池菊芳,郭航遠(yuǎn),林 輝
·專題研究·
心臟康復(fù)的管理與服務(wù)
池菊芳*,郭航遠(yuǎn),林 輝
心臟康復(fù)是一項(xiàng)全面長(zhǎng)期的計(jì)劃,其目的在于限制心血管疾病帶來的生理和心理的影響,降低再發(fā)心血管事件和猝死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),控制心臟癥狀,穩(wěn)定或逆轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,使患者重回社會(huì)。盡管心臟康復(fù)的獲益已被證實(shí),但目前參與心臟康復(fù)的人數(shù)仍然較少。本文回顧了心臟康復(fù)的發(fā)展歷史,總結(jié)國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)有心臟康復(fù)創(chuàng)新模式,分析心臟康復(fù)面臨的問題和機(jī)遇,以期推動(dòng)心臟康復(fù)的有效管理和全面服務(wù),讓更多的患者從中獲益。
康復(fù);心臟病;管理;服務(wù)
池菊芳,郭航遠(yuǎn),林輝.心臟康復(fù)的管理與服務(wù)[J].中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2017,20(20):2432-2438.[www.chinagp.net]
CHI J F,GUO H Y,LIN H.Management and services for cardiac rehabilitation[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(20):2432-2438.
隨著我國(guó)人口老齡化、心血管疾病預(yù)防基礎(chǔ)薄弱以及患病年齡年輕化的三重壓力,心血管疾病患者急劇增長(zhǎng)。雖然心血管疾病急性期的救治技術(shù)在不斷發(fā)展,但疾病后續(xù)的管理并不理想,導(dǎo)致患者反復(fù)住院,治療費(fèi)用高,醫(yī)療資源的浪費(fèi)以及患者的困惑不滿等一系列問題的出現(xiàn)。因此,心血管事件發(fā)生后的康復(fù)治療顯得尤為重要。心臟康復(fù)(cardiac rehabilitation)的發(fā)展歷史已有半個(gè)多世紀(jì),尤其是近5年以來心臟康復(fù)得到快速發(fā)展,并日益走向成熟。大量的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)表明心臟康復(fù)為患者及社會(huì)帶來了巨大效益[1]。
目前歐美國(guó)家已經(jīng)建立了較為完善的心臟康復(fù)體系,而我國(guó)心臟康復(fù)起步較晚,1991年中國(guó)康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)心血管疾病康復(fù)委員會(huì)成立,陸續(xù)有相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道心臟康復(fù)取得的成就[2-3],但面對(duì)目前中國(guó)心血管疾病的“堰塞湖”[4],心臟康復(fù)的管理和服務(wù)任重而道遠(yuǎn),大有可為。
心臟康復(fù)是當(dāng)代冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(簡(jiǎn)稱冠心病)管理的重要組成部分,是一項(xiàng)綜合的長(zhǎng)期的多維治療方法,包括運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練、醫(yī)學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)、控制心血管危險(xiǎn)因素、教育和咨詢等,旨在限制心血管疾病帶來的生理和心理的影響,降低再發(fā)心血管事件和猝死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),控制心臟癥狀,穩(wěn)定或逆轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,提高患者的社會(huì)心理和職業(yè)地位[5]。同時(shí),心臟康復(fù)計(jì)劃為醫(yī)務(wù)工作者提供了較好的檢查藥物處方和護(hù)理目標(biāo)的機(jī)會(huì),確保管理指導(dǎo)方針正確,協(xié)調(diào)一致,以患者為中心。因此,心臟康復(fù)與二級(jí)預(yù)防密切相連,既包含康復(fù),也包含預(yù)防的雙重含義,屬于廣義上的二級(jí)預(yù)防概念[6]。此外,心血管危險(xiǎn)因素的康復(fù)干預(yù)屬于一級(jí)預(yù)防的范疇,而心肌梗死等心臟病的心臟康復(fù)則屬于三級(jí)預(yù)防。心臟康復(fù)的概念隨著醫(yī)療的進(jìn)步被不斷擴(kuò)展。
