王甌越 綜述 韓金巖,吳碩東 校審
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬盛京醫(yī)院 第二普通外科,遼寧 沈陽 110004)
膽色素結(jié)石是原發(fā)性膽管結(jié)石的主要類型,在中國占膽石癥患者的10%~20%。膽管取石加T管引流術(shù)后結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率為6.4%~18%[1]左右,且復(fù)發(fā)的結(jié)石也主要為膽色素結(jié)石[2]。許多因素都會導(dǎo)致膽汁中結(jié)石相關(guān)成分例如游離膽紅素、膽汁酸、鈣離子等成分的含量發(fā)生改變,從而導(dǎo)致結(jié)石形成[3]。Oddi括約肌是控制膽汁排泄及膽胰管道壓力的唯一門戶,其功能狀態(tài)與膽管相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生密不可分。腸膽反流是由于先天或后天因素造成的十二指腸乳頭括約肌功能受損或者膽道腸吻合術(shù)后,腸道內(nèi)容物逆行反流入膽道系統(tǒng),進(jìn)而引起膽道感染等相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的一種非正常現(xiàn)象。而膽道感染則是膽色素結(jié)石形成的重要因素之一。因此逐漸認(rèn)識到腸膽反流與膽色素結(jié)石的形成和復(fù)發(fā)有著密切的關(guān)系[4]。
Oddi括約肌通過神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌等途徑精確的調(diào)控膽胰管壓力,調(diào)節(jié)著膽汁和胰液流人十二指腸和防止十二指腸內(nèi)容物反流。筆者[5]在對臨床患者的研究中也發(fā)現(xiàn):⑴ 十二指腸稀鋇造影中發(fā)現(xiàn)膽道顯影;⑵ 膽道鏡觀察中發(fā)現(xiàn)膽道鏡可自由通過十二指腸乳頭進(jìn)入腸腔;⑶ 胃腸內(nèi)容物附著于膽道管壁表面及膽色素結(jié)石表面;基于臨床中所觀察到的現(xiàn)象與相關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)研究,首先提出膽色素結(jié)石的形成與Oddi括約肌松弛有密不可分的關(guān)系。松弛的Oddi括約肌是造成腸膽反流重要因素,使腸道細(xì)菌逆行進(jìn)入膽道,造成膽道感染,通過內(nèi)毒素、酶等途徑誘發(fā)膽色素結(jié)石的形成[6-8]。內(nèi)鏡下十二指腸乳頭切開取石,膽總管空腸吻合術(shù),膽惡性梗阻支架植入等手術(shù)[9],均可造成Oddi括約肌閥門功能受損或喪失,引起腸膽反流。例如EST手術(shù)切開并破壞其Oddi括約肌平滑肌纖維,十二指腸乳頭正常收縮功能受損,導(dǎo)成腸膽反流[10-14],研究[15-16]表明EST術(shù)后4年以內(nèi)膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率較高,主要集中于取石術(shù)后2~5年內(nèi)。Mu等[11]通過隨訪研究也認(rèn)為EST術(shù)對Oddi括約肌的破壞與術(shù)后膽色素結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)密切相關(guān)。筆者[5,8,17]通過T管膽汁放射性核素分析與鋇劑反流等臨床實驗確實地觀察到腸膽反流的存在,膽管色素結(jié)石患者確實存在Oddi括約肌松弛的現(xiàn)象,且患者中存在腸膽反流者可能比臨床觀察到的例數(shù)更多。Liang等[18-19]發(fā)現(xiàn)經(jīng)T管竇道經(jīng)膽道鏡則可觀察到十二指腸乳頭開口擴(kuò)大,認(rèn)為Oddi括約肌損傷導(dǎo)致正常收縮功能喪失,更容易引起腸膽反流,誘發(fā)膽管炎及結(jié)石形成。
