王偉濱
城,是文明建立的重要標(biāo)志,甚至被稱作人類大腦進(jìn)化的關(guān)鍵促成者;文學(xué)作品中,“城”自然也比比皆是。中文中的“城”,在英文中可化作不同東西,當(dāng)然最普通的是“city”,如狄更斯的小說《雙城記》——A Tale of Two Cities;而錢鐘書的《圍城》,變身英文,就成了FortressBesieged?!癋ortress”的意思是“要塞”,強(qiáng)調(diào)其軍事意義?!秶恰烽_篇引用法國(guó)諺語稱,“Marriage is a fortress besieged;those who are outside want to get in.and those who are inside want to get out.”(婚姻就像一座圍城,里面的人想出去,外面的人想進(jìn)來)這對(duì)峙雙方劍拔弩張之勢(shì),若換了“city”,便弱了許多?!癱ity”,普遍認(rèn)為,是在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)達(dá),農(nóng)產(chǎn)品剩余量足夠支撐起商業(yè)(trade)和一個(gè)相對(duì)龐大的人口時(shí)逐漸形成的。一般說來,city里發(fā)生的事,往往是家長(zhǎng)里短,而非生死攸關(guān)。當(dāng)然,那只是“一般”情況——一座city,有時(shí)也會(huì)遇到大劫難,變成“危城”,這時(shí)候,她和她的人民大概無比希望,她不是儀態(tài)萬千的city,而是全副武裝的fortress吧。
雖然許多人把《圍城》解讀為有關(guān)愛情與婚姻的思辨小說,但美國(guó)漢學(xué)家史景遷(Jonathan Spence)卻認(rèn)為滲透于小說時(shí)時(shí)處處的是真實(shí)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng):“Underlying these themes,at least for many Chinese readers.would have been the tact that the phrase‘Fortress Besiegedhad been the most prominently used by a Chinese poet back in 1842 to describe the city of Nanking when it was besieged by the British after their defeat of China in the first of the so-called‘opium wars.Thus shame and national humiliation would have been very much in peoples thoughts.”(在諸多主題之下,至少在許多中國(guó)讀者看來,潛伏著的卻是這樣一個(gè)事實(shí),“圍城”一詞的出名,在于它曾被一位中國(guó)詩人在1842年,即第一次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之時(shí),用來描述中英戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中,中方失利,南京城被圍一事。因此這個(gè)詞會(huì)勾起許多人心中的羞辱和國(guó)恥之感)。雖然主人公方鴻漸和一干如他一般的“閑雜人等”試圖在國(guó)難(遠(yuǎn)不止“圍城”那么簡(jiǎn)單了)之時(shí)找個(gè)“避風(fēng)港”,混口飯吃,順便談?wù)剳賽?,但“?zhàn)爭(zhēng)”,這個(gè)在小說中并未正面描寫,但卻仿佛操縱著一切的可怕力量,把他們裹挾著走向那終究不可避免的悲劇。
《圍城》故事與張愛玲《傾城之戀》的故事在發(fā)生時(shí)間上幾乎是前后腳——前者是1937年,后者是1941年——有些連續(xù)劇的意思。被圍之城,必然要有個(gè)結(jié)果,《圍城》里男女主角雖然走到一起,甚至組建家庭,卻終于還要各奔東西。倒是《傾城之戀》這個(gè)關(guān)于“破城”的故事中,女主角要更安心一些,至少在她的幻覺中,城是為她而“破”的:年近30的離婚女性白流蘇愛上了富家子范柳原,于是從上海趕到香港與范纏綿了月余,卻沒有得到范的任何承諾便被送回上海,后來再次受范之邀二赴香港,這一次,與范這個(gè)本性排斥婚姻的男人原本注定無果的感情,卻因?yàn)橄愀鄣南萋涠Y(jié)出了婚姻的果實(shí)。
Hong Kongs defeat had brought Liusu victory.But in this unreasonable world,who can distinguish cause from effect?Who knows which is which?Did a great city fall so that she could be vindicated(維護(hù))?Countless thousands of people dead,countless thousands of people suffering,after that an earthshaking revolution…Liusu didnt feel there was anything subtle about her place in history.She stood up,smiling,and kicked the pan of mosquito-repellant incense under the table.
Those legndary beauties who felled cities and kingdoms were probably all like that.
Legends exist everywhere,but they dont necessarily have such happy endings.