20世紀(jì)早期,冠心病心肌梗死患者急性期常規(guī)臥床6~8周,甚至更長(zhǎng)。早期活動(dòng)可能引起心力衰竭、室壁瘤、心臟破裂和猝死等惡性心血管事件[7]。20世紀(jì)40年代,鑒于患者長(zhǎng)期臥床相關(guān)的血栓形成,胃腸道功能失調(diào)和情緒抑郁等并發(fā)癥,LEVINE等[8]開始主張對(duì)急性心肌梗死患者解除嚴(yán)格臥床,并提倡“椅子療法”,認(rèn)為對(duì)發(fā)病后1周內(nèi)的急性心肌梗死患者試行“椅子療法”有較好的安全性和有效性?;颊咴谛募」K朗录?周后可以每天進(jìn)行3~5 min的步行運(yùn)動(dòng)。人們開始認(rèn)識(shí)到早期步行運(yùn)動(dòng)能預(yù)防許多臥床靜養(yǎng)引起的并發(fā)癥。WENGER等[9]的研究顯示,急性心肌梗死患者根據(jù)病情及早床上或床旁活動(dòng)是安全的,而且利大于弊;并總結(jié)了一套急性心肌梗死住院期間心臟康復(fù)方案。完成了心臟康復(fù)的從靜到動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)變,實(shí)現(xiàn)了一次大跨越,從此心臟康復(fù)發(fā)展迅速。到20世紀(jì)90年代,出現(xiàn)了以運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉為核心的心臟康復(fù)模式[10],并且適應(yīng)證從急性心肌梗死和/或冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)擴(kuò)大到各種心血管疾病,包括心力衰竭[11]。隨著對(duì)心臟康復(fù)的不斷探索,當(dāng)代的心臟康復(fù)逐漸趨向于整體化管理和電子化服務(wù),主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面。
2.1 從單純的冠心病心肌梗死后的心臟康復(fù)發(fā)展為所有心臟病患者的康復(fù) 最初,心臟康復(fù)的對(duì)象主要為冠心病急性心肌梗死患者[12]。隨著心血管患病人數(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)的增加,人們開始認(rèn)識(shí)到心臟康復(fù)的重要性,通過一系列臨床試驗(yàn)證明了心臟康復(fù)的療效,將其對(duì)象擴(kuò)展到了經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)術(shù)后[13]、心臟移植[14]、心力衰竭[15]和心臟瓣膜置換術(shù)患者[16]。而目前,根據(jù)新的歐洲心臟學(xué)會(huì)(ESC)、美國(guó)心臟協(xié)會(huì)(AHA)和美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)會(huì)(ACC)指南,心臟康復(fù)適用于所有病情穩(wěn)定的心血管疾病患者[17-19],由于冠心病患者類型不同,病情不一,故每例患者應(yīng)接受個(gè)體化的康復(fù)治療模式[20]。依據(jù)臨床治療策略,將目前心臟康復(fù)的人群進(jìn)行分類,主要包括以下三類人群:(1)患者有心絞痛、缺血性心肌病、心肌梗死、心律失常、穩(wěn)定性心力衰竭、原發(fā)性高血壓病和外周動(dòng)脈疾病等患者。(2)曾經(jīng)歷各種相關(guān)的手術(shù)如冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)支架植入術(shù)、冠狀動(dòng)脈旁路移植術(shù)、血管成形術(shù)、心臟瓣膜修復(fù)術(shù)或置換術(shù)、心臟起搏器植入術(shù)、心臟移植或心肺聯(lián)合移植等。(3)存在至少兩個(gè)危險(xiǎn)因素,如膽固醇>5.5 mmol/L、血壓>140/90 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、體質(zhì)指數(shù)>30 kg/m2、超過35歲的男性、絕經(jīng)后女性、吸煙或曾吸煙者、糖尿病患者、存在心臟病家族史、久坐少動(dòng)等。心臟康復(fù)適應(yīng)證的擴(kuò)大可以讓更多的患者參與到心臟康復(fù)中來,確保其獲得心臟康復(fù)的效益。
