楊蘭濤,王麗紅※,坎 雜,李成松,袁盼盼,王 哲
(1. 石河子大學機械電氣工程學院,石河子 832003;2. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學機械交通學院,烏魯木齊 830052)
4PZ-1型自走式釀酒葡萄收獲機的研制與試驗
楊蘭濤1,王麗紅1※,坎 雜1,李成松1,袁盼盼2,王 哲1
(1. 石河子大學機械電氣工程學院,石河子 832003;2. 新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學機械交通學院,烏魯木齊 830052)
針對新疆人工采收釀酒葡萄勞動強度大、效率低下,缺乏適應新疆釀酒葡萄種植模式的收獲裝備問題,研制了一種自走式釀酒葡萄收獲機。該機采用全液壓驅(qū)動,主要由振搖分離機構、收集輸送機構及自走式液壓底盤三大部件組成,一次作業(yè)1行,可一次性完成對釀酒葡萄的分離、輸送、除雜及收集作業(yè)。田間試驗結果表明:在地形平坦,釀酒葡萄含糖量達到18%的情況下,該機以2 km/h的速度進行收獲作業(yè)時可獲得較佳采收效果,該速度下主要指標平均生產(chǎn)率為0.6 hm2/h,平均果實采凈率為93.8%,平均果實破損率為9.3%。該研究可為推動中國釀酒葡萄收獲機的國產(chǎn)化進程提供參考。
農(nóng)業(yè)機械;設計;農(nóng)作物;收獲機;振搖分離;釀酒葡萄;結構
新疆是中國最早引種和栽培葡萄的地區(qū)[1-2],其獨特的氣候和地理位置環(huán)境非常適宜葡萄的生長[3]。近年來,新疆大力發(fā)展特色產(chǎn)業(yè)和進行農(nóng)業(yè)結構調(diào)整,葡萄產(chǎn)業(yè)得到快速健康的發(fā)展,葡萄種植面積不斷擴大[4]。據(jù)報道,2015年新疆釀酒葡萄種植面積已超過40 000 hm2,位居中國第一[5]。但目前新疆釀酒葡萄的采收完全依靠人工,采收季節(jié)人工用量占葡萄生產(chǎn)全程的30%~50%[6-7],已經(jīng)嚴重制約了釀酒葡萄產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,釀酒葡萄的機械化采收已成為必然趨勢[8-12]。
國外釀酒葡萄機械化收獲作業(yè)試驗起源于1952年的美國加利福尼亞[13-14],目前歐美國家大面積釀酒葡萄已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)機械化收獲作業(yè),技術較為成熟[15]?,F(xiàn)有葡萄及類似漿果采收機械的基本原理主要是通過對漿果植株施加振動,使果??朔c果蒂的連接力發(fā)生分離以實現(xiàn)采收[16-20],該方法可實現(xiàn)連續(xù)、大面積采收作業(yè)。
盡管新疆釀酒葡萄的品種、栽培架式與歐美國家基本一致,但由于新疆釀酒葡萄需掩埋越冬,其樹形大多為多主蔓扇形,而國外釀酒葡萄樹形主要為主干形,2種樹形在果實分布、振動傳遞衰減等方面差異較大,故國外釀酒葡萄收獲機并不能直接應用于中國新疆釀酒葡萄的采收。本文針對新疆釀酒葡萄多主蔓扇形樹形的特點,設計了一種自走式釀酒葡萄收獲機,期望推動中國釀酒葡萄收獲機的國產(chǎn)化進程。
1.1 總體結構
4PZ-1型自走式釀酒葡萄收獲機主要由自走式液壓底盤1、振搖分離機構2、收集輸送機構3、風機4及料箱5等工作部件組成(如圖1所示),該機主要設計技術參數(shù)如表1所示。
圖1 4PZ-1型自走式釀酒葡萄收獲機結構示意簡圖Fig.1 Structural diagram of 4PZ-1 self-propelled wine grape harvester
1.2 工作原理
工作時,該機騎跨于葡萄行上方進行作業(yè),一次作業(yè) 1行。整機向前行走作業(yè)時葡萄植株進入到振搖分離機構2,振搖分離機構通過振搖葡萄植株使葡萄顆粒從葡萄藤上脫落,脫落下來的葡萄粒及部分雜質(zhì)掉落于下方收集輸送機構 3的柔性料斗內(nèi),并隨著收集輸送機構順時針轉(zhuǎn)動,直至葡萄粒及雜質(zhì)經(jīng)出料口落入料箱 5內(nèi)。葡萄粒及雜質(zhì)在從收集輸送機構落入料箱的過程中,風機 4將小于葡萄懸浮速度的葡萄葉等雜質(zhì)進行清除。待料箱收集滿葡萄粒后,液壓系統(tǒng)控制料箱下方升降油缸將葡萄粒傾倒于運輸車輛車廂內(nèi),然后收獲機繼續(xù)工作。整個作業(yè)過程中,自走式液壓底盤 1為整機的工作及行走提供動力并控制整機工作參數(shù)。
表1 4PZ-1型自走式釀酒葡萄收獲機主要設計技術參數(shù)Table 1 Main design parameters of 4PZ-1 self-propelled wine grape harvester
