李 政,潘翠珍,孔德紅,舒先紅
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院心臟超聲診斷科,上海市心血管病研究所,上海市影像研究所,上海 200032)
專論
超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷卵圓孔未閉
李 政,潘翠珍,孔德紅,舒先紅*
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院心臟超聲診斷科,上海市心血管病研究所,上海市影像研究所,上海 200032)
卵圓孔未閉(PFO)在成人的發(fā)生率約20%~25%,其與年輕患者的隱源性卒中、短暫性腦缺血發(fā)等多種疾病有關(guān)。超聲心動(dòng)圖在PFO的診斷、經(jīng)皮封堵術(shù)中監(jiān)測(cè)及術(shù)后隨訪中均有重要價(jià)值。本文對(duì)PFO的超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷做一綜述。
卵圓孔未閉;超聲心動(dòng)描記術(shù);診斷顯像
卵圓孔未閉(patent foramen ovale, PFO)是原發(fā)隔與繼發(fā)隔間的異常交通,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),其在成人的發(fā)生率約20%~25%[1-3]。近年研究[1,3-9]表明,PFO與年輕患者的隱源性卒中、短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作、減壓病、直立性低氧血癥綜合征和前兆偏頭痛有關(guān)。近年超聲新技術(shù)可為PFO的評(píng)價(jià)提供了全面且準(zhǔn)確的信息。
FO是胚胎期原發(fā)隔與繼發(fā)隔間的通道,位于房間隔的中下部,下方鄰近下腔靜脈入口[1-2]。一般由于出生后左心房壓高于右心房壓,原發(fā)隔被壓向繼發(fā)隔和FO,形成功能性關(guān)閉,出生后3~12個(gè)月內(nèi)原發(fā)隔與繼發(fā)隔解剖融合,F(xiàn)O完全封閉[3,7],但約20%~25%的患者FO未獲得解剖融合[1-2,10-11]。正常生理情況下,由于原發(fā)隔有單向活瓣的作用,F(xiàn)O仍處于功能性關(guān)閉的狀態(tài),僅在右心房壓力大于左心房壓力時(shí)才會(huì)產(chǎn)生右向左分流(right to left shunt, RLS)[1]。PFO若合并以下任意一條,則診斷為復(fù)雜PFO:①長(zhǎng)度>7 mm;②左心房有多個(gè)開(kāi)口;③房間隔瘤(atrial septal aneurysm, ASA);④房間隔厚度>10 mm;⑤Eustachian瓣和Chiari網(wǎng);⑥混合缺損(房間隔有多個(gè)缺損)[12]。
“牽拉的PFO”是指當(dāng)心房增大時(shí)致使房間隔受牽拉,原發(fā)隔不能覆蓋繼發(fā)隔,形成心房水平分流,可為左向右、右向左或雙向分流[1]。
研究[1,3-9,11]證明,PFO與年輕患者的隱源性卒中、短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作、減壓病、直立性低氧血癥綜合征和前兆偏頭痛有關(guān)。有學(xué)者[13-15]認(rèn)為PFO與高海拔居民及睡眠呼吸暫停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)患者的肺動(dòng)脈收縮、肺動(dòng)脈高壓和右心室重構(gòu)等相關(guān)。隱源性卒中是指排除高血壓、顱內(nèi)出血、頸動(dòng)脈板塊、心房顫動(dòng)、心腔內(nèi)血栓或贅生物等病因后仍不能明確病因的卒中,占全部卒中的25%~40%[2-3,10-11]。合并RLS、反復(fù)發(fā)作的卒中患者建議口服藥物或行經(jīng)皮介入封堵術(shù)[4]。多項(xiàng)大型臨床試驗(yàn)及薈萃分析[8,11,14,16-20]未證實(shí)經(jīng)皮介入封堵術(shù)預(yù)后優(yōu)于藥物治療;2014年美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)/美國(guó)中風(fēng)協(xié)會(huì)指南中僅建議合并深靜脈血栓形成的患者行PFO介入封堵治療[9-10]。
