魏穎恬,肖越勇,張 肖,張嘯波,何曉鋒,張 欣,李 婕,楊 杰
(中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院放射診斷科,北京 100853)
·綜述·
胰腺癌納米刀消融參數(shù)的設(shè)置原則與臨床應(yīng)用
魏穎恬,肖越勇*,張 肖,張嘯波,何曉鋒,張 欣,李 婕,楊 杰
(中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院放射診斷科,北京 100853)
納米刀(不可逆電穿孔)已被證實(shí)為一項(xiàng)安全、有效的腫瘤消融治療方法,近年其在局部晚期胰腺癌治療中的應(yīng)用體現(xiàn)出明顯優(yōu)勢(shì),但是對(duì)納米刀相對(duì)復(fù)雜的消融技術(shù)參數(shù)的選擇和應(yīng)用還存在一定困難。本文主要對(duì)納米刀消融術(shù)在胰腺癌治療中的優(yōu)勢(shì)、消融方式選擇以及消融參數(shù)設(shè)定等進(jìn)行綜述。
電穿孔;胰腺腫瘤;局部晚期;消融
目前,胰腺癌已成為癌癥患者的第4大死亡原因。由于胰腺癌生長(zhǎng)速度較快且生長(zhǎng)時(shí)多包繞周圍血管、胰管及神經(jīng)組織,故發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)已有約80%的患者無(wú)法接受外科手術(shù)治療,且此時(shí)患者腹痛、膽道系統(tǒng)梗阻及胃腸道排空障礙等癥狀已十分明顯。對(duì)胰腺癌的治療仍是一個(gè)世界性的難題[1]。納米刀消融使胰腺癌的治療有了突破性的進(jìn)展,為大部分失去手術(shù)機(jī)會(huì)的胰腺癌患者,尤其是局部晚期胰腺癌(locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma, LAPC)患者,創(chuàng)造了有效且安全的治療機(jī)會(huì)。對(duì)于LAPC的治療,除延緩腫瘤進(jìn)展外,如何有效減輕胰腺癌引起的臨床癥狀、提高患者生活質(zhì)量仍需進(jìn)一步深入研究。本文將對(duì)納米刀消融術(shù)在LAPC治療中的選擇應(yīng)用、治療方法以及消融參數(shù)選擇進(jìn)行綜述。
納米刀消融又稱不可逆電穿孔術(shù)(irreversible electroporation, IRE),是基于微秒級(jí)高壓電脈沖釋放引起腫瘤細(xì)胞膜不可逆穿孔,從而造成細(xì)胞凋亡的一種新型腫瘤消融治療方式。由于消融過程中消融區(qū)不產(chǎn)生溫度變化,故相對(duì)于臨床常用的冷或熱消融,也稱為常溫消融。目前臨床納米刀消融治療的基本方式主要有3種:外科開腹術(shù)中直視下消融、影像學(xué)引導(dǎo)下(CT、超聲)經(jīng)皮穿刺消融及腔鏡輔助下消融[2]。對(duì)于胰腺癌,尤其是位于胰頭部的腫瘤,由于其毗鄰腸系膜上動(dòng)靜脈、十二指腸、膽總管及腹腔干等重要結(jié)構(gòu),且神經(jīng)組織較豐富,故腫瘤生長(zhǎng)過程中易侵犯上述組織,引起胰、膽管及十二指腸梗阻以及疼痛。以往腫瘤消融如射頻、微波、冷凍及放射性粒子植入等,由于其穿刺及消融過程中可引起上述組織結(jié)構(gòu)損傷,故易造成出血、胰液外漏等并發(fā)癥,且腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率較高[3-8]。胰腺癌的放化療或放化療聯(lián)合外科手術(shù)切除療效亦不理想,5年生存率不足5%[1-2,9]。納米刀消融的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于其高壓電脈沖方式,僅對(duì)消融區(qū)細(xì)胞膜脂質(zhì)雙分子層進(jìn)行穿孔,不會(huì)造成嚴(yán)重的細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)損傷,血管、膽管、神經(jīng)組織等由于富含膠原組織及彈性纖維不會(huì)產(chǎn)生不可逆損傷,且無(wú)熱沉效應(yīng),重要結(jié)構(gòu)得以保留,減少了出血和胰、膽漏的發(fā)生[10],故納米刀是目前唯一可對(duì)上述組織進(jìn)行消融的物理技術(shù)。
隨著對(duì)納米刀研究的深入,臨床納米刀消融的適用范圍也逐漸擴(kuò)大。Thomson等[11]認(rèn)為對(duì)于3 cm以下的腫瘤,納米刀消融可達(dá)到最佳療效。Narayanan等[9]認(rèn)為,術(shù)前腹部檢查顯示有明顯門靜脈分支阻塞合并區(qū)域性門靜脈曲張的患者不適合納米刀消融,因?yàn)榇祟愐认倌[瘤患者多同時(shí)伴有門靜脈高壓性胃病,術(shù)中或術(shù)后均有可能造成消化道大出血。Martin等[12-13]在納米刀消融胰腺癌的早期研究中建議,對(duì)于LAPC患者應(yīng)在術(shù)前進(jìn)行3~4個(gè)月的誘導(dǎo)化療,納米刀手術(shù)可獲得更好的效果,但如果化療期間腫瘤無(wú)縮小,直徑反而增加超過30%,則不適合接受納米刀消融治療。目前對(duì)于適合接受納米刀消融的腫瘤大小尚無(wú)定論,但受納米刀針數(shù)及消融時(shí)間的限制,對(duì)于直徑6~8 cm的實(shí)體腫瘤需分段布針逐步消融。