2.1 振搖分離機構設計
新疆釀酒葡萄樹形為多主蔓扇形,其特點為葉幕較寬,葡萄串分布較散,振動衰減較快,設計釀酒葡萄振搖分離機構時,既要保證分離機構振搖部件具有較大的振動擺幅,以克服葡萄藤振動能量衰減快,傳遞效率低的問題,又要使其振搖部件無序振動較小,以降低對葡萄果實及植株的損傷。
結合國內(nèi)外單點支撐式和雙點支撐式中樞振動機構特點[21-24],設計了如圖2a所示的肋條末端驅(qū)動式振搖分離機構。該機構通過末端驅(qū)動肋條組件的方式周期性振搖葡萄植株,實現(xiàn)釀酒葡萄果粒與果蒂的分離,即減少了肋條組件的無序振動,又可實現(xiàn)肋條組件一種大振幅運動,可滿足新疆釀酒葡萄的機械化采收要求。該機構主要由主動軸1、偏心套2、機架4、肋條組件8等部件組成。
圖2a中偏心套2、調(diào)節(jié)連桿3、振動搖桿10同機架4組成一對曲柄呈180°其余桿件對稱布置的2轉(zhuǎn)動副(revolute pair)和2球面副(spherical pair)構成的空間四桿機構,以下簡稱RSSR空間四桿機構;主動搖桿6、連桿7、肋條組件8以及機架組成雙搖桿平面四桿機構,該裝置作業(yè)部分由多對該類型平面四桿機構組成,并在空間位置上呈錯位分布;RSSR空間四桿機構的振動搖桿以及多個平面四桿機構中的主動搖桿與主動搖桿轉(zhuǎn)動軸固結,多個雙搖桿平面四桿機構中的肋條組件與從動搖桿轉(zhuǎn)動軸固結。由RSSR空間四桿機構及單組雙搖桿平面四桿機構構成的振搖分離機構結構簡圖如圖2b所示。
圖2 振搖分離機構結構示意圖Fig.2 S tructural schematic diagram of shaking separation mechanism
工作時,RSSR空間四桿機構將主動軸1的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎駝訐u桿的擺動運動,并通過主動搖桿轉(zhuǎn)動軸將擺動運動傳遞至平面四桿機構的主動搖桿,主動搖桿強迫擺動肋條組件末端帶動肋條組件進行往復運動,將振動運動通過葡萄植株及果穗傳遞至葡萄果蒂,迫使果粒發(fā)生瞬時變向運動,產(chǎn)生克服果蒂連接力的慣性力使果-蒂發(fā)生分離,實現(xiàn)采收。
整機工作過程中,在葡萄植株喂入振搖分離機構時,兩側(cè)的肋條組件對葡萄藤進行聚攏壓縮后振搖,以提高振動能量傳送至葡萄果蒂處的效率,實現(xiàn)更好的采收效果。其中,肋條組件采用具有一定彈性的尼龍材料,以減少對葡萄植株的損傷及籬架立柱的有害振動反饋。
為確定影響振搖分離機構對葡萄植株振動力的因素,在圖2b的基礎上分別建立了振搖分離機構當量平面機構(如圖3所示)及平面雙搖桿四桿機構的運動示意圖(如圖4所示)。
圖3 振搖分離機構當量平面機構Fig.3 Equiv alent planar body of shaking separation mechanism
圖4 平面雙搖桿機構運動示意圖Fig.4 Schematic diagram of flat double rocker mechanism motion
式中J3為肋條組件、從動搖桿轉(zhuǎn)動軸等工作部件轉(zhuǎn)動慣量,kg·m2;α3為肋條組件角加速度,rad/s2;R表示葡萄植株到兩從動搖桿轉(zhuǎn)動軸軸線平面的距離(圖4中O、E點間距),m。
經(jīng)前期分析可知,影響振搖分離機構對葡萄植株振動力F3的主要因素為主動軸轉(zhuǎn)速ω、振動搖桿長度L3以及O、E點間距R。
結合項目組前期研究基礎[25-26]可知,釀酒葡萄采摘試驗裝置主動軸轉(zhuǎn)速為750 r/min、振動搖桿長度為125 mm、振動位置為550 mm時,分離效果較好,而當葡萄振動頻率范圍為2.11~3.69 Hz,葡萄穗梗處振幅為169.8 mm時,可達到釀酒葡萄較佳的果蒂分離率。因此,收獲機實際采收過程中,振搖分離機構采用以上作業(yè)組合參數(shù)。
2.2 收集輸送機構設計
釀酒葡萄收獲機收集輸送機構由雙側(cè)對稱的兩條呈“回”形的雙鉸接輸送鏈軌道組成,鏈軌道主要由導軌1、接料斗2、頂部擋板3、兩側(cè)擋板6、雙鉸接鏈7、驅(qū)動裝置8及后擋板9等部分組成,如圖5所示。
圖5 收集輸送機構結構Fig.5 Structure of collecting and conveying mechanism
整機騎跨在葡萄行上進行作業(yè)時,收集輸送機構的導軌1均布在葡萄藤的兩側(cè),兩側(cè)的柔性接料斗2緊貼葡萄藤兩面,在重力作用下采收的釀酒葡萄粒向下運動全部掉落至下方柔性接料斗內(nèi)。驅(qū)動裝置8驅(qū)動雙鉸接鏈7運動,接料斗在雙鉸接鏈的帶動下以順時針方向轉(zhuǎn)動,在后擋板9及頂部擋板3的貼合護送下將釀酒葡萄粒輸送至出料口4進入料箱。其中,后擋板、頂部擋板與柔性接料斗緊密貼合形成封閉空間,以防止葡萄粒在運輸過程中掉落。兩側(cè)的導軌底部向內(nèi)側(cè)平行收縮,兩側(cè)雙鉸接鏈上的柔性接料斗在安裝時預設一定擠壓力,且相互交錯,形成一密閉底部,確保收集輸送機構工作時的可靠性。
