許 瑩,顧 勤,曲 晨(南京鼓樓醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科,南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院老年醫(yī)學(xué)科,江蘇 南京0000)
P物質(zhì)與心力衰竭研究進(jìn)展
許 瑩1,顧 勤1,曲 晨2
(1南京鼓樓醫(yī)院重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科,2南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院老年醫(yī)學(xué)科,江蘇 南京210000)
P物質(zhì)(Substance P,SP)是廣泛存在于感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢的一種速激肽,在機(jī)體受到刺激時(shí)從神經(jīng)末梢釋放,參與全身多種病理生理學(xué)過(guò)程如痛覺(jué)傳遞、炎癥、免疫調(diào)節(jié)等.研究表明心臟表面有SP免疫反應(yīng)陽(yáng)性的神經(jīng)纖維分布,特別是在心內(nèi)神經(jīng)節(jié)、心外膜和冠狀動(dòng)脈周?chē)植济芗谛呐K受到傷害性刺激時(shí)大量釋放,并在心力衰竭發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著雙重作用:在心臟急性缺血期SP通過(guò)強(qiáng)有力的擴(kuò)血管作用尤其是舒張冠狀動(dòng)脈發(fā)揮心肌保護(hù)作用,而對(duì)于非缺血誘導(dǎo)的心肌重塑和慢性心臟衰竭往往起到不良的作用.本文回顧了SP在各類(lèi)心力衰竭中的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)及其作用機(jī)制,并對(duì)其在心力衰竭中的作用作一綜述.
P物質(zhì);心力衰竭;感覺(jué)神經(jīng)
P物質(zhì)(Substance P,SP)是廣泛存在于感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢的一種神經(jīng)肽,屬于速激肽家族.除SP以外,這一家族還有另外兩個(gè)成員分別為神經(jīng)激肽A(Neurokinin A,NKA)和神經(jīng)激肽B(Neurokinin B,NKB).NKB僅存在于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中,由TAC2基因編碼.SP和NKA存在于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)以及外周感覺(jué)傳入神經(jīng)元,均由TAC1基因編碼[1].TAC1基因的mRNA有四個(gè)亞型(α、β、γ和δ).其中NKA僅接受β和γ亞型編碼,而SP可接受全部四種亞型編碼.說(shuō)明NKA總是會(huì)伴隨著SP合成、存儲(chǔ)和釋放,而SP可以單獨(dú)存在[1].SP主要與神經(jīng)激肽?1(Neurokinin?1,NK?1)受體結(jié)合[2],從而發(fā)揮多種生物學(xué)效應(yīng),包括促進(jìn)平滑肌收縮、血管舒張、致痛覺(jué)以及調(diào)節(jié)炎癥/免疫細(xì)胞功能等[3].在心臟中,SP往往發(fā)揮著雙重的調(diào)節(jié)作用:即在心臟急性缺血期通過(guò)強(qiáng)有力的擴(kuò)血管作用尤其是舒張冠狀動(dòng)脈發(fā)揮心肌保護(hù)作用,而在非缺血誘導(dǎo)的心肌重塑和慢性心臟衰竭往往起到不良的作用[4-5].本文主要通過(guò)回顧SP在心力衰竭發(fā)生發(fā)展中的生物學(xué)作用,探討SP在心力衰竭中的臨床意義.
既往的研究證實(shí),SP存在于動(dòng)物心臟的感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢中,主要是有 C纖維感覺(jué)神經(jīng).1980年,Reinecke等[6]發(fā)現(xiàn)哺乳動(dòng)物心臟中含有SP,其研究證實(shí)豚鼠心臟的冠狀動(dòng)脈周?chē)嬖赟P陽(yáng)性的感覺(jué)神經(jīng)纖維.隨后有研究表明[7]SP也存在于心房肌、心室肌以及二尖瓣、三尖瓣區(qū)域.同時(shí),Wharton等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn)SP也存在于心內(nèi)膜中,尤其是周?chē)墓切×汉托氖胰轭^肌.Papka等[9]觀察到在心外膜以及心包壁也有分泌SP的神經(jīng)元分布.隨著研究繼續(xù)深入,Dalsgaar等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn)分泌SP的神經(jīng)纖維在心臟中往往是與冠狀動(dòng)脈并行.Hoover等[11]研究顯示在接受冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)的患者中,分泌SP的神經(jīng)纖維主要存在于右心房.而對(duì)肥厚性心肌病患者進(jìn)行的心肌活檢發(fā)現(xiàn),分泌SP的神經(jīng)纖維往往與小動(dòng)脈,毛細(xì)血管以及小靜脈并行[12].除此之外,在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的冠狀動(dòng)脈外膜血管周?chē)舶l(fā)現(xiàn)有SP存在[13].