隨著腫瘤個(gè)體化治療理念被廣為認(rèn)可,對(duì)于納米刀消融治療LAPC的方式也逐漸多樣化,臨床醫(yī)師可根據(jù)患者自身?xiàng)l件及意愿選擇治療模式。目前主要包括三種治療模式:納米刀單獨(dú)消融治療、納米刀結(jié)合放化療、局部病灶部分切除聯(lián)合納米刀消融等。國(guó)外學(xué)者[14]通過對(duì)納米刀消融相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)76例接受納米刀消融術(shù)治療的胰腺癌患者中96%為L(zhǎng)APC,4%患者消融時(shí)已發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移;對(duì)于化療效果較差的患者,納米刀仍可作為一種“挽救療法”,緩解患者臨床癥狀。雖然放化療可減輕患者疼痛,但一般僅可維持8~12周[15]。Martin等[16]在一項(xiàng)關(guān)于納米刀消融治療早期胰頭癌的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),患者在納米刀消融術(shù)后90天時(shí)芬太尼的使用劑量可降至術(shù)前的1/3左右,明顯減輕了患者疼痛癥狀。
3.1消融參數(shù)設(shè)置 電脈沖釋放對(duì)細(xì)胞膜造成的影響分為可逆及不可逆兩種,主要取決于消融電壓大小,電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度為50~1 000 V/cm時(shí),其對(duì)細(xì)胞膜產(chǎn)生可逆性穿孔,通常于180 min后閉合[17-18],當(dāng)電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度為1 000~3 000 V/cm時(shí),則可對(duì)細(xì)胞膜產(chǎn)生不可逆損傷,引起細(xì)胞凋亡。由于不同組織結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)電性不同,消融所需電壓也不同,電壓過高會(huì)引起組織損傷[19]。細(xì)胞通透性改變可使組織導(dǎo)電性增加。消融區(qū)域溫度升高與電極針間電壓、針尖暴露長(zhǎng)度,脈沖長(zhǎng)度等相關(guān)。Garcia等[20]在動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),消融時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)同樣會(huì)引起組織熱損傷,因?yàn)橄跁r(shí)間過長(zhǎng)時(shí),在低于正常組織變性的溫度時(shí)即可產(chǎn)生熱損傷。
目前國(guó)內(nèi)外臨床研究[19-22]對(duì)于胰腺部腫瘤消融所采用的針尖暴露長(zhǎng)度多為1.5 cm,電壓1 200~1 800 V/cm, 波長(zhǎng)70~100 μs,脈沖數(shù)為90;對(duì)于胰腺部腫瘤消融尚無(wú)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)治療的參數(shù),術(shù)者可根據(jù)患者自身情況及腫瘤大小、位置等進(jìn)行調(diào)整。
3.2布針原則 納米刀采用平行布針原則即盡量保持納米刀電極針兩兩平行(暴露端在同一平面內(nèi)),術(shù)中可根據(jù)引導(dǎo)方式不同進(jìn)行針距測(cè)量,采用CT引導(dǎo)時(shí)可根據(jù)術(shù)中三維重建圖像測(cè)量針尖距離,盡量保持針與病灶長(zhǎng)軸平行,針距一般在1.5~2.3 cm,以2.0 cm應(yīng)用最多[2,9-10,12,21-23]。對(duì)于腫瘤較大或形態(tài)不規(guī)則者,消融結(jié)束后可拔針1.0~1.5 cm繼續(xù)消融,確保消融范圍能夠覆蓋完全。
3.3避免電流過高導(dǎo)致的局部產(chǎn)熱效應(yīng) 納米刀雖為非熱能消融方式,但由于局部電流影響及組織本身具有導(dǎo)電性,在脈沖釋放過程中,消融區(qū)域內(nèi)實(shí)際存在溫度變化,主要與消融參數(shù)設(shè)定有關(guān)。納米刀消融區(qū)域內(nèi)熱量的產(chǎn)生主要與脈沖釋放時(shí)間及針尖暴露長(zhǎng)度等因素相關(guān),Dunki-Jacobs等[19]分別在針尖暴露 1.5 cm、2.0 cm及3.0 cm時(shí)對(duì)豬肝進(jìn)行納米刀消融溫度變化測(cè)試,發(fā)現(xiàn)在針尖暴露長(zhǎng)度為3.0 cm時(shí)消融區(qū)域溫度最高,但與其他針尖暴露長(zhǎng)度比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,因此納米刀消融針尖暴露端長(zhǎng)度并非與消融區(qū)溫度升高呈正相關(guān),尚需進(jìn)一步研究。對(duì)于電極針間脈沖釋放能否達(dá)到良好消融效果,脈沖釋放前需對(duì)消融進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)試,即電極針到位后,采用每組電極針暴露端1.0~1.5 cm,電壓1500 V/cm,波長(zhǎng) 90 μs的參數(shù)進(jìn)行10~20個(gè)脈沖測(cè)試。測(cè)試及消融結(jié)束后可通過電壓及電流波形變化進(jìn)行消融效果評(píng)估,測(cè)試電流一般為20~35 A即可開始正式消融,如電流過低將導(dǎo)致消融不完全,可通過增加暴露端長(zhǎng)度或提升電壓進(jìn)行調(diào)整,電流過高會(huì)引起不必要的組織熱損傷,如電流超過50 A,系統(tǒng)將自動(dòng)終止脈沖釋放[22]。