為保證收集輸送機構不刮傷葡萄植株且不被損傷,雙鉸接鏈的線速度同整機行走速度大小相等,方向相反,因此其速度調(diào)整范圍設為1~3 km/h,驅(qū)動裝置主動輪轉(zhuǎn)速設為40~120 r/min。若以每公頃產(chǎn)量為13 500 kg,釀酒葡萄種植行距為3 m為例進行計算可求得每行葡萄內(nèi)每米約有葡萄4 kg,于是為確保分離后的釀酒葡萄顆粒都能夠被收集且輸送到料箱,將底部接料斗容納空間提高20%(防止其他雜質(zhì)占用空間),得到收集輸送機構主要結構參數(shù):底部接料斗區(qū)域?qū)?00 mm,前后長1 200 mm,每個料斗容積為0.08 m3。
2.3 自走式液壓底盤設計
自走式液壓底盤在該釀酒葡萄收獲機的作業(yè)過程中主要承擔為整機的工作及行走提供動力并調(diào)整整機作業(yè)參數(shù),以滿足不同收獲環(huán)境需求。
自走式液壓底盤結構主要由升降機構1、底盤機架2、發(fā)動機3、轉(zhuǎn)向機構4及駕駛室5等組成(如圖6所示)。為適應整機騎跨式作業(yè),底盤機架采用龍門式框架結構,駕駛室布置在機架左前方,發(fā)動機及液壓泵布置在機架右前方。自走式液壓底盤采用四輪驅(qū)動及前輪轉(zhuǎn)向的行走控制方式,以防止行走輪在地間凹陷,提高了整機的通過性。為適應不同作業(yè)環(huán)境收獲需要,該底盤四輪均采用折疊式升降機構,工作時,根據(jù)葡萄串在垂直方向上的分布,通過升降機構可調(diào)整整機高度以達到較佳作業(yè)狀態(tài),在道路行駛時,升降機構又可降低整機重心,保證整機行走的穩(wěn)定性。
圖6 自走式液壓底盤結構Fig.6 Structure of self-propelled hydraulic chassis
收獲機體積龐大,為實現(xiàn)精準的傳動效果,適應復雜的作業(yè)環(huán)境,本機采用液壓傳動進行整機的驅(qū)動與控制。該液壓系統(tǒng)由振動馬達回路 1、輸送及風機馬達回路2、卸料油缸控制回路 3、車身調(diào)整回路 4、以及全液壓行走回路5等組成(如圖7所示),其中全液壓行走回路采用閉式回路,其他4個部分采用開式回路,各回路的油泵動力均來自于發(fā)動機。節(jié)流閥安裝在進油油路中,可起到節(jié)流調(diào)速的作用,使運動部件動作平穩(wěn),有利于提高執(zhí)行元件的工作穩(wěn)定性。
圖7 液壓原理圖Fig.7 H ydraulic principle diagram
4.1 試驗條件
4PZ-1型自走式釀酒葡萄收獲機由石河子開發(fā)區(qū)石大銳拓機械裝備有限公司生產(chǎn),樣機配套發(fā)動機功率為70 kW、外形尺寸為5 700 mm×4 100 mm×5 150 mm(長×寬×高)。該樣機于2015年在新疆生產(chǎn)建設兵團第八師144團葡萄機械化關鍵技術試驗示范園進行了田間試驗(如圖8所示),參照《農(nóng)業(yè)機械試驗條件測定方法的一般規(guī)定》[27],對收獲期赤霞珠品種釀酒葡萄的田間狀況進行調(diào)查,得到收獲機田間試驗條件如表2所示。
4.2 試驗方法
根據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)部行業(yè)標準《葡萄栽培和葡萄酒釀制設備葡萄收獲機試驗方法》[28]對收獲機現(xiàn)場作業(yè)性能進行測試,主要選取收獲機的生產(chǎn)率、平均果實采凈率、平均果實破損率3個性能指標進行測試,同時考察整機各部件工作性能。
圖8 樣機田間試驗Fig.8 Prototy pe field experiment
表2 4PZ-1型自走式釀酒葡萄收獲機試驗條件Table 2 4PZ-1 self-propelled wine grape harvester test condition
4.3 試驗結果與分析
由田間試驗結果可知,該釀酒葡萄收獲機可完成對新疆釀酒葡萄的收獲作業(yè),且在地形平坦,釀酒葡萄含糖量達到18%的情況下,自走式釀酒葡萄收獲機以2 km/h的速度進行作業(yè)時可獲得較佳收獲效果。與國外部分釀酒葡萄收獲機[20,29-30]相關作業(yè)性能指標對比分析可知(如表3所示),該機平均生產(chǎn)率為0.6 hm2/h,平均果實采凈率為93.8%,平均果實破損率為9.3%,已基本達到國外釀酒葡萄機采水平,但平均果實破損率略高,其主要原因為國內(nèi)外作業(yè)環(huán)境條件相差較大,國外葡萄果實掛果較為集中,振動部件可通過振動葡萄主干以避免直接擊打葡萄果實而造成果實破損,而新疆釀酒葡萄果實分布較散,若想實現(xiàn)采收,振動肋條不可避免地要與葡萄果實發(fā)生接觸[31],故破損率較高。但通過對葡萄酒廠調(diào)研可知,葡萄粒破損后若能在8~10 h內(nèi)進行加工,對葡萄酒品質(zhì)影響不大。