心臟迷走神經(jīng)興奮可以減少右心房分泌SP,但不能減少心室分泌SP,所以心室的SP分泌的神經(jīng)元可能在胸脊髓的區(qū)域[14].SP既往被認(rèn)為是C纖維感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元分泌,辣椒素可以使C纖維感覺(jué)神經(jīng)元變性,從而促進(jìn)SP釋放;而研究證實(shí),使用辣椒素處理大鼠心臟后,仍有少量的SP分泌,說(shuō)明SP還有其他的分泌途徑.小鼠心臟在缺氧條件下內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞可釋放少量SP[15].
從SP受體方面來(lái)看,分別使用選擇性NK?1受體激動(dòng)劑和選擇性 NK?2受體激動(dòng)劑可導(dǎo)致右心房神經(jīng)元的活性降低,而使用選擇性神經(jīng)激肽?3(Neurokinin?3,NK?3)受體激動(dòng)劑可使神經(jīng)元活動(dòng)增強(qiáng).在新生大鼠心肌細(xì)胞中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了NK?1和NK?3受體基因表達(dá),但未發(fā)現(xiàn)NK?2受體基因表達(dá)[16].
辣椒素常常被認(rèn)為是SP的拮抗劑,在使用辣椒素預(yù)處理的缺血再灌注的小鼠心臟模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),經(jīng)過(guò)預(yù)處理的小鼠心臟再灌注后心率、冠狀動(dòng)脈血流以及左心室壓力均降低[17].使用SP預(yù)處理的小鼠心臟再灌注后其收縮功能和冠狀動(dòng)脈血流恢復(fù).然而Chiao等[18]對(duì)豚鼠心臟進(jìn)行15 min缺血再灌注60 min后,發(fā)現(xiàn)使用NK?1受體拮抗劑或辣椒素預(yù)處理的心臟在再灌注結(jié)束后左心室壓力和左心室舒張壓明顯增強(qiáng).這兩個(gè)研究結(jié)果相互矛盾可能與缺血時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短有關(guān).Ren等[19]發(fā)現(xiàn),SP在糖尿病大鼠心臟缺血再灌注后并沒(méi)有升高,而在正常鼠中SP水平升高,使用SP預(yù)處理的糖尿病鼠缺血再灌注后肌酸激酶和肌鈣蛋白I降低,表明SP可能減少心肌細(xì)胞死亡.總之,在冠狀動(dòng)脈缺血再灌注時(shí)SP水平會(huì)升高,但是不確定其對(duì)心臟的保護(hù)作用是否是至關(guān)重要的.
目前絕大多數(shù)關(guān)于SP的研究基于動(dòng)物或者人的正常心臟,對(duì)于SP在心力衰竭模型中的作用研究相對(duì)較少.最新的研究證實(shí),SP在心肌重構(gòu)和慢性心力衰竭中發(fā)揮重要作用.在寄生蟲(chóng)感染導(dǎo)致的擴(kuò)張性心肌病動(dòng)物模型中,SP和NK?1受體表達(dá)水平均明顯增加[18].小鼠感染心肌炎病毒14 d后,SP水平升高,心肌細(xì)胞肥大,細(xì)胞橫截面積增加,細(xì)胞凋亡加速[20].說(shuō)明寄生蟲(chóng)及病毒感染致心肌肥大時(shí)SP可能參與調(diào)節(jié)心肌細(xì)胞凋亡、肥大和炎癥反應(yīng).在 SP(TAC1)基因敲除的心力衰竭動(dòng)物模型中,左心室肥大且心室腔擴(kuò)大[21];而在同樣的心力衰竭模型中,SP可通過(guò)激動(dòng)NK?1受體,降低TNF?α表達(dá)水平,從而減輕心室肥大[21].鑒于SP主要分布在感覺(jué)神經(jīng)末梢和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,最初的分泌高峰可能導(dǎo)致冠狀動(dòng)脈壓力增加,從而造成心肌肥厚.Church等[16]的研究表明,新生大鼠心肌細(xì)胞存在NK?1和NK?3受體的基因表達(dá),藥理研究也證實(shí)了NK?1和NK?3受體功能的存在.SP與NK?1受體和NK?3受體結(jié)合誘導(dǎo)心房利鈉肽(Atrial Natriuretic Peptide,ANP)合成增加,而ANP也是心肌細(xì)胞肥大的病理性標(biāo)志之一.
