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外周血相關(guān)參數(shù)對肝癌預(yù)后評估價值的研究進(jìn)展

2017-01-20 16:09左宏平周瑜盧震輝
關(guān)鍵詞:外周血生存率淋巴細(xì)胞

左宏平周瑜盧震輝

外周血相關(guān)參數(shù)對肝癌預(yù)后評估價值的研究進(jìn)展

左宏平1周瑜2盧震輝3

肝癌的發(fā)病率位居我國惡性腫瘤的第3位,居腫瘤死亡原因的第4位。研究顯示炎癥促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞肝癌的惡性生物學(xué)行為,并且和患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些與患者預(yù)后相關(guān)的參數(shù),如中性粒細(xì)胞(N)、淋巴細(xì)胞(L)、血小板(PLT)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、紅細(xì)胞分布寬度(RDW)、中性粒細(xì)胞/淋巴細(xì)胞(NLR)、血小板/淋巴細(xì)胞(PLR)、C反應(yīng)蛋白/白蛋白(CRP/Alb)。研究顯示N的浸潤與肝癌患者預(yù)后較差相關(guān)。CD4+CD25+FoxP3+調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞數(shù)量增加可能導(dǎo)致肝癌患者生存時間減少。PLT與肝癌的發(fā)展、生長、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是相關(guān)的。CRP的升高與肝癌患者預(yù)后不良相關(guān)。RDW升高的患者生存率明顯較差。NLR升高與肝癌術(shù)后的復(fù)發(fā)和預(yù)后有明顯的相關(guān)性。升高的PLR與肝癌患者的生存率相關(guān)。CRP/Alb可能是肝癌患者獨(dú)立的預(yù)后指標(biāo)。上述指標(biāo)目前缺乏統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),具體機(jī)制尚不清楚。文章對外周血相關(guān)參數(shù)對肝癌預(yù)后評估價值的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述。

肝癌;外周血相關(guān)參數(shù);預(yù)后

原發(fā)性肝癌是我國常見的惡性腫瘤之一[1]。目前肝癌的治療是以外科手術(shù)為主的綜合治療,肝癌的治療已經(jīng)取得明顯地進(jìn)步,但其預(yù)后仍然很差,術(shù)后高復(fù)發(fā)率是造成死亡的主要原因[2]。如何能更早、更精確的發(fā)現(xiàn)肝癌術(shù)后的復(fù)發(fā),是目前研究的重要問題。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)炎癥與肝癌患者的預(yù)后相關(guān)[3]。最近有關(guān)研究顯示外周血N、L、PLT、CRP、RDW、NLR、PLR、CRP/Alb等參數(shù)與肝癌患者預(yù)后相關(guān),但有些指標(biāo)仍存在爭議,具體機(jī)制不明確。目前臨床常用的評估肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的方法有CT、MRI、DSA、B超、AFP等,這些指標(biāo)有些費(fèi)用較高、有些創(chuàng)傷較大、有些存在假陰性的缺點(diǎn)。與上述檢查檢驗(yàn)相比,外周血相關(guān)參數(shù)具有更低廉、更簡便的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。本文就外周血相關(guān)參數(shù)對肝癌預(yù)后評估價值的研究進(jìn)展作一綜述,為今后評估肝癌預(yù)后提供新方法和新思路。

1 中性粒細(xì)胞(N)

N通過肝細(xì)胞生長因子可以增強(qiáng)人類肝癌的侵犯能力,與肝癌患者預(yù)后較差相關(guān)[4]。可能的機(jī)制是:(1)N來源的氧自由基,如:髓過氧化物酶形成的次氯酸分子已經(jīng)被證明與基因突變和DNA損傷有關(guān)[5];另外,次氯酸分子也可以刺激一些蛋白酶,如:基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-2、7、8、9,而且可以使金屬蛋白酶-1抑制物失活,增強(qiáng)基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶-9的活性有利于癌細(xì)胞的擴(kuò)散[6]。(2)Kusaba等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肝硬化患者的N壽命通過加速離體凋亡變得更短暫[7]。

2 淋巴細(xì)胞(L)

