李佳琦,嚴(yán)悅?cè)?,余葉蓉
·論著·
·專題研究·
睡眠障礙與糖尿病的關(guān)系及其對糖代謝的影響研究進(jìn)展
李佳琦,嚴(yán)悅?cè)?,余葉蓉*
睡眠障礙對糖代謝的影響日益引起人們的關(guān)注。研究顯示,睡眠障礙特別是睡眠時間縮短與糖代謝密切相關(guān),并且其對胰島素敏感性的影響尤為明顯。睡眠障礙所引起的糖代謝異常,或許是今后糖尿病患者預(yù)防和治療的重要靶點(diǎn)。本文回顧了睡眠障礙與糖尿病的關(guān)系、睡眠障礙對血糖水平及胰島素抵抗的影響,分析了睡眠障礙所致下丘腦功能改變以及下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸、下丘腦-垂體-甲狀腺軸異常與糖代謝的關(guān)系。得出了睡眠障礙所致神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌功能改變是其影響糖代謝的潛在機(jī)制,為該部分糖尿病患者的預(yù)防與治療提供了新的方向,具有重要的臨床意義。
睡眠障礙;糖尿病;葡萄糖代謝障礙;綜述
近20年來,我國糖尿病的發(fā)病率明顯上升,已經(jīng)成為最嚴(yán)重的社會衛(wèi)生問題之一。1994年全國流行病學(xué)研究表明,我國糖尿病和糖耐量異常的患病率分別為2.5%和3.2%[1]。而2010年的統(tǒng)計研究發(fā)現(xiàn),我國糖尿病和糖尿病前期的患病率已增至9.7%和15.5%[2]。隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,收入水平的增高,生活節(jié)奏逐漸加快,人們的生活方式發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變,高脂飲食、活動量下降、肥胖等原因,均是引起糖尿病患病率增高的危險因素。同時,巨大的社會競爭壓力及生活習(xí)慣的改變,使得人們的睡眠模式較前有了明顯變化,入睡時間延后、睡眠時間縮短成為現(xiàn)代社會一種普遍的生活方式,睡眠障礙的發(fā)病率逐年增高。因此睡眠障礙與糖尿病之間的關(guān)系日益成為人們關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。早在半個世紀(jì)以前,睡眠障礙與代謝綜合征的關(guān)系就開始被人們所關(guān)注[3]。而睡眠障礙與糖代謝的關(guān)系,現(xiàn)在日益成為國際關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)話題。本文就睡眠障礙與糖代謝、胰島素抵抗的關(guān)系進(jìn)行綜述。
失眠、入睡困難、早醒、睡眠剝奪等原因所致的睡眠時間縮短及日間嗜睡是睡眠不足的主要表現(xiàn),其與睡眠呼吸暫停綜合征、不寧腿綜合征、輪崗癥(shift work disorder)等疾病均包含于睡眠障礙的范疇之中。睡眠障礙尤其是睡眠不足與糖尿病的關(guān)系是近年來的關(guān)注熱點(diǎn)。而睡眠不足儼然成為現(xiàn)代社會的普遍現(xiàn)象。在過去的40年中,美國青年人睡眠時間少于7 h的比例已經(jīng)從1960年的15.6%升至2002年的37.1%[4]。國內(nèi)的調(diào)查研究顯示,我國居民每天的睡眠時間城市居民少于農(nóng)村,大城市、中小城市、一類至四類農(nóng)村依次增加;6~12歲、13~17歲、18~44歲、45~59歲和60歲及以上各組人群中睡眠不足的比例分別為69.0%、58.5%、4.1%、9.2%和17.1%,城市高于農(nóng)村[5]。大量的研究表明,睡眠障礙與糖尿病有明顯聯(lián)系[6-8]。一項橫斷面研究對CARDIA項目的受試者進(jìn)行分析發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠剝奪可以使空腹血糖水平較正常人群升高23%,空腹胰島素水平升高48%,同時穩(wěn)態(tài)模型法評估胰島素抵抗指數(shù)(HOMA-IR) 升高達(dá)82%[9],提示睡眠剝奪與胰島素敏感性降低具有相關(guān)性。同時CAPPUCCIO等[10]對1955—2009年的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了總結(jié),納入10個不同研究的107 756例患者,平均隨訪時間為4.2~32.0年,發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠質(zhì)量和時長均是增加2型糖尿病發(fā)病率的危險因素。睡眠時間少于5~6 h者發(fā)生2型糖尿病的風(fēng)險是正常者的1.28倍,入睡困難者發(fā)生2型糖尿病的風(fēng)險較正常者增加1.57倍,早醒風(fēng)險增加1.84倍。本課題組既往的橫斷面研究發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠障礙患者中糖尿病的患病率為15%,糖耐量受損的患病率為11.6%,空腹血糖受損的患病率為15.8%,血糖調(diào)節(jié)障礙的總患病率高達(dá)42.4%[11],遠(yuǎn)高于正常人群中的患病率。前瞻性研究也得出了相似的結(jié)論。護(hù)士健康研究(Nurse Health Study)中發(fā)現(xiàn),在控制了高膽固醇血癥、高血壓、吸煙、打鼾、運(yùn)動、飲酒、絕經(jīng)前使用雌激素及糖尿病家族史等因素后,睡眠時間縮短與10年后糖尿病的發(fā)生率仍具有明顯的相關(guān)性[12]。瑞典一項前瞻性試驗(yàn)納入了6 400例非糖尿病患者,隨訪15年后發(fā)現(xiàn),基線狀態(tài)時的睡眠障礙是2型糖尿病發(fā)生的危險因素[13]。德國的一項前瞻性試驗(yàn)納入8 000余例受試者,隨訪7.5年后發(fā)現(xiàn),排除了年齡、受教育程度、糖尿病家族史、吸煙、飲酒、高血壓、運(yùn)動、血脂紊亂及體質(zhì)指數(shù)(BMI)的影響后,睡眠障礙依然是導(dǎo)致2型糖尿病發(fā)病率增高的危險因素[14]。無論是Meta分析、橫斷面研究還是前瞻性試驗(yàn)均證實(shí)睡眠障礙尤其是睡眠不足是導(dǎo)致2型糖尿病的危險因素。