眾所周知,SP是誘導(dǎo)炎性因子產(chǎn)生趨化因子和粘附分子的關(guān)鍵.Sapna等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)SP能夠通過(guò)p42/44絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen?activated protein kinase,MAPK)和蛋白激酶C(Protein Kinase C,mPKC)誘導(dǎo)心臟成纖維細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的可溶性細(xì)胞間黏附分子?1(intercellularcell adhesion molecule?1, ICAM?1).ICAM?1也有促炎的作用,能夠誘導(dǎo)巨噬細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生TNF?α[23].心肌梗塞后SP也可以通過(guò)心臟成纖維細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生前列腺素 E2(Prostaglandin E2,PGE2)[24].SP與NK?1受體結(jié)合,可減少膠原蛋白合成,增加膠原蛋白降解[2].但是SP和NK?1受體調(diào)節(jié)心臟成纖維細(xì)胞功能機(jī)制還不明確.
大量文獻(xiàn)證明SP是神經(jīng)源性炎癥的中介和促炎細(xì)胞因子.Morrey等[25]研究證明在缺血再灌注的大鼠心臟中SP和腎素釋放增加.腎素可以預(yù)防NK?1受體被拮抗,并且穩(wěn)定肥大細(xì)胞,這表明SP可能會(huì)刺激肥大細(xì)胞促使腎素的釋放.體外試驗(yàn)標(biāo)明,SP通過(guò)NK?1受體刺激人肥大細(xì)胞,并促進(jìn)腎素釋放.Bot等[26]研究證實(shí)在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化時(shí),SP可在體內(nèi)激活心臟肥大細(xì)胞,誘導(dǎo)肥大細(xì)胞釋放腎素;同時(shí),SP可誘導(dǎo)心臟炎癥細(xì)胞(T細(xì)胞,肥大細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞)釋放血管緊張素Ⅱ(AngiotensinⅡ)及TNF?α[23].SP與肥大細(xì)胞上NK?1受體結(jié)合促使其向胞外分泌炎性因子組胺等.在巨噬細(xì)胞中 SP通過(guò) ERK1/2,p38MAPK和PI3K?AKT信號(hào)通路活化NF?κB并釋放趨化因子[27].SP可以使肥大細(xì)胞脫顆粒,通過(guò)NF?κB通路促進(jìn)TNF?α和IL?6的釋放.有研究[28]顯示,SP抗血清抑制基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶?9(Matrix metallo?protein?9,MMP?9)的過(guò)度表達(dá),可能有助于延緩心肌纖維化,改善心肌重構(gòu)過(guò)程,抑制充血性心力衰竭的發(fā)生和發(fā)展,改善病毒性心肌炎的遠(yuǎn)期預(yù)后.抗SP血清可以降低心室肌組織肥大細(xì)胞密度,通過(guò)減少肥大細(xì)胞分泌的致炎因子及抑制糜蛋白酶和類(lèi)胰蛋白酶分泌,可能延緩心力衰竭的進(jìn)展.
通過(guò)這些研究,我們?cè)噲D探索SP是否能在臨床中改善由于心肌重構(gòu)導(dǎo)致的各種心臟疾?。F(xiàn)有的實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物表明,SP在心臟重構(gòu)和功能方面存在雙重性;在目前人體中的研究中似乎也證實(shí)了這種觀點(diǎn).在充血性心力衰竭患者的血漿中SP水平升高[19],而且同時(shí)存在心絞痛癥狀的患者SP水平高于無(wú)心絞痛患者[29].SP在擴(kuò)張性心肌病患者血漿中水平增高,同時(shí)對(duì)血壓降低也有影響[30].我們認(rèn)為有必要通過(guò)SP研究尋找預(yù)防心衰的治療策略.
短期內(nèi)SP可使血管擴(kuò)張通過(guò)增加心肌再灌注保護(hù)心臟,然而長(zhǎng)期來(lái)看SP似乎在慢性心力衰竭中起到有害的作用.因此,SP在對(duì)于心臟的影響非常復(fù)雜,并不僅僅是簡(jiǎn)單的短期與長(zhǎng)期反應(yīng).顯然SP似乎不利心臟重塑,所以更應(yīng)明確其作用機(jī)制指導(dǎo)臨床上心力衰竭的治療.
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R541.6+1
A
2095?6894(2017)02?57?03
2016-11-07;接受日期:2016-11-25
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金青年項(xiàng)目(81501202);江蘇省高校自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(16KJD320003)
許 瑩.博士.E?mail:xuying.0110@163.com
曲 晨.副主任醫(yī)師.E?mail:logairland@163.com