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用好“提綱導(dǎo)學(xué)法” 提升語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)效率
——以高考定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)習(xí)為例

2017-02-16 16:11新疆王向陽(yáng)常玉國(guó)特級(jí)教師
教學(xué)考試(高考英語(yǔ)) 2017年6期
關(guān)鍵詞:限制性先行介詞

新疆 王向陽(yáng) 常玉國(guó)(特級(jí)教師)

用好“提綱導(dǎo)學(xué)法” 提升語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)效率
——以高考定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)習(xí)為例

新疆 王向陽(yáng) 常玉國(guó)(特級(jí)教師)

進(jìn)入高三復(fù)習(xí)階段,常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣兩種情況:一是過于寬泛,漫無(wú)目的;二是紙上談兵,重炒冷飯。如何解決這個(gè)問題呢?從我們多年的備考經(jīng)歷和實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)看,“提綱導(dǎo)學(xué)法”是個(gè)很好的選擇。

“提綱導(dǎo)學(xué)法”就是教師針對(duì)所學(xué)內(nèi)容,根據(jù)相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),仔細(xì)研究高考考查特點(diǎn),特意編制出來(lái)的一組學(xué)習(xí)提綱;學(xué)習(xí)者通過具體內(nèi)容的學(xué)習(xí),以及相關(guān)題目的練習(xí),比較完整、清晰地解決提綱問題的一種學(xué)習(xí)方式。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于,一是避免了大水漫灌式的復(fù)習(xí)方式,實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)滴灌,既節(jié)約時(shí)間成本,又提升學(xué)習(xí)效率;二是體現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)者的個(gè)體差異,對(duì)于明確掌握的和似是而非的知識(shí)點(diǎn)做以不同處理,提升復(fù)習(xí)效率。

一、提綱導(dǎo)學(xué)法操作模式

(一)提綱編制,精確制導(dǎo)

提綱的編制過程應(yīng)該具有“提綱挈領(lǐng)”之功效,整個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)效果的好壞都取決于提綱的編制質(zhì)量。所以,在編制提綱前要認(rèn)真研究“考綱”以及近年高考考題,指向一定要精確,努力做到“四點(diǎn)”:抓考點(diǎn)、搜熱點(diǎn)、析難點(diǎn)、指盲點(diǎn)。

(二)例題選取,精心編導(dǎo)

例題的選取,可以考慮四個(gè)方面的素材:一是近年高考原題,二是課文原句摘錄,三是英語(yǔ)原文原句,四是詞典釋詞例句。所有這一切都應(yīng)該與提綱編制相關(guān),為后面兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)服務(wù)。

(三)知識(shí)遷移,精妙誘導(dǎo)

“教材只不過是個(gè)例子。教,是為了不教。”這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的主要目的就是讓學(xué)習(xí)者能夠通過前面方法的應(yīng)用,對(duì)于未曾直接提到的相關(guān)知識(shí)能夠產(chǎn)生積極的思維過程,進(jìn)而比較準(zhǔn)確地解決出現(xiàn)的“新”問題。

(四)能力形成,精準(zhǔn)指導(dǎo)

雖然能力的形成不是一朝一夕的工夫,但是一定時(shí)期的有效訓(xùn)練一定能讓學(xué)習(xí)者比較快速地形成適合自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法,逐漸構(gòu)建起學(xué)習(xí)模式。

二、二輪復(fù)習(xí)環(huán)節(jié)定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)習(xí)示例

(一)定語(yǔ)從句復(fù)習(xí)提綱

1. 需要明確的幾個(gè)概念

定語(yǔ)從句、限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;先行詞和引導(dǎo)詞。

2. 定語(yǔ)從句中常見引導(dǎo)詞及相關(guān)問題

(1)定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞選擇的依據(jù);

(2)引導(dǎo)詞前加介詞時(shí)介詞選擇的依據(jù)。

3. 幾個(gè)熱點(diǎn)引導(dǎo)詞的用法要領(lǐng)

(1)只能用that和不能用that的情形;

(2)whose的用法;

(3)as的用法;

(4)which的特殊用法。

4. 定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致問題

(1)引導(dǎo)詞是who,which,that時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)?

(2)先行詞是one of...或the only one of時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的差異。

5. 兩個(gè)“冷問題”

(1)表示“地點(diǎn)”的先行詞后一定要用where嗎?