機(jī)體中葡萄糖水平的調(diào)節(jié)依賴于葡萄糖產(chǎn)生和利用之間的平衡。血糖主要由肝臟產(chǎn)生,并被胰島素依賴性組織(肌肉和脂肪等)和胰島素非依賴性組織(大腦)所利用。因此血糖穩(wěn)態(tài)一方面依賴于胰腺β細(xì)胞精準(zhǔn)地釋放胰島素,另一方面需要胰島素能夠充分地發(fā)揮作用。而睡眠障礙既影響胰島素的釋放又會對胰島素敏感性造成不良影響。
多個研究均證實(shí)睡眠障礙降低糖耐量。國外學(xué)者對連續(xù)6 d每日睡眠4 h的患者行口服葡萄糖耐量試驗(yàn)(OGTT),結(jié)果證實(shí),睡眠時間縮短明顯降低糖耐受程度,最終導(dǎo)致糖耐量受損。由于胰島素水平?jīng)]有相應(yīng)的下降,因此使得HOMA-IR的曲線下面積增加大于50%,其結(jié)果表明連續(xù)6 d睡眠時間縮短足以導(dǎo)致胰島素敏感性降低[15]。另一項隨機(jī)交叉設(shè)計試驗(yàn)納入了12例患者,在連續(xù)兩晚10 h/晚睡眠后緊跟兩晚4 h/晚睡眠,每20 min采血一次測定血糖、胰島素、瘦素和胃饑餓素(ghrelin)水平。該研究發(fā)現(xiàn)連續(xù)兩晚的短時間睡眠較之10 h/晚睡眠空腹血糖水平升高,空腹胰島素水平下降,同時胃饑餓素/瘦素水平升高大于70%。該研究結(jié)果不僅證實(shí)了睡眠不足影響糖代謝,更明確提示睡眠時間縮短導(dǎo)致食欲亢進(jìn),或許是睡眠障礙導(dǎo)致體質(zhì)量增加、血糖水平升高的重要原因之一[16-17]。
睡眠障礙導(dǎo)致明顯的焦慮、抑郁情緒,對下丘腦活性產(chǎn)生影響,尤其是與應(yīng)激相關(guān)的下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺軸(HPA)[18-19]和下丘腦-垂體-甲狀腺軸(HPT)。本課題組既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠障礙患者的皮質(zhì)醇水平明顯升高,并與糖代謝異常和胰島素抵抗具有相關(guān)性,同時睡眠障礙患者中促甲狀腺激素(TSH)水平>2.5 mU/L的患者占58%,而游離三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游離甲狀腺素(FT4)水平?jīng)]有明顯降低,提示睡眠障礙或許與HPT功能改變具有相關(guān)性。同時還發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠障礙患者合并焦慮者占78%,合并抑郁及其他情緒障礙如雙向情感障礙者占22%,提示睡眠障礙是多種情緒障礙的重要臨床表現(xiàn)之一[11]。
研究者在大鼠模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著睡眠剝奪時間的延長,大鼠血清促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素(ACTH)表達(dá)水平先呈升高的趨勢,并在睡眠剝奪的第3天達(dá)到最高值,之后呈明顯下降趨勢,而血清中皮質(zhì)醇水平也隨之呈現(xiàn)逐漸升高的趨勢,并于睡眠剝奪后第5天達(dá)到最高值,之后逐漸下降[20]。該研究明確證實(shí)了睡眠不足對HPA的影響。眾所周知糖皮質(zhì)激素能夠在多個胰島素作用的靶點(diǎn)上影響胰島素敏感性,還能直接抑制胰島β細(xì)胞分泌胰島素[21]。在早期,糖皮質(zhì)激素能損壞跨膜葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)子4(GLUT-4)的能力,使得葡萄糖無法轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)至細(xì)胞表面被機(jī)體所利用[22-23]。還有研究證實(shí),糖皮質(zhì)激素能夠阻礙骨骼肌合成糖原[24],降低葡萄糖利用率和胰島素受體親和力[25],因此睡眠障礙患者血漿皮質(zhì)醇水平升高可能是引發(fā)糖尿病的病理生理機(jī)制之一[26-27]。