2.1.1 膽道細(xì)菌感染與β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-G)腸膽反流中最主要的病理生理改變就是腸道細(xì)菌逆行進(jìn)入膽道。Maki學(xué)說認(rèn)為膽汁中細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的外源性β-G成分可分解結(jié)合型膽紅素,從而形成膽色素鈣結(jié)石。許多研究[10,19-22]通過膽汁、結(jié)石的細(xì)菌分析及β-G的分析已經(jīng)證實膽道細(xì)菌感染在膽色素結(jié)石形成中的重要作用。膽道細(xì)菌研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)膽道感染膽道厭氧菌檢出率高,且在膽色素結(jié)石患者膽汁中細(xì)菌產(chǎn)酶能力強(qiáng)、產(chǎn)酶量高,且多重感染的發(fā)生率顯著上升,在膽色素結(jié)石形成中有著更重要的作用。膽色素結(jié)石患者T管引流膽汁研究后也發(fā)現(xiàn)膽汁中非結(jié)合型膽紅素與β-G含量成正相關(guān),而升高的非結(jié)合型膽紅素與鈣離子結(jié)合直接能引起膽色素結(jié)石的形成[23]。
2.1.2 細(xì)菌黏液 另外細(xì)菌其他產(chǎn)物在膽色素結(jié)石形成中的作用也有相應(yīng)的研究,Stewart等[22]研究膽道細(xì)菌產(chǎn)物與結(jié)石種類時發(fā)現(xiàn),膽道分離出的細(xì)菌大量產(chǎn)生黏液、β-G與磷脂酶可促進(jìn)膽色素結(jié)石的形成。而膽道細(xì)菌若只分泌β-G與磷脂酶則促進(jìn)混合型結(jié)石的形成。針對此結(jié)果他們認(rèn)為細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的黏液因子可幫助細(xì)菌定植于膽道上皮,還能保護(hù)保護(hù)細(xì)菌免受抗體、抗生素、細(xì)胞吞噬作用的影響,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)膽色素結(jié)石的形成。Liang等[18]在膽石成因和膽道系統(tǒng)感染的研究中,發(fā)現(xiàn)中間普氏菌、產(chǎn)氣莢膜桿菌、腸球菌等部分細(xì)菌可以產(chǎn)生黏液或生物薄膜,使膽汁黏度增加,在膽色素膽石形成的過程中起著重要作用。
2.1.3 膽汁中其他成分 另一些研究[24-25]也發(fā)現(xiàn),膽汁中其他成分如膽汁酸、黏蛋白、鈣離子等相關(guān)成分在膽色素結(jié)石的形成中也起著一定的作用。膽道細(xì)菌感染產(chǎn)生的一些細(xì)菌酶的作用,導(dǎo)致膽汁理化性質(zhì)改變, 破壞了膽汁膠體平衡狀態(tài),形成成石膽汁,細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的結(jié)合型膽汁酸水解酶可促進(jìn)結(jié)合型膽汁酸向游離型膽汁酸轉(zhuǎn)化,游離型膽汁酸如膽酸、脫氧膽酸、石膽酸等含量升高。有研究[23,26]發(fā)現(xiàn)患者膽道結(jié)石術(shù)后康復(fù)后,膽汁酸濃度升高,非結(jié)合膽紅素與β-G活性均有明顯下降。相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[27-28]也報道在膽色素結(jié)石中,膽汁酸平均含量比膽固醇結(jié)石中的膽汁酸高出許多。Liang等[18]在對Oddi括約肌松弛的患者膽汁研究中,甘氨酸結(jié)合膽酸如甘氨膽酸和甘氨脫氧膽酸,含量與Oddi括約肌正常組明顯升高,牛磺脫氧膽酸及?;鞘懰岷縿t相對較低,與細(xì)菌分析的結(jié)果主要提示嗜膽菌屬可能參與?;撬岽x過程,促進(jìn)膽色素結(jié)石形成。
以往的研究[25]也發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的磷脂酶A1在此過程中的重要作用。筆者[29-31]還發(fā)現(xiàn)膽色素結(jié)石尤其是形成于肝內(nèi)膽管的結(jié)石,成分中除了膽色素鈣沉淀,還存在著較多脂肪酸鈣,且以游離型較多,表明膽汁中脂肪酸的含量和成分的變化膽色素結(jié)石形成過程也有著密切關(guān)系。膽色素結(jié)石中和脂肪酸(如軟脂酸和硬脂酸)含量遠(yuǎn)高于不飽和脂肪酸[32]。
