本刊記者 王孫
供給側(cè)改革:船機(jī)行業(yè)新動(dòng)力
本刊記者 王孫
金東寒
當(dāng)前,中國(guó)船用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)行業(yè)仍存在產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度不高、二輪配套供應(yīng)鏈不完善,總裝及配套企業(yè)自主創(chuàng)新能力不足等問題。
作為船舶的“心臟”,船用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與船舶制造業(yè)以及航運(yùn)業(yè)的發(fā)展息息相關(guān)。日前,在2016年上海航運(yùn)交易論壇上,中國(guó)工程院院士、中國(guó)內(nèi)燃機(jī)學(xué)會(huì)副理事長(zhǎng)、上海大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)金東寒對(duì)船用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)行業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展前景進(jìn)行了分析、展望。他認(rèn)為,未來船用柴油機(jī)的技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)將呈現(xiàn)五大特點(diǎn):高效率、低排放、高可靠性、采用電噴技術(shù)以及便于操作和維護(hù)。
當(dāng)前,船用柴油機(jī)的技術(shù)發(fā)展正面臨著重重挑戰(zhàn)。金東寒指出,航運(yùn)業(yè)現(xiàn)已成為有害氣體排放的重要源頭,其二氧化碳、氮氧化物、二氧化硫等有害氣體的排放量,已大大超過航空業(yè),接近于道路交通業(yè),被視為第二大污染源。由此,國(guó)際海事組織對(duì)有害物質(zhì)排放的要求日趨嚴(yán)格,自2011年開始執(zhí)行氮氧化物Tier II的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。與此同時(shí),船東對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的要求也越來越高,且與船廠要求的側(cè)重點(diǎn)有所不同。作為船東,通常更注重發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的可靠性,希望購(gòu)買有過使用經(jīng)歷的廠家的產(chǎn)品,技術(shù)要比較成熟,不能出現(xiàn)不可預(yù)見的停機(jī)或故障;而船廠則更關(guān)注采購(gòu)價(jià)格,不太關(guān)注油耗和維護(hù)成本,只要船東同意,采購(gòu)價(jià)格越低越好。
在油價(jià)方面,從本世紀(jì)初開始,國(guó)際油價(jià)持續(xù)上漲,7年翻了兩番;但自2011年以后,油價(jià)逐漸下降,2016年開始止跌回升。金東寒認(rèn)為,從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來看,油價(jià)不可能總是保持低位,市場(chǎng)畢竟有剛性需求,因?yàn)槿加褪菣C(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)力的主要能源,如中國(guó)進(jìn)口石油的60%都是由內(nèi)燃機(jī)所消耗掉。此外,原油開發(fā)的成本也在不斷增高,低油價(jià)應(yīng)該只是暫時(shí)的。
“節(jié)約能源”和“減少排放”是當(dāng)今全球航運(yùn)界兩大熱點(diǎn)話題,尤其是減排已成為推動(dòng)船用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展的第一驅(qū)動(dòng)力。金東寒認(rèn)為,船用柴油機(jī)將繼續(xù)呈現(xiàn)出結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊模塊化、操作簡(jiǎn)單智能化、高效節(jié)能低排放、安全可靠高壽命等發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。據(jù)他介紹,近年來,氮氧化物(NOx)的減排技術(shù)、高增壓技術(shù)、低NOx燃料技術(shù)、燃?xì)庠傺h(huán)技術(shù)等已經(jīng)逐漸得到應(yīng)用,如曼柴油機(jī)與透平公司推出的模塊化選擇性催化還原(SCR)系統(tǒng)已應(yīng)用于船舶上,截至2014年已使用7000多小時(shí)。此外,雙燃料低速機(jī)也是一個(gè)重要的發(fā)展方向。過去十年來,對(duì)于液化天然氣(LNG)燃料在船用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上的應(yīng)用已有廣泛研究,并在多種船型上進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)和示范。瓦錫蘭的雙燃料發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)已在60多艘船舶上使用,累計(jì)運(yùn)行150萬(wàn)小時(shí)。還有一種技術(shù),即能源綜合利用技術(shù),在船舶發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)各種負(fù)荷下,其回收的能量可使能效提高10%—15%。它主要是將主機(jī)廢熱收集起來再用于發(fā)電,或者用POI、POT等技術(shù)。
目前,中國(guó)已初步形成船用柴油機(jī)及其配套件的生產(chǎn)體系。據(jù)金東寒介紹,2013年以前,中國(guó)船用柴油機(jī)的產(chǎn)能以每年20%的速度迅猛增長(zhǎng),目前產(chǎn)量位居全球第二。2012年,全球中低速船用柴油機(jī)的產(chǎn)量約為5000萬(wàn)馬力,中國(guó)、日本、韓國(guó)、歐洲分別占29%、18%、48%和5%。在國(guó)際上,船用低速機(jī)的產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度非常高,排名前十位企業(yè)的產(chǎn)量占比超過90%,中日韓各占3家,中國(guó)企業(yè)的排名普遍靠后。
滬東重機(jī)研制的12MV390中速柴油機(jī)
對(duì)于中國(guó)船用柴油機(jī)制造企業(yè)面臨的問題,金東寒分析指出:首先,整機(jī)企業(yè)規(guī)模小而數(shù)量多,生產(chǎn)效率與日韓相比還有一定差距,產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度不高,規(guī)模效應(yīng)不明顯。其次,二輪配套供應(yīng)鏈不完善,配套廠專業(yè)化程度不高,規(guī)模偏小,同質(zhì)化競(jìng)爭(zhēng)現(xiàn)象較突出,管理水平不高,質(zhì)量不穩(wěn)定,零部件國(guó)產(chǎn)化率相對(duì)較低,尤其是一些高端零部件還未能實(shí)現(xiàn)本土化。再次,大多數(shù)船用柴油機(jī)制造及其配套企業(yè)缺乏研發(fā)能力,無(wú)法通過自主創(chuàng)新掌握關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和新技術(shù),甚至在工藝技術(shù)方面的創(chuàng)新成果也不多,造成只能通過拼價(jià)格來競(jìng)爭(zhēng),更沒有能力通過提供優(yōu)化的動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)解決方案為用戶提供增值服務(wù)來獲得競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。
金東寒表示,最近幾年,我國(guó)船用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)行業(yè)的供給側(cè)改革取得了一些成效。對(duì)于未來的發(fā)展,他建議,政府應(yīng)制定鼓勵(lì)政策,加快推進(jìn)船用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)高端零部件國(guó)產(chǎn)化,提高本土化水平和裝船率;鼓勵(lì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)行業(yè)內(nèi)進(jìn)行必要的整合,尤其是鼓勵(lì)按照混合所有制的改革方向進(jìn)行兼并重組,提高企業(yè)的活力和產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度;允許相關(guān)企業(yè)加強(qiáng)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵零部件進(jìn)行二次開發(fā),實(shí)現(xiàn)引進(jìn)技術(shù)消化吸收再創(chuàng)新。對(duì)于船用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)制造企業(yè)而言,要密切關(guān)注用戶的需求,繼續(xù)加大科研投入,積極開發(fā)自主品牌產(chǎn)品,加強(qiáng)全球服務(wù)網(wǎng)的建設(shè);重視節(jié)能減排技術(shù)的自主開發(fā),努力占據(jù)產(chǎn)業(yè)制高點(diǎn);整機(jī)企業(yè)還應(yīng)積極參與高性能、低能效的綠色船舶的設(shè)計(jì),打破國(guó)外的法規(guī)壁壘。
