, , ,
(Department of Radiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital Kunming Medical University,Yunnan Tumor Hospital, Kunming 650118, China)
Research progresses of breast background parenchymal enhancement of MRI
LIQinqing,YANGJun,DINGYingying,LIZhuolin*
(DepartmentofRadiology,theThirdAffiliatedHospitalKunmingMedicalUniversity,YunnanTumorHospital,Kunming650118,China)
Breast background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) is a special form of breast dynamic contrast enhanced MRI. The diagnosis and research of breast diseases which shows BPE is becoming more and more important. The relationship between BPE and the risk factors of breast cancer is one of the focuses in breast MRI. In this review, the definition and typical manifestations of BPE, the relationship between BPE and fibroglandular tissue, and the influence factors of BPE in the breast MRI were reviewed.
Background parenchymal enhancement; Magnetic resonance imaging; Breast neoplasms
動態(tài)增強MRI(dynamic contrast enhanced MRI, DCE-MRI)在乳腺疾病的診斷運用廣泛[1],且近年來越來越多的學者開始關(guān)注DCE-MRI中發(fā)生強化的乳腺纖維腺體組織(fibroglandular tissue, FGT)。目前對DCE-MRI時乳腺背景實質(zhì)強化(background parenchymal enhancement, BPE)在乳腺疾病診斷中的作用和影響因素、BPE與乳腺癌患病風險及預后評價的相關(guān)性等的分析逐漸增多。本文對BPE的定義及典型表現(xiàn)、BPE的影響因素、BPE對MRI診斷的影響、BPE與乳腺FGT含量的關(guān)系以及BPE與乳腺癌發(fā)病風險的相關(guān)性等進行綜述。
乳腺BPE是指正常的乳腺FGT在DCE-MRI中所表現(xiàn)的不同程度和范圍的強化,包括乳腺間質(zhì)組織和上皮組織的強化[2]。根據(jù)強化的腺體占總腺體含量的百分比,將BPE描述為4類:極少量(<25%的腺體組織顯示有強化)、少量(25%~50%)、中等量(51%~75%)以及大量(>75%)。Gram等[3-4]對BPE的解釋不僅包括強化腺體體積,還包括強化程度,但2014年1月美國放射學院(American College of Radiology, ACR)公布的2013年新版磁共振乳腺影像報告和數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)(breast imaging-reporting and data system, BI-RADS)[5]中,并未出現(xiàn)類似描述。新版MRI BI-RADS中提到BPE的評估應在增強掃描的第一組圖像中進行,即在注射對比劑后約90 s。
典型的BPE常表現(xiàn)為雙乳對稱性、彌漫性分布的強化[6],可呈片狀或多發(fā)點狀,最先由乳腺FGT的邊緣開始強化,后逐漸向乳腺中央?yún)^(qū)蔓延,乳暈后方最后強化,該強化模式由乳腺供血動脈的分布所致,可能存在個體差異,甚至同一個人在接受治療后強化模式也可能發(fā)生改變。此外,BPE的典型血流動力學特征與良性病變類似,即早期緩慢上升,隨著時間的延遲,范圍和強度逐漸擴大、增加。但也可出現(xiàn)早期快速、顯著的強化,甚至延遲期呈平臺型或廓清型[6]的類似惡性病變的表現(xiàn)。