表3 釀酒葡萄收獲機主要性能指標對比Table 3 Main performance index contrast of wine grape harvesters
該機在田間作業(yè)時主要存在問題如下:1)該機清選除雜過程主要由風機完成,含雜率較高,后期預在收獲機清選除雜方面展開研究,研發(fā)適用于該釀酒葡萄收獲機的清選除雜裝置,以降低葡萄果實含雜率,提高整機收獲質(zhì)量;整機作業(yè)性能穩(wěn)定性與可靠性尚待進一步提高;2)葡萄行地頭回旋半徑過小,收獲機作業(yè)時轉(zhuǎn)彎掉頭困難,影響整機工作效率;葡萄行水泥立柱外形尺寸過大,易傾斜,抗震性差,易對收獲機振搖分離機構肋條造成磨損,并且不利于整機通過,影響收獲機的作業(yè)流暢性。
本文研制了一種自走式釀酒葡萄收獲機,可一次性實現(xiàn)對釀酒葡萄的分離、輸送、除雜及集果等功能,減少了作業(yè)成本,降低了勞動強度。
該機振搖分離機構通過末端驅(qū)動肋條組件的方式實現(xiàn)肋條組件一種大振幅、小無序振動的振搖效果,可滿足新疆釀酒葡萄機械化采收要求;該機收集輸送機構采用導軌支撐的雙鉸接鏈輸送形式,“回”形圓弧導軌縮短了輸送路線,兩側(cè)接料斗采用柔性材料并緊密嚙合避免了整機作業(yè)過程中傷樹及漏果問題;該機自走式液壓底盤采用四輪驅(qū)動及前輪轉(zhuǎn)向的行走控制方式,四輪均采用折疊式升降機構,提高了整機的通過性及靈活性。
經(jīng)田間試驗驗證表明,該機以2 km/h的速度進行作業(yè)時可獲得較佳收獲效果,該速度下平均生產(chǎn)率為0.6 hm2/h,平均果實采凈率為93.8%,平均果實破損率為9.3%,已基本達到國外釀酒葡萄機采水平。
該機田間作業(yè)性能可靠性與穩(wěn)定性以及清選除雜設備有待改進優(yōu)化;部分葡萄栽培農(nóng)藝并不利于收獲機作業(yè),后期應改進與規(guī)范,以使農(nóng)藝更好地服務農(nóng)機。
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Development and test of 4PZ-1 self-propelled wine grape harvester
Yang Lantao1,Wang Lihong1※,Kan Za1,Li Chengsong1,Yuan Panpan2,Wang Zhe1
(1. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Shihezi University,Shihezi 832003,China;2. College of Mechanical Engineering and Traffic,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi 830052,China)
A t prese nt,t he w ine gra pe harvest in X injiang t otally de pends on la bor,w hich serio usly res tricts th e development of the wine grape industry,and therefore,its harvesting mechanization has become an inexorable tendency. In addition,the wine grapevines in Xinjiang need to be buried to resist the cold in winter,its tree style is multiple-trunk fan-shaped while the style of foreign wine grape tree is trunk-shaped primarily,and there are large differences in fruit distribution and vibration transmission attenuation between them. Thus,the foreign wine grape harvesting machine can’t be directly applied to the harvest of wine grape in Xinjiang. To solve these problems,a