2.2 從單純運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)發(fā)展到以患者為中心的全面全程管理服務(wù)與關(guān)愛 自20世紀(jì)90年代以來,運(yùn)動(dòng)便成了心臟康復(fù)的核心。但隨著非傳染性疾病(病因復(fù)雜,既有環(huán)境因素,又有基因、生活方式和行為等因素)開始肆虐以后,單純的生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式顯得蒼白無力[21-22]。傳統(tǒng)的醫(yī)學(xué)模式開始轉(zhuǎn)為新的社會(huì)-心理-生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式。人們開始關(guān)注心理狀態(tài)以及所處的社會(huì)環(huán)境。新的心臟康復(fù)計(jì)劃應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,以患者為中心,以團(tuán)隊(duì)服務(wù)為模式的全面管理和全程關(guān)愛,是醫(yī)學(xué)的革命性創(chuàng)新。新的心臟康復(fù)制定了適合心臟病患者康復(fù)的五大處方:藥物處方、運(yùn)動(dòng)處方、營(yíng)養(yǎng)處方、心理處方(含睡眠管理)、戒煙處方。
2.2.1 藥物處方 主要用于控制心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素,控制血壓、血糖,調(diào)節(jié)血脂,延緩疾病進(jìn)展和改善預(yù)后[23]。藥物使用的規(guī)范性非常重要,需注意三個(gè)要點(diǎn):一是個(gè)體化用藥,每例患者的身體情況不同,因此良好的康復(fù)應(yīng)根據(jù)個(gè)體差異選擇藥物類別,同時(shí)要注意把握藥物劑量;二是藥物不良反應(yīng)管理,康復(fù)治療過程中,應(yīng)考慮到藥物間的相互作用,及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)和鑒別藥物不良反應(yīng);三是把握藥物依從性?;颊叩闹鲃?dòng)參與和臨床藥師的協(xié)助可使藥物處方更具科學(xué)性。
2.2.2 運(yùn)動(dòng)處方 心臟病的運(yùn)動(dòng)治療如同藥物處方一樣,需建立在疾病的正確診斷之上。開具心臟病患者運(yùn)動(dòng)處方首先必須綜合患者病史、體格檢查及實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查進(jìn)行評(píng)估及危險(xiǎn)分層,其中運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)是必不可少的[24-26]。常用的運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)方法有心電圖運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)和心肺運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷試驗(yàn),后者更精確[27]。通過運(yùn)動(dòng)負(fù)荷試驗(yàn)一方面可以觀察患者在運(yùn)動(dòng)中有無心肌缺血、心律失常,血壓反應(yīng)是否正常等,另一方面觀察患者實(shí)際的運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,為運(yùn)動(dòng)處方的制定提供安全、有效的保障。運(yùn)動(dòng)處方需要由包括心內(nèi)科醫(yī)師、康復(fù)醫(yī)師、運(yùn)動(dòng)治療師在內(nèi)的團(tuán)隊(duì)在對(duì)患者做出準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估后開具[28]。運(yùn)動(dòng)處方組成包括:方式、強(qiáng)度、時(shí)間、頻率、注意事項(xiàng)。常見的運(yùn)動(dòng)方式有有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)、阻抗運(yùn)動(dòng)、柔韌性訓(xùn)練、平衡訓(xùn)練[29]。在制定運(yùn)動(dòng)處方時(shí),需要加強(qiáng)醫(yī)學(xué)監(jiān)護(hù),并根據(jù)患者運(yùn)動(dòng)能力及時(shí)調(diào)整運(yùn)動(dòng)方式以獲得最佳的運(yùn)動(dòng)療效。
