胃腸道不良反應(yīng)。為期24周的隨機雙盲安慰劑對照臨床試驗顯示,與安慰劑組相比,卡巴拉汀和多奈哌齊組患者阿爾茨海默病評價量表?認知分量表(ADAS?Cog)評分顯著增加[50]。因此,若無明顯不良反應(yīng),推薦膽堿酯酶抑制劑用于治療帕金森病癡呆。隨訪觀察2~3個月,若對臨床癥狀有改善作用,推薦繼續(xù)應(yīng)用;若無改善,應(yīng)逐漸停藥,盡量避免突然停藥導(dǎo)致的認知功能和行為惡化。研究顯示,路易體癡呆患者存在谷氨酸能通路改變[51]。盡管美金剛推薦用于中至重度阿爾茨海默病和血管性癡呆(VaD),但小樣本臨床研究結(jié)果顯示,帕金森病癡呆和路易體癡呆患者應(yīng)用美金剛均可改善整體認知功能[52],亦有加重幻覺和神經(jīng)精神癥狀的報道[53],因此臨床應(yīng)用須謹慎。Wang等[54]對 10 項隨機對照臨床試驗進行Meta分析顯示,基于現(xiàn)有證據(jù),多奈哌齊、卡巴拉汀和美金剛均可改善整體認知功能。膽堿酯酶抑制劑在改善帕金森病癡呆患者行為癥狀、提高日常生活活動能力(ADL)和減輕照料者負擔方面的作用更加突出,3種藥物安全性均較好,對運動癥狀無明顯影響。帕金森病患者常出現(xiàn)幻視和妄想等精神癥狀,尤其是疾病晚期階段,抗帕金森病藥不良反應(yīng)敏感,因此,應(yīng)適當調(diào)整藥物劑量。抗膽堿能藥易出現(xiàn)精神癥狀,應(yīng)首先考慮停藥。若無法停用導(dǎo)致精神癥狀的抗帕金森病藥時,應(yīng)考慮減量。需要藥物控制精神癥狀時,推薦小劑量喹硫平和氯氮平,但應(yīng)警惕運動癥狀加重以及心血管事件和死亡風(fēng)險[55]。

2.認知行為療法 由于個體認知儲備不同,認知功能改變也不盡相同。認知行為療法(CBT)可以提高認知儲備,提供神經(jīng)保護和修復(fù)方面的獲益,但相關(guān)證據(jù)尚不充足[56]。認知行為療法主要包括認知刺激和認知訓(xùn)練。認知刺激通過受試者參加一系列群體活動和討論,提高認知功能和社會功能。認知訓(xùn)練強調(diào)在專業(yè)指導(dǎo)下完成一套可以反映特定認知功能的任務(wù),如記憶力、注意力、解決問題能力,或者在專業(yè)指導(dǎo)下練習(xí)提高記憶力的方法,如軌跡或視覺想象。研究顯示,計算機輔助認知功能訓(xùn)練有助于提高帕金森病患者注意力、信息處理速度、執(zhí)行功能、詞語流暢性和視空間能力,其機制可能是通過訓(xùn)練改變腦結(jié)構(gòu)和功能[57]。目前關(guān)于帕金森病認知功能障礙患者認知行為療法的相關(guān)研究仍較少,隨著對疾病認識的深入,亟待相關(guān)研究探索改善帕金森病認知功能的方法。

綜上所述,帕金森病認知功能障礙相關(guān)生物學(xué)標志物,如神經(jīng)心理學(xué)測驗、基因和腦脊液標志物、結(jié)構(gòu)性和功能性影像學(xué)標志物,以及嗅覺檢測,有助于闡明疾病發(fā)病機制、早期診斷和及時治療。盡管目前尚缺乏針對性的疾病修正治療(DMT),但膽堿酯酶抑制劑和美金剛有助于改善臨床癥狀,應(yīng)用時應(yīng)注意個體化治療。認知行為療法具有潛在的臨床價值,尚待更多研究。

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2017?03?24)

下期內(nèi)容預(yù)告 本刊2017年第7和8期報道專題為神經(jīng)遺傳性疾病,重點內(nèi)容包括:關(guān)于臨床判斷致病性突變和無害突變的思考,淺談神經(jīng)遺傳性疾病基因診斷策略與問題,肢帶型肌營養(yǎng)不良癥診斷與治療進展,面?肩?肱型肌營養(yǎng)不良癥分子學(xué)機制研究進展,腓骨肌萎縮癥治療進展,腦組織鐵沉積性神經(jīng)變性病遺傳學(xué)研究進展,原發(fā)性家族性腦鈣化研究進展,基因檢測在腦血管病精準治療中的應(yīng)用,帕金森病伴疼痛機制研究進展,特發(fā)性震顫研究進展,遺傳性周圍神經(jīng)病影像學(xué)研究進展,應(yīng)用目標區(qū)域測序技術(shù)快速診斷腓骨肌萎縮癥,維生素B12依賴型甲基丙二酸血癥家系臨床、生化、基因突變分析及療效評價,青少年型亨廷頓病臨床特征及基因突變分析,頭部震顫伴小腦萎縮基因檢測研究,遺傳性毛細血管擴張型共濟失調(diào)四例,中國發(fā)作性運動誘發(fā)性運動障礙社會心理學(xué)調(diào)查研究,發(fā)作性運動誘發(fā)性運動障礙臨床表型分析,脂肪酸羥化酶相關(guān)神經(jīng)變性病四例,進行性肌陣攣癲臨床病理及基因突變分析

Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease

YUAN Jing,WANG Han,WAN Xin?hua
Department of Neurology,Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100730,China
Corresponding author:WANG Han(Email:wanghanpumch@163.com)

Parkinson's disease cognitive impairment(PD?CI)is one of the major non?motor symtoms(NMS)of PD,including Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment(PD?MCI)and Parkinson's disease dementia(PDD).Executive dysfunction is relatively prominent,but other cognitive domains as visuospatial ability,memory and language can also be affected.Main risk factors for PD?CI include male gender,advanced age,low education,severe motor symptoms,low baseline cognitive function and excessive daytime sleepiness(EDS). Lewy bodies are main pathological changes,and Alzheimer's disease(AD)related pathological changes can also be seen.The application value of decreased α?synuclein(α?Syn)and β?amyloid 1-42(Aβ1-42)levels in cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)as biomarkers remains controversial.There are few related research and no defined pathogenic genescurrently. Both dopaminergic pathway and acetylcholinergic pathway are involved in the occurrence of PD?CI as demonstrated in PET studies.Cortical and subcortical atrophy are associated with PD?CI as observed in MRI studies. Olfactory dysfunction may be one of the predictors of cognitive impairment.PDD and dementia with Lewy bodies(DLB)share common biological characteristics,therefore the differential diagnosis sometimes is difficult.Cholinesterase inhibitors(ChEIs)and memantine help to improve clinical symptoms,but treatment decision should be made with individualization.Cognitive behavioral treatment(CBT)has potential clinical value and should be investigated by more studies.

Parkinson disease; Cognition disorders; Review

10.3969/j.issn.1672?6731.2017.06.004

100730中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)學(xué)院 北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院神經(jīng)科

王含(Email:wanghanpumch@163.com)

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