曹洋輝 王 鵬
河南省南陽(yáng)市第二人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)鏡科1(473012) 麻醉科2
·短篇論著·
注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查對(duì)老年患者腹痛和炎癥反應(yīng)的影響
曹洋輝1*王 鵬2#
河南省南陽(yáng)市第二人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)鏡科1(473012) 麻醉科2
背景:老年患者行結(jié)腸鏡檢査的難度相對(duì)較大,檢查過程中腹痛和組織損傷的發(fā)生率增加。目的:探討注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查對(duì)老年患者腹痛和炎癥反應(yīng)的影響。方法:納入2014年1月—2016年6月在南陽(yáng)市第二人民醫(yī)院擇期接受結(jié)腸鏡檢查的老年患者40例,隨機(jī)分入注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查組(注水組)和常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡檢查組(注氣組)。記錄兩組進(jìn)鏡、退鏡時(shí)間,以視覺模擬評(píng)分法(VAS)評(píng)估腹痛程度,以ELISA法檢測(cè)檢查前后血清炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平。結(jié)果:注水組檢查過程中的腹痛VAS評(píng)分顯著低于注氣組(P<0.05),兩組間進(jìn)鏡、退鏡時(shí)間則無明顯差異(P>0.05)。檢查前,兩組間各血清炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);檢查結(jié)束即刻以及檢查后6 h和24 h,注氣組血清TNF-α、IL-6、CRP水平均顯著高于檢查前(P<0.05),且高于同時(shí)間點(diǎn)注水組(P<0.05)。注水組炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)的恢復(fù)快于注氣組。結(jié)論:注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查可減輕老年患者檢查過程中的腹痛感受,同時(shí)有效抑制機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)。
結(jié)腸鏡檢查; 注水; 老年人; 腹痛; 炎癥
結(jié)腸鏡檢查是臨床診療消化系統(tǒng)疾病的重要手段,然而老年患者行結(jié)腸鏡檢査的難度相對(duì)較大,檢查過程中腹痛和組織損傷的發(fā)生率增加。有研究[1-2]顯示,老年患者是結(jié)腸鏡檢查盲腸插管困難、檢查不完全和檢查中腹痛的危險(xiǎn)因素。近年來,注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查在老年患者中逐漸推廣應(yīng)用,使結(jié)腸完全檢查率有了很大的提高,但該方法對(duì)老年患者機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)的影響鮮有報(bào)道。本研究通過與常規(guī)注氣結(jié)腸鏡檢查進(jìn)行比較,探討注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查對(duì)老年患者腹痛和炎癥反應(yīng)的影響,以期為該技術(shù)在臨床實(shí)踐中的應(yīng)用提供一定參考。
一、研究對(duì)象
納入2014年1月—2016年6月在南陽(yáng)市第二人民醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)鏡科擇期接受結(jié)腸鏡檢查的老年患者40例,其中男性23例,女性17例,年齡65~75歲,體質(zhì)量56~75 kg,麻醉分級(jí)ASAⅠ-Ⅱ(手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小或有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn))。按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將患者隨機(jī)分入注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查組(注水組)和常規(guī)結(jié)腸鏡檢查組(注氣組),每組20例。兩組間性別構(gòu)成、年齡、體質(zhì)量、病情嚴(yán)重程度等方面差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有腹部/盆腔手術(shù)史、炎癥性腸病史;近期急性下消化道出血;嚴(yán)重心血管和呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病。研究方案經(jīng)醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理學(xué)委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn),入選患者均簽署知情同意書。
二、結(jié)腸鏡檢查
1. 檢查方法:檢查前禁食8~12 h,常規(guī)方法行腸道準(zhǔn)備,患者均出現(xiàn)清水樣便。常規(guī)取左側(cè)臥位,操作前于患者肛門處和鏡身前端涂布鹽酸丁卡因膠漿,所有檢查均由同一名資深內(nèi)鏡醫(yī)師操作。注氣組采用常規(guī)注氣法行結(jié)腸鏡檢查。注水組進(jìn)鏡時(shí)關(guān)閉主機(jī)注氣泵,使用Olympus OFP內(nèi)鏡送水泵注入36 ℃溫水代替注氣擴(kuò)張腸管,確定腸腔方向,直至抵達(dá)回盲部,退鏡時(shí)仍采用注氣法。檢查中因腹痛難忍等原因改為無痛結(jié)腸鏡檢查者計(jì)為檢查不成功?;顧z以及小息肉切除等操作均于退鏡時(shí)完成。
2. 觀察指標(biāo):記錄兩組患者的進(jìn)鏡、退鏡時(shí)間,評(píng)估檢查過程中患者的腹痛程度。腹痛的評(píng)估采用視覺模擬評(píng)分法(visual analogue scale, VAS),0分為無痛,10分為難以忍受的最劇烈的疼痛,中間部分代表不同程度的疼痛,由患者根據(jù)自我感覺評(píng)分,由護(hù)士協(xié)助記錄。檢查過程中每3 min評(píng)估1次,取最高評(píng)分。