2.2.3 營(yíng)養(yǎng)處方 營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏、代謝綜合征、肥胖同樣是冠心病的高危因素[30]。對(duì)食物營(yíng)養(yǎng)的理解和飲食質(zhì)量的改變是營(yíng)養(yǎng)處方的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)[31]?;颊咧鲃?dòng)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)咨詢可改善膳食多樣性,提升心臟康復(fù)患者的“飲食幸福感”,改善健康狀況[32-33]。營(yíng)養(yǎng)處方同樣需要遵循因人而異的原則。心血管疾病患者營(yíng)養(yǎng)處方的總原則是在平衡膳食的基礎(chǔ)上,控制總能量的攝入,食物多樣,粗細(xì)搭配,保證優(yōu)質(zhì)蛋白、膳食纖維、維生素和礦物質(zhì)的攝入,控制鈉鹽、膽固醇和飽和脂肪酸的攝入。引入膳食多樣化評(píng)分將有助于客觀管理心臟康復(fù)患者的營(yíng)養(yǎng)處方[34]。
2.2.4 心理處方 發(fā)生心血管疾病后,很多患者對(duì)自身的病情并沒有一個(gè)全面的認(rèn)識(shí),從而產(chǎn)生焦慮、不安的心理,這對(duì)心臟康復(fù)極為不利。心理干預(yù)在心臟康復(fù)中的地位也顯得尤為重要[34]。良好的心理處方可增加患者的自信,消除焦慮、抑郁的負(fù)面情緒,能與心臟康復(fù)相互促進(jìn)、協(xié)同發(fā)展。醫(yī)生要與患者充分溝通,在詳細(xì)了解病史的基礎(chǔ)上更加關(guān)注患者的情緒,如果患者在詢問篩查中有兩個(gè)以上給予肯定回答,或發(fā)現(xiàn)其他心理問題線索,可有針對(duì)性進(jìn)行軀體癥狀自評(píng)量表或9條目患者健康問卷(PHQ-9)/廣泛性焦慮自評(píng)量表(GAD-7)或醫(yī)院性焦慮和抑郁量表(HADS)評(píng)估[35],及時(shí)給予心理干預(yù)治療,如冠心病知識(shí)講解,認(rèn)知行為治療,抗焦慮、抗抑郁藥物治療等。此外,在心臟康復(fù)心理干預(yù)的過程中,結(jié)合靜坐、冥想或許更有益于改善心理和軀體不適[36]。
2.2.5 戒煙處方 吸煙是心血管疾病的主要危險(xiǎn)因素,是急性心血管事件后復(fù)發(fā)和死亡的有力預(yù)測(cè)因子。戒煙可明顯降低急性心血管事件后的不良心血管事件[37],降低6個(gè)月內(nèi)心肌梗死再發(fā)率[38]。由于戒煙和心臟康復(fù)均可有效降低心血管疾病發(fā)病率和病死率,兩者的關(guān)系毋庸置疑受到極大的關(guān)注。戒煙是心臟康復(fù)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),是否戒煙明顯影響心臟康復(fù)成效[38]。如果患者PCI術(shù)后不戒煙,效果將大打折扣,增加支架內(nèi)血栓形成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),所以心臟病患者在康復(fù)過程中,必須戒煙。然而,戒煙非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性,戒煙應(yīng)落實(shí)到心臟康復(fù)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),包括轉(zhuǎn)診(referral)、參與(attendance)和維持(adherence)[39]。值得注意的是,由于女性患者心臟康復(fù)的參與率明顯低于男性患者[40],但女性患者吸煙并不少見[41],因此,在臨床工作中需要關(guān)注到這部分患者的戒煙情況。