self-propelled grape harvester was designed and manufactured. The harvester operates with one line at a time,and ca n complete many jobs such as separation,conveying,cleaning and collection of wine grape at one time. It is mainly composed of shaking separation mechanism,collecting and conveying mechanism and self-propelled hydraulic chassis,and all parts of the harvester are powered hydraulically. In order to get better harvesting effect,the way driving the end of the rib com ponents in the shaking separation mechanism is used to achieve one kind of shaking effect with large am plitude and little disorder,which can overcome the is sue that wine grapevines in Xinjiang have the fast vibration energy attenuation and low transfer effic iency. C ombining the ki nematic an d dynamic analysi s for the shaking se paration m echanism’s key components and preliminary experimental study of the shaking separation test apparatus on the wine grape harvesting,the optimal workin g c ombination p arameters of th e sha king se paration were determined. When the c ollecting a nd conveying mechanism works,2 rows of symmetrical guide-supported double hinge chains are driven to do rotary motion and take both sides of the hoppers to collect and convey the grape fruits to the bins. The hoppers on the double hinge chains are made of flexible material and tightly meshed with each other in order to avoid damage to the vines and fruit leakage respectively. The main structural parameters of t he collecting and conveying mechanism were dete rmined as follows:the l ength and width of t he hopper bottom area were 1 200 and 800 mm respectively,and e ach receiving hopper’s volume was 0.08 m3. The main function of the self-propelled hydraulic chassis is providing power for th e harvester and adjusting the harvester’s operating parameters. The driving four wheels and steering front-wheel are used in the self-propelled hydraulic chassis,and its four wheels utilize the folding lift mechanism;in this way,the harvester’s flexibility and adaptability in the field are improved. Finally,the harvester’s field