分別于檢查前(T0)、檢查結(jié)束即刻(T1)和檢查結(jié)束后6 h(T2)、24 h(T3)、72 h(T4)五個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)抽取患者靜脈血5 mL,離心、分離血清,-70 ℃保存,于1周內(nèi)使用ELISA試劑盒(北京萊博特利生物醫(yī)學(xué)科技有限公司)檢測(cè)炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、C反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)水平。
三、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
注水組和注氣組患者結(jié)腸鏡均成功到達(dá)末端回腸,無出血、穿孔等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,無患者改行無痛結(jié)腸鏡檢查。注水組檢查過程中的腹痛VAS評(píng)分顯著低于注氣組(P<0.05),兩組間進(jìn)鏡、退鏡時(shí)間則無明顯差異(P>0.05)(表1)。
檢查前,兩組間各血清炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);檢查結(jié)束即刻以及檢查后6 h和24 h,注氣組血清TNF-α、IL-6、CRP水平均顯著高于檢查前(P<0.05),且高于同時(shí)間點(diǎn)注水組(P<0.05)。注氣組和注水組血清炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)分別于檢查后72 h和24 h恢復(fù)至檢查前水平(P>0.05)(表2)。
表1 兩組患者進(jìn)鏡、退鏡時(shí)間和腹痛VAS評(píng)分比較±s)
*與注氣組比較,P<0.05
老年患者腸腔內(nèi)環(huán)境復(fù)雜,結(jié)腸相對(duì)較長(zhǎng),腹壁肌肉相對(duì)松弛,導(dǎo)致腸管游離,且常合并便秘,上述因素均可能增加結(jié)腸鏡檢査的難度以及患者的疼痛不適感[1-2]。近年來,無痛內(nèi)鏡的廣泛開展?jié)M足了舒適化醫(yī)療的要求,然而無痛內(nèi)鏡可能增加心肺并發(fā)癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[3],臨床實(shí)踐中一般不推薦70歲以上的老年人行無痛內(nèi)鏡檢查。注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查是指在結(jié)腸鏡檢查中以注入溫水代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)注氣方法進(jìn)行腸道擴(kuò)張,有利于結(jié)腸鏡順利通過乙狀結(jié)腸,減少或消除腸管成角或結(jié)袢的概率。注水一般選用36 ℃的溫水,此溫度接近人體溫度,可減輕腸管痙攣和患者的腹部不適[4-5]。國(guó)內(nèi)外大量臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查能有效減輕患者的腹痛不適[6-7],循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)亦支持以注入溫水代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)注氣方法行結(jié)腸鏡檢查,患者對(duì)疼痛的感知、對(duì)鎮(zhèn)靜和(或)鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的需求均減少,對(duì)結(jié)腸鏡檢查的接受程度提高,且不增加相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)[8]。本研究結(jié)果證實(shí)注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查可顯著降低老年患者的腹痛程度,且對(duì)進(jìn)鏡和退鏡時(shí)間無明顯影響。
表2 兩組患者不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)血清TNF-α、IL-6、CRP水平變化
a與同組T0比較,P<0.05;b與同時(shí)間點(diǎn)注水組比較,P<0.05
結(jié)腸鏡檢查為侵入性操作,檢查過程中不可避免對(duì)腸管的翻動(dòng)、摩擦甚至損傷。檢查引起的創(chuàng)傷、疼痛又可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體應(yīng)激反應(yīng),進(jìn)而不同程度地影響機(jī)體免疫功能,誘導(dǎo)IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α等炎癥介質(zhì)表達(dá)[9-10]。研究[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)患者接受結(jié)腸鏡檢查后1 d可有輕度發(fā)熱,提示檢查可能造成組織損傷并通過應(yīng)激引發(fā)全身炎癥反應(yīng)。老年患者常合并其他臟器疾病,故此種全身炎癥應(yīng)激狀態(tài)可能對(duì)其他器官系統(tǒng)造成不良影響。因此,降低老年患者結(jié)腸鏡檢查相關(guān)炎癥反應(yīng)成為一項(xiàng)重要的臨床課題。
目前關(guān)于注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查對(duì)機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)的影響鮮見報(bào)道。本研究通過檢測(cè)結(jié)腸鏡檢查前后血清炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)TNF-α、IL-6、CRP水平的變化,探討注氣結(jié)腸鏡檢查對(duì)老年患者機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)的影響。TNF-α是全身炎癥反應(yīng)中最早產(chǎn)生的細(xì)胞因子,可啟動(dòng)和觸發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),在炎癥介質(zhì)的釋放中起核心作用,能誘導(dǎo)其他多種促炎細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生[10,12]。