金東寒曾任中船重工七一一研究所所長(zhǎng),長(zhǎng)期致力于船用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)研制工作。如今,他雖已離開船舶行業(yè),但還任上海市船舶與海洋工程學(xué)會(huì)副理事長(zhǎng),對(duì)于船用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的發(fā)展仍是不忘初心。他認(rèn)為,我國(guó)自主研發(fā)的船舶配套產(chǎn)品在推廣使用方面還存在很大的阻力,中國(guó)目前生產(chǎn)的船用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)技術(shù)先進(jìn),產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也能夠保證,但還是有很多船東、船企選擇去日本、韓國(guó)訂購(gòu)主機(jī),不想當(dāng)“第一個(gè)吃螃蟹的人”,這不僅會(huì)使船配企業(yè)面臨很大的經(jīng)營(yíng)困難,也將嚴(yán)重打擊他們創(chuàng)新的積極性。在當(dāng)前的市場(chǎng)形勢(shì)下,國(guó)有航運(yùn)企業(yè)、船企也要承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的責(zé)任,優(yōu)先考慮使用國(guó)內(nèi)的配套產(chǎn)品。如果大家都有責(zé)任感,就能通過抱團(tuán)取暖,抵御危機(jī),實(shí)現(xiàn)共同發(fā)展?!?/p>
As the ship heart, development status of marine engines is closely bound up with development of the shipbuilding and shipping industries. Jin Donghan, academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, vice chairman of the Chinese Society for Internal Combustion Engine (CSICE) and president of Shanghai University, analyzed and looked forward into the status and perspective of the marine engines sector. In his opinion, future technical trends of marine engines will present five features: High efficiency, low emission, high reliability, applying electrical injection technology and facilitating operation and maintenance.
At present, China preliminarily built a marine engine and parts and components production system. According to Jin Donghan, before 2013, China marine engine capacity saw an annual 20% boom and current production ranks second on the globe. In 2012 global middle-low-speed marine engine production stood at about 50 million Horsepower, with China, Japan, Korea and Europe accounting for 29%, 18%, 48% and 5% respectively. International low-speed marine engine industry concentration is very high, Top 10 production exceeds 90%, China, Japan and Korea each amounts to three, and Chinese manufacturers are generally in the rear ranking.
About problems faced by Chinese marine engine manufacturers, Jin Donghan said first, complete machine manufacturers feature large number and small scale, productivity leaves some gap with Japanese and Korean counterparts, with moderate industrial concentration and scale effect. Second, second-round supply chain is incomplete, marine equipment manufacturers have moderate degree of specialization, scale is on the small side, with obvious homogeneous competition, low management level, unstable quality, relatively low localization of parts and components, especially non localization of some highend parts and components. Thirdly, most marine equipment manufacturers and supporters lack R&D capability, unable to grasp key technology and new technology through independent innovation, only a few innovation achievements in process technology. This results in price war, unable to provide value-added services for users to obtain competitiveness advantages by providing optimal power system solutions.
Jin Donghan said over recent years supply-side reform of the Chinese marine engine industry has achieved some results. Regarding future development, he suggested the government should formulate incentive policy to accelerate marine engine high-end parts localization and raise localization and on-board mounting rate; encourage necessary engine integration, particularly encourage M&G and regrouping in mixed ownership reform direction, and improve corporate viability and industrial concentration; allow secondary development of key parts by relevant manufacturers and realize technology introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation. Marine engine manufacturers should closely watch out user's need, go on with research input and active development of independent brand product and strengthen global service network construction; attach importance to independent development of energysaving and emission-reduction technology in a bid to take industrial commanding height. Complete machine manufacturers should also actively take part in design of highperformance and low energy efficiency green ships and break through overall legal barrier.
Supply-side reform: New power for marine engines
By Wang Sun