2.3 從簡(jiǎn)單的住院期間康復(fù)發(fā)展為住院、門診和社區(qū)的一體化服務(wù) 心臟病的全程康復(fù)分為3期:住院急性期(一期),出院后強(qiáng)化康復(fù)(二期:3~6個(gè)月,可延長(zhǎng)至9~12個(gè)月)和家庭或社區(qū)康復(fù)(三期)[42]。心臟康復(fù)的全程服務(wù)有些國(guó)家做得比較好,例如德國(guó)模式[43-45],有以下突出特點(diǎn):(1)康復(fù)(包括心臟康復(fù))有立法保障。(2)康復(fù)(包括心臟康復(fù))有全員醫(yī)保經(jīng)費(fèi)支撐。(3)心臟康復(fù)必須由一定數(shù)量心血管??漆t(yī)生做主導(dǎo)(team leader)。(4)二期分為住院康復(fù)3~4周和門診康復(fù)3~4個(gè)月。(5)三期為患者俱樂部機(jī)制(heart group)。每15~20例患者為一組,每組一位運(yùn)動(dòng)治療師。患者每做一次3期康復(fù),醫(yī)保付費(fèi)6歐元。俱樂部還有一部分合理的患者會(huì)員費(fèi)收入。目前德國(guó)有6 600多個(gè)心臟俱樂部,服務(wù)對(duì)象達(dá)15萬例患者。(6)德國(guó)心臟康復(fù)極重視職業(yè)康復(fù),指導(dǎo)、鑒定和幫助患者回歸工作,回歸社會(huì)。一方面康復(fù)減少了反復(fù)住院和不必要的再次手術(shù)或支架,合理控制了醫(yī)療費(fèi)用,另一方面,患者恢復(fù)工作后,社會(huì)和企業(yè)必須繼續(xù)為其提供醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn),心臟康復(fù)獲得更多經(jīng)費(fèi)支持,形成了良性循環(huán)。(7)基于法律,在德國(guó)無法開展隨機(jī)對(duì)照的心臟康復(fù)預(yù)后評(píng)估研究,因?yàn)榉刹辉试S設(shè)對(duì)照組,心臟康復(fù)對(duì)預(yù)后改善的證據(jù)基于真實(shí)世界的大數(shù)據(jù)。在我國(guó),類似結(jié)構(gòu)的心臟康復(fù)體系尚處于起步階段,心臟康復(fù)一期項(xiàng)目主要限于大型三級(jí)甲等醫(yī)院且尚處于研究探索階段。目前國(guó)內(nèi)正在推行醫(yī)聯(lián)體的試點(diǎn),以后心臟康復(fù)可以參照德國(guó)心臟康復(fù)模式,結(jié)合醫(yī)聯(lián)體的運(yùn)行,推行一種更適合中國(guó)的心臟康復(fù)體制。
2.4 從單純心臟康復(fù)提升為防治康三個(gè)維度 心臟康復(fù)已被ESC、AHA和ACC作為Ⅰ類推薦寫入心血管疾病治療指南[46]。而很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間以來,我國(guó)的醫(yī)療體系把主要資源放在患者發(fā)病或發(fā)病后治療、急性事件的應(yīng)對(duì)和疾病終末期的救治或疾病復(fù)發(fā)的治療,心血管疾病的治療就像是“只賣汽車沒有4S店”[21]。心臟康復(fù)最初主要關(guān)注患者功能的恢復(fù),并未重視心血管危險(xiǎn)因素的控制以及患者社會(huì)職能的恢復(fù)。當(dāng)代的心臟康復(fù)要樹立大健康和大康復(fù)的視野與頂層設(shè)計(jì),不僅應(yīng)關(guān)注治和康,也要兼顧防,將重治輕防的模式向預(yù)防為主,防治康合理布局轉(zhuǎn)變。
2.5 從心臟康復(fù)拓展為心肺腎三個(gè)臟器的康復(fù)治療 狹義的心臟康復(fù)主要是恢復(fù)以心臟為中心的循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的功能。而人是一個(gè)有機(jī)整體,各個(gè)器官、系統(tǒng)之間有著密不可分的聯(lián)系。心力衰竭患者的低心排血量和靜脈充血可引起腎灌注不足,導(dǎo)致腎衰竭;腎功能不全可加重心力衰竭,腎臟疾病可通過若干機(jī)制加速冠心病發(fā)展,大多數(shù)慢性腎病患者尚未有機(jī)會(huì)行腎臟移植,就因高血壓等原因而過早死于加速發(fā)展的心血管疾病[47]。血液循環(huán)跟心臟和肺密切相關(guān),也和運(yùn)動(dòng)密切相關(guān),即“肺-心-運(yùn)動(dòng)肌群(加上循環(huán))”,這三者為一個(gè)整體,其中任何一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)問題均會(huì)影響到另外兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),同理,無論其中哪一環(huán)節(jié)需要康復(fù)治療,均應(yīng)注意三者兼顧[48]。所以心肺腎康復(fù)需要從全局出發(fā),提高患者的整體功能。以心臟康復(fù)帶動(dòng)肺腎康復(fù),組成臟器康復(fù)體系。