When the huqin wails(哀訴,悲歌)on a night of ten thousand lamps,the bow(琴弓)slides back and forth,drawing forth a tale too desolate for words—oh!why go intoit.
(香港的陷落成全了她。但是在這不可理喻的世界里,誰知道什么是因,什么是果?誰知道呢?也許就因?yàn)橐扇?,一個(gè)大都市傾覆了。成千上萬的人死去,成千上萬的人痛苦著,跟著是驚天動(dòng)地的大改革……流蘇并不覺得她在歷史上的地位有什么微妙之點(diǎn)。她只是笑吟吟的站起身來,將蚊香盤踢到桌子底下去。
傳奇里的傾國(guó)傾城的人大抵如此。
到處都是傳奇,可不見得有這么圓滿的收?qǐng)?。胡琴咿咿啞啞拉著,在萬盞燈的夜晚,拉過來又拉過去,說不盡的蒼涼的故事——不問也罷!)
白流蘇大概沒有多少家國(guó)意識(shí),她在乎的只是“愛情”這碼事,于是圍繞在她周圍發(fā)生的所有事,在她看來,都是為著她的愛情而發(fā)生的。在她的世界里,是沒有什么大是大非的,“愛情”和“婚姻”就是她的大是大非。雖然“一顧傾人城,再顧傾人國(guó)”之類的句子被人千古吟唱,但一座城當(dāng)然不會(huì)真的為了一個(gè)小女子而傾覆。像白流蘇這樣的小女子,其實(shí),什么都不是她的,什么她也做不了主;然而,正因如此,她反能把這“傾城”的大事看做是為她而發(fā)生的了,這多少也算是某種悖論吧。
一座城市的傾覆,讓白流蘇這樣的小家碧玉終于可以與情郎依偎在自家屋檐下,品嘗“執(zhí)子之手,與子偕老”的滋味。一座城,不會(huì)為了挽救一個(gè)女人的愛情而“傾”,而將傾之城里,也非皆是白流蘇。至少在文學(xué)作品中,“危城”往往把許多原本孱弱的女子變成剛強(qiáng)的猛士。比如,《亂世佳人》(Gone with the Wind)中的郝思嘉(Scarlett OHara),便在敵軍圍城、進(jìn)而焚城的大難之時(shí),勇敢地保護(hù)家人和朋友,甚至在她原本可以依靠的男人白瑞德(Rhett Butler)拋下她們后,毅然獨(dú)自駕馬車載著病弱的朋友,穿行于大火中的亞特蘭大,奔向她的家園.這份英雄氣,想必曾給無數(shù)讀者留下深刻印象。
有時(shí),“危城”之下,只是在死難者身上撒上一抔土,也需要極大的勇氣。古希臘劇作家索福克勒斯(Sophocles)有一部戲名曰《安提戈涅》(Antigone),主角是個(gè)為了埋葬戰(zhàn)死的哥哥而不惜觸犯國(guó)王法令的女孩。忒拜(Thebes)之王俄狄浦斯(Oedipus)在獲知自己殺父娶母的真相之后,刺瞎雙眼,并自我流放;他的兩個(gè)兒子為爭(zhēng)奪統(tǒng)治權(quán)自相殘殺,一子奪權(quán),一子被逐,被逐者后糾集人馬殺回,于是有了一場(chǎng)著名的“七雄攻忒拜”(the Seven Against Thebes)。但二子在廝殺中均戰(zhàn)死。新任國(guó)王克瑞翁(Creon)認(rèn)為率軍攻打忒拜城的王子波呂尼刻斯(Polynices)應(yīng)當(dāng)曝尸荒野,并下令如果有人要安葬他,或即使為他哀悼,都要被亂石砸死。但是俄狄浦斯的女兒安提戈涅卻不顧此命令,前去安葬了自己的兄長(zhǎng)。
安提戈涅認(rèn)為兄妹“大義“乃”上天未著文字,卻千真萬確的律條“(the unwritten and unfailing statutes of heaven),它比任何人造的“法令”(edict)都來得重要。忒拜城雖曾面臨危險(xiǎn),卻并沒有傾覆,然而,在某種程度上,它又真的傾覆了,因?yàn)闃?gòu)成這座城威信的,并不是高墻、城門與護(hù)城河,而是它的“法令”——國(guó)王和各級(jí)權(quán)威頒布的“法令”,而安提戈涅的行動(dòng)和辯詞,讓這些“法令”頹然倒塌。
安提戈涅與國(guó)王克瑞翁的一番對(duì)話頗為令人唏噓。
Antigone:Would you do more than take and slay me?