performance was teste d. The test results showed that when t he terrain was flat and the grape sugar content reached 18%,the harvester achieved the best harvesting effect at the 2 km/h working speed. At this speed,the averag e productivity was 0.6 hm2/h,the fruit average recovery rate reached 93.8% and the fruit average broken rate was l ess than 9.3%. The average productivity and fruit average recovery rate of this harvester have approached the level of foreign wine grape harvester basically,but the fruit average broken rate is relatively high. This is because the fruit distribution of Xinjiang wine grape is scattered,which increases the odds that the vibration ribs touch the grapes. However,the harvester gives the relatively poor harvest stability and reliability,and displays the high impurity rate;and this test also finds that some viticulture agronomy is not conducive to the mechanized harvesting for wine grape. The later work is mainly to improve and optimize the whole harvester structure to enha nce the harvester’s performance and harvest quality. This research provides a r eference for promoting the localization process of wine grape harvest machine in China.
agricultural machinery;design;crops;harvester;shaking separation;wine grape;construction
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.005
S225.99
A
1002-6819(2017)-01-0038-07
楊蘭濤,王麗紅,坎 雜,李成松,袁盼盼,王 哲. 4PZ-1型自走式釀酒葡萄收獲機的研制與試驗[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學報,2017,33(1):38-44.
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.005 http://www.tcsae.org
Yang Lantao,Wang Lihong,Kan Za,Li Chengsong,Yuan Panpan,Wang Zhe. Development and test of 4PZ-1 self-propelled wine grape harvester[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(1):38-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.01.005 http://www.tcsae.org
2016-09-19
2016-11-22
國家自然科學基金資助項目(51465051);新疆生產(chǎn)建設兵團工業(yè)科技攻關計劃項目(2013BA009)
楊蘭濤,男,甘肅武威人,研究方向為現(xiàn)代機械設計研究。石河子石河子大學機械電氣工程學院,832003。Email:ylt_shz@163.com
※通信作者:王麗紅,女,河北邯鄲人,教授,主要研究方向為農(nóng)業(yè)機械裝備工程。石河子石河子大學機械電氣工程學院,832003。Email:wlh_shz@163.com