循環(huán)CD4+CD25+FoxP3調(diào)節(jié)性T淋巴細(xì)胞明顯增加和肝癌患者疾病進(jìn)展是相關(guān)的,其數(shù)量增加可能導(dǎo)致CD8+T細(xì)胞功能紊亂和肝癌患者生存時間減少[8],其機(jī)制可能是:調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞相關(guān)的分子在腫瘤浸潤和無腫瘤浸潤的淋巴細(xì)胞中表達(dá)不同,這顯示出腫瘤微環(huán)境可能增強(qiáng)FoxP3在CD4+CD25-和CD4+CD25+T細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)。最近在鼠荷瘤模型中的一項(xiàng)研究顯示CD4+CD25-T細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)變是獲得CD4+CD25+Fo-xP3+調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞的主要機(jī)制[9]。

3 血小板(PLT)

研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PLT與原發(fā)性肝細(xì)胞肝癌的發(fā)展、生長、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是相關(guān)的,其發(fā)生機(jī)制是:(1)腫瘤可以導(dǎo)致凝血物質(zhì)和PLT活化的改變,PLT能夠產(chǎn)生一些促進(jìn)腫瘤生長的因子,促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長與轉(zhuǎn)移[10];(2)PLT通過形成集群樣的腫瘤細(xì)胞,提高腫瘤細(xì)胞的生存率,從而在脈管系統(tǒng)中形成癌栓[10-11]。

4 C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)

CRP升高的水平與肝癌患者預(yù)后不良相關(guān)[12],其發(fā)生機(jī)制可能為:(1)共存的炎癥可能增加白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù),隨后增加促炎性細(xì)胞因子的釋放使CRP升高;(2)腫瘤宿主細(xì)胞與腫瘤壞死因子或局部組織損傷相互作用產(chǎn)生促炎性細(xì)胞因子,腫瘤的炎性因子可能促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長,因此可能進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)[13]。

5 紅細(xì)胞分布寬度(RDW)

術(shù)前RDW升高(>14.5%)的患者比RDW減低(≤14.5%)的患者生存率明顯較差。多因素分析顯示:RDW升高、TNM分期、腫瘤大小、腫瘤數(shù)量和血管侵犯是肝癌患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險因素[14]。其發(fā)生機(jī)制可能是:(1)RDW升高被認(rèn)為可以反映炎癥程度,影響癌癥患者的生存[15];(2)RDW升高與鐵代謝、抑制對促紅細(xì)胞生成素的反應(yīng)有關(guān),而且通過產(chǎn)生炎性反應(yīng)物減少紅細(xì)胞的壽命[16]。

6 中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞的比值(NLR)

升高的NLR已經(jīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)在肝癌患者接受肝移植術(shù)后[17]、根治性肝切除術(shù)后[18]等治療后的復(fù)發(fā)和預(yù)后有明顯的相關(guān)性。其可能的機(jī)制是:NLR的升高是由于巨噬細(xì)胞滲透進(jìn)入腫瘤細(xì)胞,而且腫瘤細(xì)胞的增加與巨噬細(xì)胞的活動有關(guān),這可以導(dǎo)致中性粒細(xì)胞增加和/或淋巴細(xì)胞減少。而且中性粒細(xì)胞的數(shù)量與腫瘤細(xì)胞黏附到肝血竇以及腫瘤細(xì)胞運(yùn)動能力是相關(guān)的,這可能跟腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移有關(guān)。淋巴細(xì)胞減少可以導(dǎo)致特異性腫瘤T細(xì)胞減少,這使得機(jī)體抗腫瘤免疫變得脆弱[17]。關(guān)于NLR預(yù)測肝癌術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)有很多爭議,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)肝切除術(shù)后肝癌患者的術(shù)前NLR與總體生存率(OS)和無復(fù)發(fā)生存率(RFS)沒有明顯的聯(lián)系,反對NLR作為決定治療的指標(biāo)[19]。并且關(guān)于NLR的截斷值是有爭議的,Mano Y等日本人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)能夠預(yù)測肝癌患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的NLR截斷值是2.81[19],而我國Liu Yue等研究顯示NLR截斷值是2.75[20]。

7 血小板與淋巴細(xì)胞比值(PLR)