睡眠障礙尤其是睡眠不足還可能作為一種慢性應(yīng)激導(dǎo)致焦慮癥或者抑郁癥。睡眠障礙患者皮質(zhì)醇分泌增多[28],皮質(zhì)醇水平升高和生理波動的消失是發(fā)生情緒障礙的危險因素之一[26]。而皮質(zhì)醇水平的變化與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中5-羥色胺水平相互影響。既往研究表明,抑郁癥患者中樞糖皮質(zhì)激素受體受損,對糖皮質(zhì)激素反應(yīng)較正常人明顯減慢[29],其機(jī)制或許是由于HPA功能改變影響5-羥色胺的神經(jīng)傳遞,而且5-羥色胺敲除后HPA對應(yīng)激的反應(yīng)也會發(fā)生改變[30],證實(shí)5-羥色胺與HPA功能能夠相互影響,可以推斷5-羥色胺水平降低影響了糖皮質(zhì)激素對中樞受體的激動,導(dǎo)致睡眠障礙與情緒障礙同時出現(xiàn)。因此有學(xué)者認(rèn)為單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)如5-羥色胺水平變化是睡眠障礙與情緒障礙相關(guān)的重要的病理生理機(jī)制[31]。本課題組既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠障礙患者血TSH水平較正常人群明顯升高,睡眠時間少于3 h的患者TSH水平較睡眠時間大于6 h的患者升高更明顯[11]。雖然既往研究證實(shí)肥胖者和老年人血TSH水平升高較常見。部分肥胖者血TSH水平輕度升高,而FT4水平在參考范圍內(nèi),并且肥胖與TSH水平升高具有因果關(guān)系,推測其原因可能與瘦素、多巴胺、糖皮質(zhì)激素和某些細(xì)胞因子等的變化有關(guān)[32]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),老年人隨著年齡增加,HPT設(shè)定點(diǎn)(set point)改變,2型脫碘酶活性下降,血TSH水平輕度升高,同時甲狀腺激素水平尚維持在參考范圍內(nèi)[33-34]。但筆者在臨床中發(fā)現(xiàn),血TSH水平升高患者中多是非肥胖或非高齡者,那么這些患者血TSH水平升高的病因是什么呢?睡眠不足或許是引起血TSH水平升高的另一可能因素。近年來情緒障礙與炎性因子的關(guān)系逐漸進(jìn)入人們的視野。以睡眠障礙為表現(xiàn)的抑郁癥和焦慮情緒,均會導(dǎo)致機(jī)體炎性因子水平升高[35],也有研究者認(rèn)為情緒障礙是由應(yīng)激相關(guān)的細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生增多所致[31],包括白介素、腫瘤壞死因子α、干擾素α和γ[31],這些細(xì)胞因子激活吲哚胺2,3雙氧酶(IDO),最終導(dǎo)致色氨酸分解產(chǎn)物增多,5-羥色胺活性降低[36],并且抑郁癥患者血漿白介素1水平較正常人升高[37],提示炎性因子可能參與了抑郁癥的發(fā)病機(jī)制。睡眠障礙導(dǎo)致HPT功能改變的病理機(jī)制或許與白介素6、白介素1、腫瘤壞死因子等炎性因子相關(guān)[38-39]。甲狀腺激素與血脂代謝、胰島素抵抗和糖代謝有關(guān)[40],但情緒障礙所致HPT功能改變與糖代謝之間的關(guān)系尚不清楚。炎性因子與心血管風(fēng)險、動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的形成均有共同的途徑,可能是睡眠障礙患者代謝綜合征風(fēng)險增高的原因之一[41]。
肥胖也是導(dǎo)致代謝綜合征、胰島素抵抗、糖代謝異常的重要原因。大量的臨床研究證實(shí)了睡眠障礙與體質(zhì)量增加的關(guān)系。FATIMA等[42]對26 553例患者的資料進(jìn)行了Meta分析,其結(jié)果提示睡眠不足(包括睡眠時間縮短和質(zhì)量下降)的患者發(fā)生肥胖的風(fēng)險增加27%,同時亞組分析提示在青年患者中該風(fēng)險升高至46%。相同的研究結(jié)果也在法國、日本等國家的研究中陸續(xù)發(fā)現(xiàn)[43-44]。但也有研究持相反的態(tài)度,一項納入5 000例患者的前瞻性研究中,通過13年的隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠持續(xù)時間與肥胖并沒有相關(guān)性[45]。
總之,早在半個世紀(jì)之前,就有研究者提出糖尿病應(yīng)作為心身疾病受到人們的關(guān)注[46]。心身疾病是指一組發(fā)生、發(fā)展與心理社會因素密切相關(guān),但以軀體癥狀表現(xiàn)為主的疾病。相關(guān)的因素包括生活事件、精神應(yīng)激、情緒反應(yīng)、個體易感性和行為模式。對于心身疾病的干預(yù)提倡心、身同治,并在不同時期心理治療與生理治療的側(cè)重不同。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,工作競爭壓力逐漸顯現(xiàn),因經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力、工作緊張等原因造成的社會心理問題,包括焦慮、冷漠、抑郁、疲倦和失眠等對人們的生活影響越來越大[47-49]。而睡眠障礙作為心身疾病的一個重要臨床表現(xiàn),越來越受到人們的重視,糾正睡眠障礙或許是治療糖尿病、代謝綜合征的重要措施,關(guān)注睡眠障礙或許是全科醫(yī)生識別心身疾病的重要途徑,同時將為糖尿病、胰島素抵抗、多囊卵巢綜合征、心腦血管疾病等多種代謝相關(guān)性疾病的預(yù)防和治療提供更全面的思路。
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檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫:萬方數(shù)據(jù)知識服務(wù)平臺、中國知網(wǎng)、維普網(wǎng)、PubMed數(shù)據(jù)庫;檢索關(guān)鍵詞:睡眠障礙,糖尿病,肥胖,下丘腦,sleep disorder,diabetes,fat,hypothalamus;檢索時間:建庫至2016年。