BPE是一個動態(tài)變化的過程,不同受檢者的BPE不同,甚至同一患者在不同時期的BPE亦有所不同。BPE受組織學、生理學等因素的影響,其程度及范圍取決于乳腺組織的血管分布以及對比劑進入組織的滲透性[4,6]。Kuhl等[7]提出影響增強MRI組織強化范圍及強化程度的常見因素有:對比增強T1WI脈沖序列的參數(shù)、不同乳腺組織的T1WI基線時間、對比劑濃度和劑量、擴散系數(shù)及其固有的T1WI弛豫率。此外,對于乳腺組織,還有一些特殊的影響因素,如乳腺血管系統(tǒng)的解剖結(jié)構(gòu)以及激素水平等。
目前,關(guān)于BPE產(chǎn)生和調(diào)控的確切機制還不清楚[8-9]。已有研究[10-12]證實,激素尤其是雌激素是最重要的影響因素,雌激素的作用可是內(nèi)源性、外源性,或是內(nèi)分泌治療后的結(jié)果。乳腺是激素敏感器官[8],雌激素可刺激乳腺小葉組織和導管腺泡上皮細胞的增生,促進血管形成,還可產(chǎn)生組胺樣物質(zhì),使乳腺實質(zhì)內(nèi)的血管擴張、血管通透性增加,導致乳腺充血,乳房內(nèi)的水含量發(fā)生變化,從而影響T1值[13],最終導致BPE的改變。
Price等[14]學者研究雙側(cè)輸卵管、卵巢切除術(shù)對乳腺MRI中BPE的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)卵巢切除術(shù)后患者的BPE明顯降低。Kang等[13,15]研究BPE與絕經(jīng)狀態(tài)的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)絕經(jīng)前女性的BEP明顯高于絕經(jīng)后女性。King等[16]研究報道接受他莫昔芬(一種雌激素受體調(diào)節(jié)劑)治療后,BPE及FGT含量出現(xiàn)明顯下降,而用藥結(jié)束后,BPE又可能逐漸恢復。Pike等[17]的研究認為,BPE可能是評價他莫昔芬療效較好的一個指標。
內(nèi)源性雌激素的生理作用,可較合理地解釋BPE伴月經(jīng)周期發(fā)生變化的原因[8]。月經(jīng)周期的前半段(月經(jīng)期及卵泡期或稱增殖期,1~2周),雌激素主要刺激乳腺上皮細胞增殖、腺泡細胞分化以及基底膜增厚,而在月經(jīng)周期的后半段(黃體期或稱分泌期,3~4周),雌激素的組胺樣作用明顯,促進乳腺腺泡管腔擴大并分泌物增多,使毛細血管擴張,增加血管通透率,從血管內(nèi)滲出到乳腺基質(zhì)的液體量逐漸增加,使乳腺基質(zhì)和小葉間纖維組織發(fā)生水腫,且在分泌階段(月經(jīng)周期后半段)最為明顯[10]。
目前,關(guān)于BPE與月經(jīng)周期的關(guān)系以及乳腺MR檢查的最佳時間仍存在爭議。Müller-Schimpfl等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)BPE在月經(jīng)周期第21~28天(第4周)及第1~6天(第1周)最高,而在第7~20天(第2周)最低。Ellis等[19]推薦的MR檢查時間是月經(jīng)周期的第7~14天。Kang等[13,20]研究結(jié)果也顯示,月經(jīng)周期后兩周的BPE較前兩周高,不利于MR檢查,該結(jié)果與月經(jīng)周期中雌激素的生理變化基本吻合。目前認為,在月經(jīng)周期的第2周BPE水平最低,最適合進行乳腺MR檢查。但Kang等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn),即使在月經(jīng)周期第2周,還會存在BPE較強而影響對MRI結(jié)果判讀的情況,該研究根據(jù)乳腺的FGT含量的不同,將絕經(jīng)前婦女乳腺BPE的程度進行分類研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪型乳腺BPE在月經(jīng)周期的第2周較低,第4周最高;而致密型乳腺第4周BPE相對均勻且較低,是最佳檢查時間段,而第3周BPE程度最高,應避免檢查。Ellis[19]提議對于月經(jīng)不規(guī)律或稀發(fā)的女性,可通過檢測血清中的孕激素水平,判斷患者是否處于最佳的MR檢查時間。