IL-6是介導(dǎo)應(yīng)激病理生理過程最重要的炎癥介質(zhì),在組織損傷后恒定升高,檢測(cè)血清IL-6水平有助于判斷組織損傷和應(yīng)激程度[9-10,12]。CRP主要是由IL-6刺激肝細(xì)胞所產(chǎn)生,是評(píng)價(jià)術(shù)后急性期反應(yīng)狀態(tài)和全身炎癥反應(yīng)的重要指標(biāo)[9,12]。本研究中注氣組結(jié)腸鏡檢查后即刻以及檢查后6 h、24 h的血清TNF-α、IL-6、CRP水平均較檢查前顯著增高,且高于同時(shí)間點(diǎn)注水組,檢查后72 h方恢復(fù)至正常水平,而注水組上述炎癥反應(yīng)指標(biāo)在檢查后24 h即已恢復(fù)至正常水平,表明注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查引起的組織損傷和應(yīng)激相關(guān)全身炎癥反應(yīng)輕于傳統(tǒng)注氣結(jié)腸鏡檢查,檢查后炎癥反應(yīng)的消退亦更為迅速。
綜上所述,注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查可減輕老年患者檢查過程中的腹痛感受,同時(shí)有效抑制機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng),推薦對(duì)老年患者行注水結(jié)腸鏡檢查。
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(2016-07-13收稿;2016-08-27修回)
Impact of Water Infusion Colonoscopy on Abdominal Pain and Inflammatory Response in Elderly Patients
CAOYanghui1,WANGPeng2.
1DepartmentofDigestiveEndoscopy,2DepartmentofAnesthesiology,NanyangSecondPeople’sHospital,Nanyang,HenanProvince(473012)
WANG Peng, Email: wp3076704@126.com
Colonoscopy; Water Infusion; Aged; Abdominal Pain; Inflammation
10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2017.01.009
*Email: 252434608@qq.com
#本文通信作者,Email: wp3076704@126.com
Background: Colonoscopy is difficult in elderly patients and is accompanied by more frequent abdominal pain and tissue injury. Aims: To investigate the impact of water infusion colonoscopy on abdominal pain and inflammatory response in elderly patients. Methods: Forty elderly patients requiring colonoscopy were enrolled from Jan. 2014 to Jun. 2016 at the Nanyang Second People’s Hospital and randomly allocated into two groups: colonoscopy with traditional air insufflation and colonoscopy with water infusion instead of air insufflation for cecal intubation. Times of cecal intubation and withdrawal were recorded; visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to assess the severity of abdominal pain; and serum levels of three inflammatory indices, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were determined by ELISA before and after the procedure. Results: VAS score at colonoscopy in water infusion group was significantly lower than that in air insufflation group (P<0.05), however, times of cecal intubation and withdrawal were not significantly different between the two groups (P>0.05). Before the procedure, serum levels of inflammatory indices were similar between air insufflation group and water infusion group (P>0.05); 0, 6 and 24 hours after the procedure, serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and CRP in air insufflation group were significantly increased (P<0.05) and higher than those in water infusion group at the same time points (P<0.05). These inflammatory indices were recovered more rapidly in water infusion group than in air insufflation group. Conclusions: For elderly patients, colonoscopy with water infusion might ameliorate abdominal pain and inhibit systemic inflammatory response effectively.