膽汁中成分如糖蛋白和黏蛋白、鈣離子、自由基等在部分研究中也被逐漸證實促進(jìn)膽色素結(jié)石的形成。Liang等[18]研究Oddi括約肌松弛患者膽汁,認(rèn)為單不飽和脂肪酸如油酸、油酸酰胺、糖蛋白與黏蛋白的成分可使非結(jié)合膽紅素鈣的結(jié)合-溶解平衡向結(jié)合的方向單向進(jìn)行,尤其與肝內(nèi)膽色素結(jié)石密切相關(guān)[33]。細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)毒素可以在結(jié)石形成中作為成核因子,也可以刺激內(nèi)源性β-G的產(chǎn)生從而促進(jìn)結(jié)石形成[1],并且此內(nèi)毒素可由膽管中的細(xì)菌直接產(chǎn)生,也可由腸道中的細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生后經(jīng)腸膽反流進(jìn)入膽管 。
在隨訪研究中,膽道支架術(shù)后的患者易發(fā)生膽管炎,在上消化道鋇餐造影中可直接觀察到鋇劑進(jìn)入膽總管甚至肝內(nèi)膽管,證實腸膽反流的存在[34]。Zhang等[35]在對45例膽囊切除、膽總管T型管引流患者的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)35.6%的患者在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)十二指腸鋇劑反流。葉萍等[36]也發(fā)現(xiàn)EST術(shù)后的患者存在稀鋇反流的現(xiàn)象。經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡十二指腸乳頭的切開大小也能影響到其反流的發(fā)生,EST切口>1.1 cm患者中,總體鋇劑反流率可達(dá)36.8%[25]。Zhang等[37]在EST或ERCP術(shù)后膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)的患者中,比較系統(tǒng)地使用上消化道鋇餐造影,觀察膽總管結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)患者反流率明顯高于未復(fù)發(fā)組患者,也提示經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡十二指腸乳頭切開取石術(shù)造成的腸膽反流與膽總色素結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)有著密切的關(guān)系。
李小慶等[9]在較早期就曾使用口服膽影葡胺,紫外吸收波譜法檢測T管膽汁中有無膽影葡胺來明確是否有十二指腸內(nèi)容物反流入膽道中。其研究結(jié)果表明在膽總管術(shù)后留置T管負(fù)壓引流患者中大部分可觀察到腸膽反流的現(xiàn)象??诜怂貥?biāo)記的99mTc-DAPA或99mTc-DTPA在膽道切開留置T管的患者中已有使用。因其分子量較大不能經(jīng)過口服途徑直接穿過小腸黏膜上皮而吸收入血,更不能經(jīng)過肝臟代謝排入膽道,因此若是在留置T管或者鼻膽管引流的膽汁中檢驗出99mTc的放射性活度[5],則證明其通過Oddi括約肌反流入膽道中[38-39],且特異性較高。筆者[5,8,17]曾對多例行膽囊切除膽總管切開取石、T管留置術(shù)的患者行口服99mTc-DTPA的檢測發(fā)現(xiàn)反流率為38.46%~39.02%。經(jīng)T管留取膽汁檢測放射性核素敏感度比鋇劑上消化道鋇餐造影法敏感度稍高,但實際存在的腸膽反流仍可能會遠(yuǎn)高于實驗中觀察到的例數(shù)。但此法僅適用于留置T管或經(jīng)皮經(jīng)肝膽道穿刺置管的患者,少量核素反流則不易檢出,受胃腸道機(jī)械功能及腸道內(nèi)分泌影響較大,例如胃蠕動功能較差、胃儲留的患者,在實際應(yīng)用中仍有著一定的限制。
SOM是一種直接測量Oddi括約肌收縮壓、收縮峰值與收縮頻率的方式,可以更加直觀的來觀察和研究Oddi括約肌是否發(fā)生松弛,是判斷Oddi括約肌及膽總管壓力的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),可利用十二指腸鏡或膽總管分別通過ERCP或T管竇道;通過內(nèi)鏡或者T管竇道完成。Geenen等[7]規(guī)定人類的Oddi括約肌除了分別比膽總管壓[(1.65±0.20)kPa]和胰管壓[(2.09±0.20)kPa]高0.53 kPa的基礎(chǔ)壓之外。膽道周期性收縮壓振幅可達(dá)(13.6±6.6)kPa。結(jié)石或內(nèi)鏡下Oddi括約肌操作的刺激導(dǎo)致其乳頭孔徑擴(kuò)大,在遠(yuǎn)期則表現(xiàn)為括約肌松弛,收縮壓力峰值降低等。其孔徑可>0.6 cm[40],而正??