3.4脈沖數(shù)對(duì)局部溫度升高的影響 在納米刀消融治療中,為了提高消融效率,可適當(dāng)提高脈沖數(shù)目,但應(yīng)注意過多地提高脈沖數(shù)目將導(dǎo)致消融區(qū)域局部電流升高,增加組織蛋白質(zhì)變性及熱損傷危險(xiǎn)。目前臨床在胰腺腫瘤的納米刀消融治療中,脈沖數(shù)目選擇90~100較為安全。
目前納米刀消融術(shù)已在國(guó)內(nèi)外臨床廣泛應(yīng)用,并在LAPC的治療中取得肯定療效。研究[24]表明,腫瘤間質(zhì)在惡性腫瘤病程進(jìn)展中起關(guān)鍵作用。腫瘤間質(zhì)主要由瘤周大量炎性成分及血管、神經(jīng)組織等構(gòu)成,可與腫瘤組織相互作用促進(jìn)結(jié)締組織增生,加速惡性腫瘤發(fā)展及播散,并可提高腫瘤耐藥性[25-26]。細(xì)胞間質(zhì)作用多與上皮源性腫瘤相關(guān),因此胰腺癌的發(fā)生機(jī)制可能與細(xì)胞間質(zhì)反應(yīng)相關(guān),而納米刀消融可能破壞了腫瘤與腫瘤間質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系,從而增加化療藥物療效,延緩腫瘤進(jìn)展。有學(xué)者[9]主張將納米刀與一線化療藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用。Bhutiani等[27]在鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)納米刀消融可通過聯(lián)合吉西他濱增加消融區(qū)域組織藥物濃度,從而降低胰腺癌復(fù)發(fā)率。Martin等[2]在對(duì)200例LAPC患者的臨床研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),納米刀聯(lián)合放化療可提高患者生存率,中位生存期可達(dá)24.9個(gè)月。采用納米刀消融治療的患者,通常在納米刀消融術(shù)后1、3、6個(gè)月對(duì)納米刀療效進(jìn)行評(píng)估,對(duì)于消融后腫瘤縮小可達(dá)外科手術(shù)切除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的患者,如條件允許,可繼續(xù)采取手術(shù)切除治療;對(duì)于腫瘤縮小未達(dá)切除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)者,納米刀消融術(shù)后可進(jìn)行輔助化療。M?nsson等[28]認(rèn)為,影像學(xué)引導(dǎo)經(jīng)皮穿刺LAPC納米刀消融可以有效避免感染、腹膜后出血、吻合口瘺等外科手術(shù)后引起的并發(fā)癥,患者恢復(fù)較快,中位生存期可達(dá)17.9個(gè)月。Belfiore等[29]采用CT引導(dǎo)納米刀消融術(shù)治療20例LAPC患者,術(shù)后第1天僅2例出現(xiàn)輕度并發(fā)癥;對(duì)于無(wú)并發(fā)癥及明顯禁忌證的患者,消融術(shù)后當(dāng)天即采用吉西他濱聯(lián)合奧沙利鉑進(jìn)行化療,術(shù)后6個(gè)月復(fù)查腫瘤體積縮小42.89%。
隨著對(duì)納米刀消融治療LAPC的有效性及安全性不斷探索,其優(yōu)勢(shì)也日益突出,但目前對(duì)于納米刀消融治療胰腺癌的患者選擇、消融參數(shù)設(shè)定、消融范圍以及消融方式選擇方面仍無(wú)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。納米刀不僅可單獨(dú)應(yīng)用于LAPC的治療,還可結(jié)合放、化療或作為減瘤手段為外科手術(shù)創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)。對(duì)于納米刀聯(lián)合化療藥物方案、劑量、時(shí)間以及何時(shí)能夠達(dá)到消融最佳時(shí)機(jī)、如何根據(jù)患者自身情況選擇合理的治療方案等尚需一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的臨床應(yīng)用指南[22]作為指導(dǎo)。如何在保證安全的前提下,最有效地對(duì)胰腺腫瘤進(jìn)行納米刀消融仍是進(jìn)一步探索和研究的方向。
[1] Spadi R, Brusa F, Ponzetti A, et al. Current therapeutic strategies for advanced pancreatic cancer: A review for clinicians. World J Clin Oncol, 2016,7(1):27-43.