乳腺是低灌注器官,強化的FGT常小于總腺體含量的50%,也可見大于50%、甚至超過75%者。DCE-MRI對于檢測乳腺癌具有極高的敏感性,尤其對于呈彌漫性生長的浸潤性癌或以良性形態(tài)出現(xiàn)的髓樣癌,以及乳腺X線攝影呈致密腺體型的乳腺癌患者,乳腺MRI具有更高的診斷價值[21-24]。但BPE對MRI診斷的準確性也會產(chǎn)生影響。在DCE-MRI中,BPE會降低病灶與周圍正常乳腺組織之間的對比度,模糊病灶的邊緣,甚至掩蓋病灶,給病灶的檢出帶來一定的困難,尤其對于小的腫塊或較大范圍的非腫塊樣強化,可能增加病灶的假陰性率[23,25-26]。Uematsu等[26]的研究結(jié)果顯示,呈中度或顯著背景實質(zhì)強化組的MRI準確性低于極少量或少量強化組;此外,當BPE呈不對稱局灶性或區(qū)域性表現(xiàn)時,易被誤診為異常征象,從而增加MRI診斷的假陽性率,甚至可能增加不必要的穿刺活檢率[4,27-28]。因此,識別不典型的BPE尤為重要,但對于可疑的非腫塊樣強化[29]有一定困難,此時可通過短期隨訪、臨床觸診、乳腺X線攝影以及超聲等的聯(lián)合運用提高診斷準確率。
乳腺MRI中FGT含量的定性評估也被納入ACR最新版(第5版)的BI-RADS[5],該乳腺MRI特征與傳統(tǒng)乳腺X線攝影腺體密度有高度一致性,對乳腺癌患病風險的判斷較準確[30-32]。BPE與乳腺FGT含量的關(guān)系目前還存在爭議。Klifa等[28,33]研究認為BPE與FGT呈正相關(guān),腺體越致密,BPE程度越高。而有研究[13,15,32,34]結(jié)果顯示FGT與BPE間無明顯相關(guān)性,極度致密類的乳腺可呈現(xiàn)極少量的強化,而散在纖維腺體類乳腺也可能出現(xiàn)明顯、大量的背景實質(zhì)強化。Kang等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),對于FGT含量豐富的致密型乳腺,豐富的FGT受激素變化的影響較脂肪類更為顯著。雖然相較于乳腺FGT含量,還有很多影響因素可對BPE造成影響,但不同F(xiàn)GT含量的乳腺可表現(xiàn)出從極少量到大量強化的BPE。
雌激素的增多與腫瘤發(fā)生有關(guān)聯(lián)性[35],雌激素須與組織中的雌激素受體相結(jié)合才能產(chǎn)生作用,而乳腺是激素敏感器官,雌激素可對BPE產(chǎn)生影響[36]。研究[37-39]發(fā)現(xiàn),正常乳腺組織的強化在乳腺癌發(fā)病風險的預測以及治療反應和預后評估方面有重要的作用。King等[37]在DUI 乳腺癌患者和正常受檢者乳腺MRI中BPE的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),BPE呈中度和顯著強化的女性較極少量和少量強化者患乳腺癌的可能性更大。Dontchos等[36]亦發(fā)現(xiàn)BPE有助于預測乳腺癌患病風險。King等[37]認為BPE可能與乳腺X線攝影腺體密度同樣重要、彼此獨立,且與乳腺癌患病風險有關(guān)。因此,BPE可作為乳腺組織可能發(fā)生惡性轉(zhuǎn)變的標志物[40]。
BPE不僅可能影響乳腺MRI的診斷,還與乳腺癌的患病風險存在關(guān)聯(lián)。臨床需熟悉BPE的不同表現(xiàn)形式、激素及其他因素對BPE的影響,必要時需聯(lián)合超聲、乳腺X線攝影以及臨床病史及觸診進行綜合判斷,以做出最客觀的診斷。
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李勤勍(1987—),女,云南昆明人,碩士,主治醫(yī)師。研究方向:腫瘤影像研究。E-mail: qinqing_81@139.com
李卓琳,昆明醫(yī)科大學第三附屬醫(yī)院 云南省腫瘤醫(yī)院放射科,650118。E-mail: lizhuolin0327@163.com
2016-11-12
2017-06-20
乳腺背景實質(zhì)強化的MRI研究進展
李勤勍,楊 軍,丁瑩瑩,李卓琳*
(昆明醫(yī)科大學第三附屬醫(yī)院 云南省腫瘤醫(yī)院放射科,云南 昆明 650118)
乳腺背景實質(zhì)強化(BPE)是乳腺動態(tài)增強MRI所特有的一種表現(xiàn)形式,在乳腺疾病診斷中的作用以及BPE與乳腺癌患病風險、預后等的關(guān)系已成為研究的熱點。本文對乳腺背景實質(zhì)強化的定義及典型表現(xiàn)、BPE對MRI診斷的影響、BPE的影響因素、BPE與乳腺纖維腺體組織含量的關(guān)系以及BPE與乳腺癌發(fā)病風險的相關(guān)性等進行綜述。
乳腺背景實質(zhì)強化;磁共振成像;乳腺腫瘤
R737.9; R445.2
A
1003-3289(2017)08-1273-04
10.13929/j.1003-3289.201611069