在這些轉(zhuǎn)變和提升過程中要充分發(fā)揮醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)和康復(fù)學(xué)會(huì)的力量,推行防治康的一體化發(fā)展。加強(qiáng)醫(yī)院行政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)如院長(zhǎng)、科主任對(duì)心臟康復(fù)的認(rèn)識(shí)和推動(dòng),尤其是住院急性期和出院后強(qiáng)化康復(fù)期的患者需要加強(qiáng)科主任和護(hù)士長(zhǎng)的力量,醫(yī)護(hù)一體把心臟病患者的康復(fù)做好。
2.6 從面對(duì)面到虛擬化遠(yuǎn)程心臟康復(fù) 盡管心臟康復(fù)顯示出諸多裨益,但僅依靠監(jiān)督的心臟康復(fù)是不夠的[49]。醫(yī)生和患者共同參與心臟康復(fù)的障礙主要包括有限的可用方案、費(fèi)用高、溝通不足引起對(duì)心臟康復(fù)的誤解等[50-51]。傳統(tǒng)的心臟康復(fù)模式不符合許多亟須康復(fù)患者的需求,這可能也是心臟康復(fù)普及率不高的原因之一,急需創(chuàng)新來提高利用率[52]。近年來,美國(guó)、澳大利亞、荷蘭等國(guó)家將信息化技術(shù)應(yīng)用于心肌梗死患者的心臟康復(fù)程序,并應(yīng)用相關(guān)軟件收集患者的心血管危險(xiǎn)因素及健康信息,通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)方式實(shí)時(shí)反饋給醫(yī)護(hù)人員[53-55],這種新的心臟康復(fù)模式增強(qiáng)了公眾對(duì)于疾病預(yù)防及自我管理的意識(shí),使得防治康三維度康復(fù)治療融和成一體。這提示遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療、借助于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)/云計(jì)算技術(shù)的電子醫(yī)療、人工智能的專家系統(tǒng)、嵌入式系統(tǒng)的智能化設(shè)備,可以構(gòu)建起完美的物聯(lián)網(wǎng)醫(yī)療體系,使心臟病患者在家享受頂級(jí)的醫(yī)療服務(wù),解決或減少門診心臟康復(fù)患者數(shù)據(jù)收集和隨訪困難等難題。在移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的助推下,可穿戴技術(shù)即將大規(guī)模進(jìn)入普通人的生活。因此移動(dòng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與可穿戴設(shè)備的結(jié)合,使二、三期心臟康復(fù)患者進(jìn)入全新的“智慧醫(yī)療”時(shí)代。
中國(guó)心血管疾病患病率處于持續(xù)上升階段,據(jù)估計(jì)目前全國(guó)有心血管疾病患者2.9 億[56],不僅急性發(fā)病人數(shù)逐年增加,而且年輕化趨勢(shì)明顯,接受PCI的患者數(shù)量也持續(xù)增加。目前的醫(yī)療模式對(duì)于發(fā)病前預(yù)防以及發(fā)病后康復(fù)不夠重視,導(dǎo)致大量發(fā)病后患者得不到進(jìn)一步的醫(yī)學(xué)指導(dǎo),從而“陷入”反復(fù)發(fā)病、反復(fù)住院的惡性循環(huán),醫(yī)療開支不堪重負(fù)。我國(guó)的心血管醫(yī)療費(fèi)用在以每年18.6%的速度增長(zhǎng),極大超出了國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)的增長(zhǎng)速度[6]。因此,心臟康復(fù)在中國(guó)勢(shì)在必行。
雖然已經(jīng)明確參加心臟康復(fù)可以安全有效地改善心血管疾病患者的生活質(zhì)量,并降低患病率和病死率,但許多研究發(fā)現(xiàn),實(shí)際上只有20%~40%符合心臟康復(fù)條件的患者參與了心臟康復(fù)計(jì)劃[57-58],心臟康復(fù)參與率低成為最令心血管醫(yī)生頭痛的問題。這與很多原因相關(guān)。目前心臟康復(fù)的收費(fèi)機(jī)制使得其經(jīng)濟(jì)收入回報(bào)低,加上患者對(duì)心臟康復(fù)的理解存在誤區(qū),我國(guó)心臟康復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)診率和參與率不容樂觀。此外,目前國(guó)內(nèi)缺乏完善的心臟康復(fù)人才培訓(xùn)和準(zhǔn)入體系,醫(yī)療界內(nèi)對(duì)心臟康復(fù)的理念和實(shí)踐了解不足。