(2)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞何時(shí)用what?(答案:只有在用錯(cuò)了的時(shí)候!所以,這個(gè)點(diǎn)常常在短文改錯(cuò)中考查。)

(二)研讀下面例句,并用你掌握的、簡(jiǎn)潔的“語(yǔ)法知識(shí)”來(lái)解讀相關(guān)問題

1. 在以下空格中填入一個(gè)單詞,以保證句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整、意義通順。

(1)The number of people ________ were killed or seriously injured reached more than 400 000.(人教必修一Unit 4)

(2)He was generous with his time, _______ which I was grateful. (人教必修一Unit 5)

(3)It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, ______ took the country’s best artists about ten years to make.(人教必修二Unit 1)

(4)I have always longed for the time _____ I should be able to be independent. (現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)用法詞典· 張道真)

(5)Give me one good reason ______ I should help you.(現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)用法詞典· 張道真)

(6)The little problems _______ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions. (2017 · 北京卷改編)

(7)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius,_______ lived from roughly 551 to 479 BC,influenced the development of chopsticks.(2016 · 全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,語(yǔ)法填空)

(8)I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.(2016 · 北京卷改編)

(9)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ______ has been proved.(2016 · 浙江卷改編)

(10)The number of smokers, _____ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.(2015 · 江蘇卷改編)

【參考答案和解析】

(1)who/that。先行詞為 people,定語(yǔ)從句中缺主語(yǔ)。

(2)for。定語(yǔ)從句中介詞和關(guān)系代詞的搭配中,介詞的選擇是難點(diǎn)。此題由be grateful to sb. for sth. 可得出答案。

(3)which。先行詞為物,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句要用which來(lái)引導(dǎo)。

(4)when。先行詞為time,定語(yǔ)從句中缺時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

(5)why。先行詞為reason,定語(yǔ)從句中缺原因狀語(yǔ)(why=for which)。

(6)that/which。先行詞為problems,定語(yǔ)從句中缺賓語(yǔ)。

(7)who。先行詞Confucius 指人, 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中缺主語(yǔ)。

(8)whose。先行詞為a couple,定語(yǔ)從句中缺定語(yǔ)。

(9)which。在定語(yǔ)從句中,如果先行詞是人,介詞后面跟whom,如果先行詞是物,介詞后面跟which。

(10)as。as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置靈活,可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末。

2. 改正以下句子中的錯(cuò)誤,以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整、意義通順。

(1)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.(2017 · 全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,短文改錯(cuò))

(2)Around me in the/this picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments. (2017 · 全國(guó)卷Ⅲ,短文改錯(cuò))

(3)The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite.(2016 · 四川卷,短文改錯(cuò))

(4)I will never forget the day on that we went to buy guitars in a guitar store. (2017 · 嘉興測(cè)試)

(5)Everyone has periods in their lives that everything seems very hard. (2017 · 石家莊模擬)

(6)John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of who are family members. (2017 · 山東省實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)模擬)

(7)The book, of whose the cover is broken is of great help to all of us.(2016 · 九江高三一模)

【參考答案和解析】

(1)that改為which。先行詞是物,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句需要用which引導(dǎo),故將that改為which。

(2)they改為that/which。因?yàn)閠hey不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是things,所以把they改為that或者which。

(3)what改為that/which或去掉what。先行詞為The dishes,定語(yǔ)從句中缺賓語(yǔ),所以用關(guān)系代詞that/which引導(dǎo),關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)也可以省略。

(4)that改為which。定語(yǔ)從句中介詞的賓語(yǔ)指物用which, on which=when。

(5)that改為when。先行詞是periods,定語(yǔ)從句中缺時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

(6)who改為whom。先行詞是人,介詞后面要跟whom。

(7)whose改為which。定語(yǔ)從句中,whose +n.= of which the +n.或者 the +n. +of which。

(三)完成下面高考試題或經(jīng)典模擬試題,并簡(jiǎn)要解析

(1)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the heal.(2017 · 全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,語(yǔ)法填空)

(2)My eldest son, ______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.(2017 · 天津卷改編)

(3)Many young people, most of ________ were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.(2016 · 江蘇卷改編)

(4)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ______ the weather may be better.(2016 · 天津卷改編)

(5)He wrote many children’s books, nearly half of____were published in the 1990s.(2015 · 重慶卷改編)

(6)Tibet is such a place ________ all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.