[2] Martin RC 2nd, Kwon D, Chalikonda S, et al. Treatment of 200 locally advanced (stage Ⅲ) pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients with irreversible electroporation: Safety and efficacy. Ann Surg, 2015,262(3):486-494.
[3] Pezzilli R, Serra C, Ricci C, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for advanced ductal pancreatic carcinoma: Is this approach beneficial for our patients? A systematic review. Pancreas, 2011,40(1):163-165.
[4] Girelli R, Frigerio I, Salvia R, et al. Feasibility and safety of radio-frequency ablation for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Br J Surg, 2010,97(2):220-225.
[5] D'onofrio M, Barbi E, Girelli R, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma: An overview. World J Gastroenterol, 2010,16(28):3478-3483.
[6] Thanos L, Poulou S, Mailli L, et al. Image-guided radiofrequency ablation of a pancreatic tumor with a new triple spiral-shaped electrode. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2010,33(1):215-218.
[7] Lygidakis NJ, Sharma SK, Papastratis P, et al. Microwave ablation in locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma—a new look. Hepatogastroenterology, 2007,54(77):1305-1310.
[8] Li JD, Chen XL, Yang HF, et al. Tumour cryoablation combined with palliative bypass surgery in the treatment of unresectable pancreatic cancer: A retrospective study of 142 patients. Postgrad Med J, 2011,87(124):89-95.
[9] Narayanan G, Hosein PJ, Arora G, et al. Percutaneous irreversible electroporation for downstaging and control of unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2012,23(12):1613-1621.
[10] Martin RC, Philips P, Ellis S, et al. Irreversible electroporation of unresectable soft tissue tumors with vascular invasion: Effective palliation. BMC Cancer, 2014,14(1):540-549.
[11] Thomson KR, Kavnoudias H, Neal RE 2nd. Introduction to irreversible electroporation-principles and techniques. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol, 2015,18(3):128-134.
[12] Martin RC 2nd, McFarland K, Ellis S, et al. Irreversible electroporation in locally advanced pancreatic cancer: Potential improved overall survival. Ann Surg Oncol, 2013,20(Suppl 3):S443-S449.
[13] Martin RC 2nd, McFarland K, Ellis S, et al. Irreversible electroporation therapy in the management of locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Am Coll Surg, 2012,215(3):361-369.