作者貢獻(xiàn):李佳琦進(jìn)行文章的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計,撰寫論文;嚴(yán)悅?cè)剡M(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)/資料收集、整理;余葉蓉進(jìn)行文章的可行性分析,進(jìn)行論文的修訂,負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制及審校,對文章整體負(fù)責(zé),監(jiān)督管理。
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(本文編輯:陳素芳)
Research Progress of Relationship between Sleep Disorder and Diabetes and Its Effect on Glucose Metabolism
LIJia-qi,YANYue-rong,YUYe-rong*
DepartmentofEndocrinologyandMetabolism,WestChinaHospital,SichuanUniversity,Chengdu610041,China
*Correspondingauthor:YUYe-rong,Professor,Doctoralsupervisor,Mainresearchdirections:endocrineandmetabolicdisease;E-mail:yerongyu@scu.edu.cn
Effects of sleep disorder on the glucose metabolism have increasingly aroused people′s concern.Studies have shown that sleep disorder,especially sleep time shortening,is closely related to glucose metabolism,and has significant influence on insulin sensitivity.The abnormal glucose metabolism caused by sleep disorder maybe the important targets of future diabetes prevention and treatment.The paper reviews the relationship between sleep disorder and diabetes,effect of sleep disorder on levels of blood glucose and insulin resistance,and analyzes the changes of hypothalamic activity induced by sleep disorder,and the relations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis abnormities and glucose metabolism.It is concluded that the changes of neuroendocrine activity caused by sleep disorder are the potential mechanism of glucose metabolism,which provides a new direction for the prevention and treatment of these diabetic patients,and has important clinical significance.
Sleep disorders;Diabetes mellitus;Glucose metabolism disorders;Review
國家自然科學(xué)基金資助項目(81600603)
R 587.1 R 338.63
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.01.y07
2016-12-06;
2017-01-12)
610041四川省成都市,四川大學(xué)華西醫(yī)院內(nèi)分泌代謝科
*通信作者:余葉蓉,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要研究方向:內(nèi)分泌代謝性疾?。籈-mail:yerongyu@scu.edu.cn
李佳琦,嚴(yán)悅?cè)兀嗳~蓉.睡眠障礙與糖尿病的關(guān)系及其對糖代謝的影響研究進(jìn)展[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(11):1300-1304.[www.chinagp.net].
LI J Q,YAN Y R,YU Y R.Research progress of relationship between sleep disorder and diabetes and its effect on glucose metabolism[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(11):1300-1304.