研究顯示,升高的PLR與肝癌患者的總體生存率、無病生存率、無復(fù)發(fā)生存率相關(guān)[21],其可能的機(jī)制是:(1)血小板能夠促進(jìn)腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移,激活的血小板通過內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞,能夠阻止腫瘤細(xì)胞被免疫系統(tǒng)的清除[22];(2)血小板分泌的生長因子包括:腫瘤生長因子-β、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子和血小板反應(yīng)蛋白-1,這些生長因子可以刺激腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖和黏附于其他細(xì)胞,導(dǎo)致腫瘤生長和轉(zhuǎn)移[23]。PLR與NLR相似也有很多爭議,Liu Yue等研究結(jié)果顯示PLR不能作為評估肝癌患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的指標(biāo)[20],今后仍需要進(jìn)一步研究。

8 C反應(yīng)蛋白/白蛋白比值(CRP/Alb)

在肝癌患者中CRP/Alb比值可能是一個獨(dú)立的預(yù)后指標(biāo),CRP/Alb比值升高(≥0.037)與腫瘤進(jìn)展和肝臟儲備功能減低是相關(guān)的[24]。其可能機(jī)制為:系統(tǒng)性炎癥反應(yīng)會導(dǎo)致CRP升高,并且伴隨體質(zhì)量減輕和脂肪組織丟失,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致癌癥患者全身狀況變差和死亡率增加[25]。由于肝癌患者潛在共存疾病和有可能損害的營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)有助于肝硬化的發(fā)生。損害肝臟儲備功能使得肝癌患者的肝硬化加重,比起以前肝臟合成CRP和Alb都正常的患者,在這些患者中CRP和Alb將會變得更低。

綜上所述,外周血相關(guān)參數(shù)存在一些缺點(diǎn)。(1)相關(guān)參數(shù)有一定的爭議,沒有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn);(2)有些研究結(jié)果相反,得出截然不同的結(jié)論;(3)大多數(shù)研究是回顧性研究,存在一定的偏倚;(4)具體機(jī)制還不清楚。但同時也要看到PLT、NLR、PLR等相關(guān)參數(shù)在評估肝癌預(yù)后的價值。目前臨床上對肝癌患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的評估方法有:影像學(xué)、病理檢查、腫瘤標(biāo)志,上述所提及的外周血相關(guān)參數(shù)比傳統(tǒng)方法更簡便、更低廉。隨著研究的不斷深入,上述問題將會逐漸解決。因此,外周血相關(guān)參數(shù)對肝癌患者預(yù)后評估有很好地應(yīng)用前景,甚至還會對人體其他惡性腫瘤預(yù)后評估帶來益處。

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Research Progress of Peripheral Blood Relevant Parameters in the Evaluation of Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

ZUO Hongping1ZHOU Yu2LU Zhenhui31 Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia 750004, China; 2 Department of Surgery Laboratory, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia 750004, China; 3 Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan Ningxia 750004, China

The morbidity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is in the third, the leading causes of death is in the fourth in China. Recently, it is indicated that inflammation can facilitate maligant biological behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma and associated with the prognosis of patients with HCC. It has been found that associated with the prognosis of patients for clinical commom parameters. Such as, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet, C-reactive protein(CRP),red blood cell distribution width(RDW), neutrophil/lymphocyte ration(NLR), platelet/ lymphocyte ration(PLR), CRP/albumin ration. Neutrophilic infiltration is associated with worse prognosis of HCC patients. It is found that increased numbers of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+Treg may bring about poor survival of HCC patients. Platelet is associated with development, growth, invasion and metastasis of HCC. Elevated level of serum CRP is associated with poor prognosis of patients with HCC. The patients with preoperative high RDW was poor survival. High NLR has been found that siginificantly associated with recurrence and prognosis of patients with HCC after curative resection. Elevated PLR is associated with overall survival overall survival, disease-free survivaland recurrence-free survival of patients with HCC. CRP/albumin ration is an independent prognostic indicator of patients with HCC. Mentioned indicators above are lack of uniform standard. Specific mechanism is unclear. Here we review the research progress in the prognostic function of the peripheral blood relevant parameters in HCC.

hepatocellular carcinoma; peripheral blood relevant parameters; prognosis

R575

A

1674-9316(2017)19-0078-03

10.3969/j.issn.1674-9316.2017.19.039

寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)優(yōu)勢學(xué)科群建設(shè)科研項(xiàng)目(XY201508)

1 寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,寧夏 銀川 750004;2 寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院外科學(xué)研究室,寧夏 銀川 750004;3 寧夏醫(yī)科大學(xué)總醫(yī)院肝膽外科,寧夏 銀川 750004

盧震輝

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