超聲心動(dòng)圖是診斷房間隔缺損(atrium septal defect, ASD)、PFO及ASA最主要的無(wú)創(chuàng)影像學(xué)方法。彩色多普勒技術(shù)(color Doppler flow imaging, CDFI)及右心聲學(xué)造影提高了RLS的檢出率;經(jīng)胸超聲心動(dòng)圖(transthoracic echocardiography, TTE)、經(jīng)食管超聲心動(dòng)圖(transesophageal echocardiography, TEE)、心腔內(nèi)超聲心動(dòng)圖(intracardial echocardiography, ICE)及三維超聲心動(dòng)圖可定量評(píng)價(jià)PFO及其分流的方向、程度,心臟腔室大小、功能改變和肺循環(huán)情況等[1,12,21],有利于治療方案的制定;三維超聲心動(dòng)圖還可提供PFO正面觀圖像,有利于非影像專業(yè)人士的理解[1,12,22]。
3.1 常規(guī)TTE及TEE TTE劍突下切面聲束與房間隔垂直,是分析房間隔最重要的透聲窗[1]。但TTE受患者透聲條件影響大;在心尖切面房間隔離探頭距離遠(yuǎn)、且聲束與房間隔平行,易產(chǎn)生回聲失落;封堵術(shù)中房間隔下段近下腔靜脈處受封堵器偽影影響,顯示不清[1]。
TEE對(duì)PFO的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)包括:①位置、隧道長(zhǎng)度、左心房側(cè)和右心房側(cè)開(kāi)口大小,與腔靜脈間的距離,在心動(dòng)周期中的變化的評(píng)價(jià);②繼發(fā)隔厚度及長(zhǎng)度,房間隔長(zhǎng)度,是否存在ASA及其大小,是否合并房間隔缺損等的評(píng)價(jià)并對(duì)封堵器的選擇有指導(dǎo)性作用[1]。但TEE的缺點(diǎn)是:①患者需麻醉,有誤吸及損傷食管的風(fēng)險(xiǎn);②患者不能行有效的瓦氏動(dòng)作,不利于檢出經(jīng)FO的RLS[1,17,23],③對(duì)近場(chǎng)及封堵器植入后房間隔下段顯示欠清晰[1,24]。
3.2 右心聲學(xué)造影 右心聲學(xué)造影提高了RLS的檢出率。有報(bào)道[3,26-27]稱,TEE聯(lián)合CDFI及右心聲學(xué)造影診斷PFO的敏感度可達(dá)100%;TEE聯(lián)合右心聲學(xué)造影是PFO的診斷“金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”[4-6,26,28-29]。
目前公認(rèn)的右心聲學(xué)造影流程為:于患者肘前靜脈處留置靜脈留置針,通過(guò)三通管將留置針與兩支 10 ml無(wú)菌注射器相連;一支注射器內(nèi)抽取1 ml空氣,另一支注射器內(nèi)含9 ml生理鹽水(傳統(tǒng)造影法)或8 ml生理鹽水+1 ml回抽靜脈血(改良造影法);將生理鹽水與空氣在兩支注射器間來(lái)回推注超過(guò)20次后立即勻速注射;在TTE心尖切面或TEE探頭30°~100°方位采集圖像;觀察靜息狀態(tài)下及瓦氏動(dòng)作停止后3~6個(gè)心動(dòng)周期內(nèi)左心內(nèi)有無(wú)微泡顯影并記錄顯影微泡的量[1,4,30-32]。
右心聲學(xué)造影效果受許多因素的影響[31]:①造影劑種類、濃度、注射途徑和速度等。王胰等[30]的研究證實(shí)改良造影法及快速振蕩20次不僅可提高造影劑微泡的量,縮短右心顯影時(shí)間,而且提高了RLS的檢出率,安全性好。②瓦氏動(dòng)作。瓦氏動(dòng)作可增大右心房壓,進(jìn)而提高超聲心動(dòng)圖診斷RLS的敏感度和特異度[1-3,6-7]。其有效性可根據(jù)房間向左心房側(cè)膨出確定[1,33]。但行TEE的患者不能行有效瓦氏動(dòng)作,而瓦氏動(dòng)作時(shí),患者通氣、胸廓移動(dòng)也會(huì)對(duì)TTE的診斷產(chǎn)生影響[3,5-6]。③右心房造影劑充盈欠佳及不能形成有效的房間壓差會(huì)降低右心聲學(xué)造影對(duì)RLS的檢出率。④Eustachian瓣。造影劑經(jīng)上腔靜脈注入時(shí),無(wú)造影劑的下腔靜脈血可能會(huì)沖掉有造影劑的上腔靜脈血,從而產(chǎn)生假陰性;造影劑經(jīng)下腔靜脈注入時(shí),Eustachian瓣的引導(dǎo)會(huì)增加通過(guò)FO的有造影劑血流,利于PFO的檢出[1-2]。