令人鼓舞的是,由于醫(yī)療改革的不斷推進(jìn),國(guó)家各界日益重視康復(fù)醫(yī)療,伴之社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展,心臟康復(fù)發(fā)展勢(shì)頭強(qiáng)勁,目前全國(guó)已建立200多家心臟康復(fù)中心。要緊緊把握心血管醫(yī)學(xué)發(fā)展的正確方向,大力推動(dòng)心臟康復(fù),實(shí)現(xiàn)心臟康復(fù)的有效管理和全面服務(wù),使患者回歸家庭、回歸社會(huì)。
本文文獻(xiàn)檢索策略:
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作者貢獻(xiàn):池菊芳負(fù)責(zé)確定論文選題,設(shè)計(jì)論文框架,檢索、整理文獻(xiàn),撰寫初稿和修改文章;郭航遠(yuǎn)負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)論文提出觀點(diǎn)和修改意見;林輝負(fù)責(zé)文章修改。
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(本文編輯:陳素芳)
Management and Services for Cardiac Rehabilitation
CHIJu-fang*,GUOHang-yuan,LINHui
ShaoxingPeople′sHospital,ShaoxingHospitalofZhejiangUniversity,Shaoxing312000,China
*Correspondingauthor:CHIJu-fang,Chiefphysician;E-mail:jf_chi@163.com
Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive and long-term program of exercise,aiming to reduce the physiological and psychological effects due to cardiovascular diseases,reduce the risk for recurrent cardiovascular events or sudden death,control cardiac symptoms,stabilize or reverse the atherosclerotic process,which in turn assist the selected patients to adjust to society.Although the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation for cardiovascular diseases have been proved,it is undertaken by dismal proportion of clinically eligible cardiac patients.We reviewed the history of cardiac rehabilitation,summarized the current domestic innovated models of cardiac rehabilitation and analyzed the challenges and opportunities of future cardiac rehabilitation,in order to promote the effective management and comprehensive services delivery for cardiac rehabilitation,which could be of great benefit to more patients.
Rehabilitation;Heart diseases;Management;Service
R 493
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.20.002
2017-04-13;
2017-06-06)
312000浙江省紹興市人民醫(yī)院 浙江大學(xué)紹興醫(yī)院
*通信作者:池菊芳,主任醫(yī)師;E-mail:jf_chi@163.com