讖郊s為0.2~0.3 cm。Zhang等[41]通過動物膽色素致石飲食的研究認(rèn)為膽色素致石飲食可能會影響膽管Cajal樣細(xì)胞功能與相關(guān)神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)如血管活性腸肽、胃泌素等水平變化從而影響膽道平滑肌收縮,使Oddi括約肌的收縮頻率降低、收縮基礎(chǔ)壓和波幅明顯增高。Mu等[11]研究EST術(shù)后患者中發(fā)現(xiàn)Oddi括約肌切開后可造成膽總管壓力的明顯下降,在行EST取石術(shù)后,測壓結(jié)果顯示收縮幅度和收縮頻率均低于術(shù)前。筆者[6,35,42-43]發(fā)現(xiàn)基礎(chǔ)壓、膽總管壓、收縮波幅均有明顯降低,特別是收縮波幅在反流組患者與非反流組對比中差異極大。劉虎等[3]對肝內(nèi)膽管結(jié)石患者進(jìn)行Oddi括約肌測壓也發(fā)現(xiàn)反流組的Oddi括約肌基礎(chǔ)壓、收縮幅度、膽總管壓力三者數(shù)值均明顯低于對照組,也認(rèn)為Oddi括約肌壓力下降可能是肝內(nèi)膽管結(jié)石的使動因素之一。
正常人體的膽道中是無菌的狀態(tài),膽道中的細(xì)菌目前主要認(rèn)為腸道內(nèi)細(xì)菌通過功能異常的十二指腸乳頭進(jìn)入膽管逆行感染[44]。少部分細(xì)菌通過腸道黏膜屏障進(jìn)入門脈系統(tǒng),但進(jìn)入肝血竇后絕大部分都被Kupffer細(xì)胞所清除,故基本認(rèn)為肝臟產(chǎn)生的膽汁本身是無菌狀態(tài)[5,45]。反流的細(xì)菌易引發(fā)膽道的慢性炎癥,使膽汁變得較為黏稠及渾濁[18]。膽汁細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)培養(yǎng)、聚合酶鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)(PCR),還有目前逐漸興起的高通量測序法[42,46-47],也稱為下一代測序(next generation sequencing,NGS),這些方法都曾大量被應(yīng)用于膽汁細(xì)菌的分析中,尤其是在膽色素結(jié)石患者中都曾發(fā)現(xiàn)膽汁中有不同程度不同種類的細(xì)菌感染。Ye等[44]通過高通量測序分析膽汁細(xì)菌發(fā)現(xiàn)其與十二指腸樣本相似度較高,以大腸桿菌及克雷白桿菌為主,且豐度較其他部位樣本高,且認(rèn)為上消化道如十二指腸是膽道細(xì)菌感染的主要來源。Abeysuriya等[48]發(fā)現(xiàn)膽色素患者膽汁中細(xì)菌檢出率高于膽固醇結(jié)石患者的膽汁,且非膽管結(jié)石患者的膽汁中無細(xì)菌檢出。
Oddi括約肌功能的重要性已不言而喻。在不斷地探索中,學(xué)者們[37,49-51]認(rèn)為應(yīng)該采用合理的措施,保證取石成功率的同時減少對膽總管及Oddi括約肌的刺激及破壞,保護(hù)Oddi括約肌功能并避免反流。許多學(xué)者也認(rèn)為因為Oddi括約肌的功能是不可替代和復(fù)制的,相關(guān)操作都須注意保護(hù)Oddi括約肌。在肝膽管結(jié)石的處理中,除遵循“取盡結(jié)石,解除狹窄,通暢引流”的原則外,還應(yīng)盡力保護(hù)Oddi括約肌結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的完整,以減少結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)、避免嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[52-53]。在行經(jīng)內(nèi)鏡下十二指腸乳頭切開取石術(shù)時,若是患者Oddi括約肌功能障礙,行EST時需持謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度,盡量采取保守治療方案,可試用促進(jìn)膽道運動及利膽藥物以緩解臨床癥狀,保留完整的Oddi括約肌功能[54]。Mu等[11]也認(rèn)為EST切口的大小與術(shù)后膽道結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān),較小的乳頭切開可保留部分Oddi括約肌功能,降低膽管炎和膽色素結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率。