正常人在行右心聲學(xué)造影時(shí),左心房?jī)?nèi)也可能出現(xiàn)少量造影劑微泡?!叭膭?dòng)周期”原則即以微泡填充右心房及瓦氏動(dòng)作[34]結(jié)束后 3個(gè)心動(dòng)周期內(nèi)出現(xiàn)左心房造影劑微泡則提示心房水平RLS,有助于提高PFO診斷的準(zhǔn)確率和可靠性。但也有學(xué)者將此時(shí)間放寬至6個(gè)心動(dòng)周期,6個(gè)心動(dòng)周期之后左心房?jī)?nèi)造影劑的填充源于肺血管[1,3-4,35]。但Freeman等[35]認(rèn)為,大的肺內(nèi)分流可能出現(xiàn)在3個(gè)心動(dòng)周期前,左心房?jī)?nèi)造影劑強(qiáng)度達(dá)峰時(shí)間可作為RLS與肺內(nèi)分流鑒別的補(bǔ)充信息。筆者認(rèn)為,RLS的診斷應(yīng)是功能與解剖的統(tǒng)一,即操作者不僅要記錄和定量評(píng)價(jià)左心房?jī)?nèi)造影劑出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間,而且還需全面評(píng)價(jià)患者的房間隔及肺動(dòng)脈處的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)。
3.3 ICE ICE為監(jiān)測(cè)封堵術(shù)提供了新的手段,其圖像質(zhì)量與TEE相當(dāng),且對(duì)近場(chǎng)和房間隔后下段顯示清晰,不僅患者無(wú)需全麻,而且可減少放射造影時(shí)間[1,23,25,36];Vigna等[36]研究顯示,除合并ASA外,旋轉(zhuǎn)式ICE對(duì)卵圓窩的測(cè)量與TEE中度相關(guān),旋轉(zhuǎn)式ICE可真正反映卵圓窩的解剖[1,36]。其缺點(diǎn)是為有創(chuàng)檢查、可能造成血管損傷及心律失常、導(dǎo)管不可回收、聲場(chǎng)范圍小、遠(yuǎn)場(chǎng)顯示欠清及導(dǎo)管在心腔中的位置尚不能完全確定等[1,17,24-25,36]。
3.4 三維超聲心動(dòng)圖 房間隔是三維結(jié)構(gòu),因此常規(guī)二維超聲心動(dòng)圖對(duì)ASD及PFO的評(píng)價(jià)不全面[1,25,37]。實(shí)時(shí)三維超聲心動(dòng)圖可在live 3D、3D zoom模式下或通過(guò)3D全容積模式的快速重建,快速、準(zhǔn)確地評(píng)價(jià)表面、容量、動(dòng)態(tài)變化、周圍解剖等信息,為PFO或ASD的評(píng)價(jià)提供了更全面的信息;還可提供與術(shù)中視野類似的正面觀,利于非影像專業(yè)人士理解[1,12,22,25,36,38]。多項(xiàng)研究[21-22,29]將三維超聲心動(dòng)圖聯(lián)合右心聲學(xué)造影應(yīng)用于ASD、PFO的評(píng)價(jià),證實(shí)了其準(zhǔn)確性;2016年ASE指南中推薦的可行三維圖像采集的切面及模式包括:心尖四腔心切面窄窗寬模式、胸骨旁長(zhǎng)軸切面彩色模式,心尖四腔心切面聚焦模式;經(jīng)食管三維圖像采集切面包括:食管中段短軸切面、食管中段基底水平短軸切面、食管中段兩腔切面、經(jīng)胃矢狀面兩腔切面和四腔心切面。在三維展示時(shí),從左心房面看,右上肺靜脈需置于1點(diǎn)鐘方向,而從右心房看,上腔靜脈應(yīng)置于1點(diǎn)鐘方向[1]。