[14] Moir J, White SA, French JJ, et al. Systematic review of irreversible electroporation in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2014,40(12):1598-1604.
[15] Tepper JE, Noyes D, Krall JM, et al. Intraoperative radiation therapy of pancreatic carcinoma: A report of RTOG-8505. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1991,21(5):1145-1149.
[16] Martin RC. Irreversible electroporation of locally advanced pancreatic head adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg, 2013,17(10):1850-1856.
[17] Vollherbst D, Bertheau RC, Fritz S, et al. Electrochemical effects after transarterial chemoembolization in combination with percutaneous irreversible electroporation: Observations in an acute porcine liver model. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2016,27(6):913-921.e2.
[18] Lee EW, Wong D, Prikhodko SV, et al. Electron microscopic demonstration and evaluation of irreversible electroporation-induced nanopores on hepatocyte membranes. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2012,23(1):107-113.
[19] Dunki-Jacobs EM, Philips P, Martin RC 2nd. Evaluation of thermal injury to liver, pancreas and kidney during irreversible electroporation in an in vivo experimental model. Br J Surg, 2014,101(9):1113-1121.
[20] Garcia PA, Rossmeisl JH Jr, Neal RE 2nd, et al. A parametric study delineating irreversible electroporation from thermal damage based on a minimally invasive intracranial procedure. Biomed Eng Online, 2011,10:34.
[21] Scheffer HJ, Melenhorst MC, Vogel JA, et al. Percutaneous irreversible electroporation of locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma using the dorsal approach: A case report. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2015,38(3):760-765.
[22] Martin RC 2nd,Durham AN, Besselink MG, et al. Irreversible electroporation in locally advanced pancreatic cancer: A call for standardization of energy delivery. J Surg Oncol, 2016,114(7):865-871.
[23] Paiella S, Butturini G, Frigerio I, et al. Safety and feasibility of Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer: Results of a prospective study. Dig Surg, 2015,32(2):90-97.
[24] Maitra A, Hruban RH. Pancreatic cancer. Annu Rev Pathol, 2008,3:157-188.
[25] Bissell MJ, Radisky D. Putting tumours in context. Nat Rev Cancer, 2001,1(1):46-54.
[26] Heldin CH, Rubin K, Pietras K, et al. High interstitial fluid pressure—an obstacle in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer, 2004,4(10):806-813.
[27] Bhutiani N, Agle S, Li Y, et al. Irreversible electroporation enhances delivery of gemcitabine to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol, 2016,114(2):181-186.
[28] M?nsson C, Brahmstaedt R, Nilsson A, et al. Percutaneous irreversible electroporation for treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer following chemotherapy or radiochemotherapy.Eur J Surg Oncol, 2016,42(9):1401-1406.
[29] Belfiore MP, Ronza FM, Romano F, et al.Percutaneous CT-guided irreversible electroporation followed by chemotherapy as a novel neoadjuvant protocol in locally advanced pancreatic cancer: Our preliminary experience. Int J Surg, 2015,21(Suppl 1):S34-S39.
Clinical application and principled parameter setting of Nanoknife for pancreatic cancer
WEIYingtian,XIAOYueyong*,ZHANGXiao,ZHANGXiaobo,HEXiaofeng,ZHANGXin,LIJie,YANGJie
(DepartmentofRadiology,ChinesePLAGeneralHospital,Beijing100853,China)
Nanoknife (irreversible electroporation) has demonstrated to be a safe and effective approach to tumor ablation,and plays a prominent role in application of treatment of pancreatic carcinoma, specifically locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC). The complicated parameters of Nanoknife comparatively is still difficult. The advantage, optimal selection, adequate parameters regarding Nanoknife were reviewed in this article.
Electroporation; Pancreatic neoplasms; Locally advanced; Ablation
CT微創(chuàng)介入實(shí)時(shí)機(jī)器人導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)研究(81271674)。
魏穎恬(1989—),女,河北秦皇島人,在讀碩士,醫(yī)師。研究方向:放射診斷與介入治療。E-mail: weiyingtian301@163.com
肖越勇,中國(guó)人民解放軍總醫(yī)院放射診斷科,100853。
E-mail: xiaoyueyong@vip.sina.com
2016-12-20
2017-02-15
R816.5; R735.9
A
1672-8475(2017)04-0252-04
10.13929/j.1672-8475.201612021