為取出總膽管結(jié)石而破壞Oddi括約肌時,應(yīng)慎重選擇術(shù)式;如需要切開括約肌,也應(yīng)盡量避免切開過大,以減少腸液反流的發(fā)生[9,55]。有學(xué)者[56]嘗試改良的內(nèi)鏡下經(jīng)十二指腸乳頭球囊擴(kuò)張取石術(shù)(EPBD)在取石中保護(hù)Oddi括約肌,認(rèn)為在隨訪研究中可以降低遠(yuǎn)期膽管石復(fù)發(fā)與膽管炎的發(fā)生[14,55-59]。在需要膽腸吻合建立膽汁通路時,應(yīng)選擇反流較少的Roux-en-Y吻合或其他反流更少的術(shù)式。魏義等[60]通過對比研究發(fā)現(xiàn)膽腸Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)后鋇劑反流率遠(yuǎn)低于EST組。但針對Roux-en-Y吻合,過去普遍認(rèn)為上行腸袢需要長度40~75 cm,才能較好的避免反流。但近年也有學(xué)者[61]嘗試縮短上行腸袢長度至20 cm左右,也能較好地避免反流,且可以允許術(shù)后遠(yuǎn)期的內(nèi)鏡操作。但這種Roux-en-Y膽腸吻合也因廢除了Oddi括約肌的功能,仍然存在著帶來腸膽反流并引起膽管炎及膽色素結(jié)石的復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險,因此在應(yīng)用中仍然是備受爭議[4]。因此另有學(xué)者[62-63]曾嘗試Roux-en-Y吻合術(shù)或膽道惡性梗阻擴(kuò)張支架中,可使用抗反流裝置,可以阻斷反流,防止反流性膽管炎的發(fā)生,但其遠(yuǎn)期效果目前仍處于研究與探索中。在原位肝移植手術(shù)中,研究[64]表明膽道重建使用的膽管對膽管吻合術(shù)因保留了膽管下段Oddi括約肌功能,術(shù)后反流性膽管炎發(fā)生率相對較低。Cui等[65-66]則嘗試使用人工建立與膽管相連的皮下盲袢竇道來進(jìn)行膽管取石,同時保留Oddi括約肌正常功能,避免腸膽反流的發(fā)生,在實際應(yīng)用中已初見成效。林宇鳳、周孝思等[4,49]則通過臨床研究結(jié)果認(rèn)為,保留Oddi括約肌的肝門膽管狹窄成形術(shù)(簡稱保擴(kuò)成形手術(shù))相比于廢除Oddi括約肌的膽腸吻合術(shù),降低了術(shù)后膽管炎的復(fù)發(fā)率和遠(yuǎn)期的結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)率。然而目前針對如何在手術(shù)中一方面取盡結(jié)石通暢引流,另一方面又保護(hù)Oddi括約肌功能,避免腸膽反流的發(fā)生,預(yù)防膽色素結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā),更得需要結(jié)合患者的一般情況及具體的肝膽系統(tǒng)疾病等進(jìn)行分層研究,進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的多因素分析,才能找到更合適的臨床決策[4]。
Oddi括約肌結(jié)構(gòu)功能對膽胰系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)及膽石病的發(fā)生發(fā)展中占有重要地位,尤其是松弛、關(guān)閉不全等異常狀態(tài)帶來的腸膽反流,可以引起細(xì)菌感染,造成膽汁理化性質(zhì)改變促進(jìn)膽色素結(jié)石的發(fā)生。對腸膽反流的研究有待更加基礎(chǔ)、多中心、長期隨訪、多因素的進(jìn)一步探究。一些破壞Oddi括約肌結(jié)構(gòu)的手術(shù)操作的選擇更應(yīng)該引起重視,合理應(yīng)用治療方式,以求得到Oddi括約肌正常功能的保護(hù)的重視。隨著對Oddi括約肌功能以及腸膽反流研究的日漸深入,重視保護(hù)Oddi括約肌功能的理念越來越得到廣泛認(rèn)可,對腸膽反流、膽色素結(jié)石成因研究以及指導(dǎo)膽色素結(jié)石疾病的治療和預(yù)防方面產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)影響和重要的意義[17]。
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