(7)On an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm________we learnt to plant potatoes.

(8)After the death of her mother, the girl was sold to a rich man just in the neighboring area, from _____ house she tried to escape twice.

(9)The lady standing over there may be from the USA,_____ I guess has lost her way.

(10)The lazy boy is expecting a way in _____ he can get through the exams without hard work.

【參考答案和解析】

(1)which。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,逗號(hào)后面是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞是前面的整句話,定語(yǔ)從句中缺主語(yǔ)。

(2)whose。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中缺定語(yǔ)。

(3)whom。在定語(yǔ)從句中,如果先行詞是人,介詞后面跟whom,如果先行詞是物,介詞后面跟which。

(4)when。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,定語(yǔ)從句中缺時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。

(5)which。在定語(yǔ)從句中,如果先行詞是人,介詞后面跟whom,如果先行詞是物,介詞后面跟which。

(6)as。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是a place,其前有such修飾,應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)。

(7)where。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是a farm,定語(yǔ)從句中缺地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。

(8)whose。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,定語(yǔ)從句中缺定語(yǔ)。

(9)who。題中I guess是插入語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是 The lady,定語(yǔ)從句中缺主語(yǔ)。

(10)which。定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞為a way,但前面有介詞in,只能用關(guān)系代詞which。如果沒有in,就要填that。

(四)用所學(xué)定語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)完成下面句子

(1)在你來(lái)中國(guó)之前,我認(rèn)為你最好先簡(jiǎn)要地研究一下唐朝的歷史,這將有助于你更好地理解和欣賞唐詩(shī)。(2017 ·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ,書面表達(dá)范文)

Before you come to China, I think you’d better have a brief study about the history of the Tang Dynasty, ________will help you better understand the poems and enjoy them.

(2)收集材料花了我們整整一周的時(shí)間,在此期間,我們采訪了我們的老師,拍攝了學(xué)校生活的各個(gè)方面。(2017 · 北京卷,書面表達(dá)范文)

Material collecting took us a whole week, during _______we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life.

(3)我們學(xué)校攝影俱樂部將舉辦一個(gè)國(guó)際中學(xué)生攝影展。這個(gè)節(jié)目的主題是環(huán)保。它將從6月15日開始,持續(xù)三周。歡迎有興趣的同學(xué)參加。(2016 · 全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,書面表達(dá)范文)

Our school photography club is going to hold an International High School Student Photography Show. The theme of the show is environmental protection. It will start from June 15th and last three weeks. Any student _______ is interested is welcome to participate.

(4)對(duì)我們學(xué)生來(lái)說,每年暑假到來(lái)的時(shí)候,我們可以做我們?cè)谛F陂g不能做的事情,……(2016 · 四川卷,書面表達(dá)范文)

When summer vacation for us students comes every year,we can do all ______we can’t do during our school time, ...

(5)我們還將一起度過一段開心的時(shí)間:唱歌、跳舞和玩游戲,我們希望這能讓他們開心。(2015 · 全國(guó)卷Ⅱ,書面表達(dá)范文)

We’ll also spend some fun time together singing, dancing and playing games, ______ we hope will make them happy.

【參考答案和解析】

(1)which。先行詞是前面的整句話,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中缺主語(yǔ)。

(2)which。先行詞是前面的整句話,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中介詞后缺賓語(yǔ)。

(3)who/that。先行詞是人,定語(yǔ)從句中缺主語(yǔ)。

(4)that。先行詞被all,the only,形容詞最高級(jí)等修飾時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句用that。

(5)which。題中we hope是插入語(yǔ),先行詞是前面的整句話,定語(yǔ)從句中缺主語(yǔ)。

三、小結(jié)

我們深知學(xué)習(xí)效率在時(shí)間緊、任務(wù)重的二輪復(fù)習(xí)中有多重要,“提綱導(dǎo)學(xué)法”未必是最理想的語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)方法,但是,只要我們能認(rèn)真理解“提綱導(dǎo)學(xué)法”的精髓,在編制出行之有效的復(fù)習(xí)提綱的前提下,再配以多角度、全方位的、有針對(duì)性的例題和訓(xùn)練題,我們一定能在二輪語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)中提升復(fù)習(xí)效率,達(dá)到事半功倍的效果。

新疆哈密市第二中學(xué))

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