3.5 經(jīng)顱多普勒超聲(transcranial Doppler,TCD) TCD聯(lián)合右心聲學(xué)造影與TEE有高度的一致性[5-6]。TCD的局限性是只能確定RLS,但不能明確RLS是否來(lái)源于心內(nèi),更不能明確RLS是否由PFO所致,故TCD應(yīng)常規(guī)作為T(mén)TE的補(bǔ)充[1,5-6,29]。TCD診斷PFO的敏感度較TTE高,可能與TTE檢測(cè)時(shí)患者透聲條件差及cTCD檢查時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、可能包含心外分流等有關(guān)[6]。
4.1 體位 李瑤宣等[5]認(rèn)為坐位行瓦氏動(dòng)作時(shí)TCD的敏感度最高,可能由于坐位時(shí)房間隔受牽拉所致。Moses等[7]等認(rèn)為,直立體位更利于PFO的檢出,可能與直接或間接增加了對(duì)房間隔的牽拉有關(guān)。
4.2 回心血量 Shaikh等[14]認(rèn)為OSA患者在反射性過(guò)通氣反應(yīng)時(shí),Eustachian瓣引導(dǎo)下腔靜脈血對(duì)房間隔的沖擊和牽拉與PFO有關(guān)。Moses等[7]認(rèn)為呼吸阻力升高增加了胸腔負(fù)壓,使回心血量增加可能是低氧、高海拔及減壓病致PFO的共同機(jī)制。
總之,超聲心動(dòng)圖在PFO的診斷、術(shù)中監(jiān)測(cè)及隨訪中發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用,TTE聯(lián)合彩色多普勒、右心聲學(xué)造影可作為PFO的常規(guī)篩選方法;患者行介入術(shù)前,應(yīng)采用TEE對(duì)房間隔結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià);TEE或ICE可為封堵術(shù)提供更全面的信息。術(shù)后隨訪應(yīng)常規(guī)使用TTE[1,3,39]。
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Echocardiography in diagnosis of patent foramen ovale
LIZheng,PANCuizhen,KONGDehong,SHUXianhong*
(DepartmentofEchocardiography,ZhongshanHospital,FudanUniversity,ShanghaiInstituteofCardiovascularDiseases,ShanghaiInstituteofMedicalImaging,Shanghai200032,China)
The prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in adults is up to 20%—25%. PFO is associated with cryptogenic stroke in young patients, transient ischemic attack and several other diseases. Echocardiography plays a critically important role in screening of PFO, guidance during percutaneous intervention and follow up. The diagnosis of PFO by echocardiography were reviewed in this article.
Patent foramen ovale; Echocardiography; Diagnostic imaging
李政(1985—),男,山東德州人,碩士,醫(yī)師。研究方向:心臟超聲診斷。E-mail: liz_defflin@126.com
舒先紅,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院心臟超聲診斷科,上海市心血管病研究所,上海市影像研究所,200032。
E-mail: shu.xianhong@zs-hospital.sh.cn
2016-09-21
2016-12-12
10.13929/j.1003-3089.201609095
R654.2; R540.45
A
1003-3289(2017)04-0490-04