Creon:No.no more;having that I have all.
Antigone:Why then do you delay?In your discourse there is nothing that pleases me—may there never be—and so my words must needs be unpleasing to you.And yet for glory—how could I have won a nobler than by giving burial to my own brothe E All here would own that they thought it well,if their lips were not sealed by fear.Royalty,blessed in so much besides.has the power to do and say what it will.
Creon:In that view you differ from all these Thebans(忒拜人).
Antigone:They also share it,but they curb their tongues for you.
Creon:And are you not ashamed to act apart from them?
Antigone:No;there is nothing shameful in piety to a brother.
(A:除了抓住我,殺了我,你還會(huì)做別的嗎?
C:不,不會(huì)了。做這些.我就夠了。
A:那你還耽擱什么?你所說的話,沒有一件讓我高興——也不可能有——當(dāng)然,我的話應(yīng)該也不會(huì)讓你高興。但我所做,是為了榮耀——埋葬我的兄長(zhǎng),為我贏得無上的榮光。所有在場(chǎng)的人都會(huì)承認(rèn),他們也認(rèn)為我做這事是對(duì)的,如果,他們的嘴唇不是被恐懼封閉了。享有不盡上天恩寵的王室,有權(quán)去做和說,它認(rèn)為是對(duì)的事情。
C:你如果持這種觀點(diǎn),那你便是和所有忒拜人唱反調(diào)了。
A:他們也認(rèn)同這個(gè)觀點(diǎn),不過他們現(xiàn)在是在修剪他們的舌頭來逢迎你。
C:那么,你與他們不同,你難道不感到羞愧嗎?
A:不;我敬重自己的兄長(zhǎng),我沒有什么好羞愧的。)
埋葬親人也許不過是一種“儀式”,但是,生命的尊嚴(yán)不正是由一個(gè)個(gè)“儀式”樹立起來的嗎7沒有了它們,生命也許真的如泡沫一般無足輕重了。
城傾了,人自然也難保性命,所謂“覆巢之下,安有完卵”,然而,如果“巢”必然要“覆”,在“巢覆”之前,有人偷走或故意打碎了“一卵”,還有必要追查嗎?這,多少也算個(gè)有些哲學(xué)意味的話題吧。荷蘭漢學(xué)家高羅佩(Robert van Gulik)的《大唐狄公案》中就有一個(gè)這樣的故事,名曰《飛虎團(tuán)》(The Night of the Tiger)。狄公從北州被調(diào)往長(zhǎng)安擔(dān)任大理寺卿的路上,在荒山野嶺中遇到一座宛如城堡一般的莊子:The only habitation in sight was a large old country house,standing all by itself on a low hill a mile or so to the west.It was surrounded by a high wall;on the east corner stood a watchtower(崗樓,瞭望塔).The whiffs of smoke rising up from the roof of the main building were carried away swiftly by the strong wind.(目力所及,只有一老舊莊子,孤零零矗立在西面一里左右一座山包之上,四周高墻圍裹,莊子?xùn)|角有一戍樓。自正房屋頂升起的縷縷炊煙被強(qiáng)勁的北風(fēng)裹挾而去。)戒備森嚴(yán)的莊子頂多算“蹊蹺”,而可怕的是莊前小路上豎起的木樁子上競(jìng)掛著血淋淋的人頭:When the judge was about half-way to the house,his eye fell on a high stake driven in to the ground by the roadside.A bulky obiect hung from its top.Bending over in the saddle,he saw that it was the severed head of a man.The long hair fluttered across the distorted face.A pair 0f cut-off hands was nailed to the stake.directly below the head.Shaking his head perplexedly,the judge pressed his horse on.(狄公漸近莊子,忽見路邊一高桿頂上掛著一物。自鞍上探身去看,卻見那物竟是一人頭,長(zhǎng)發(fā)垂在扭曲的人面上,頭下,另有一雙手釘在桿上。狄公茫然搖頭,繼續(xù)驅(qū)馬前行。)進(jìn)入莊子后,狄公了解到有百十號(hào)名曰“飛虎團(tuán)”的匪徒,借渡口被淹、官兵難至的時(shí)機(jī),困住了這莊子,而且今夜便要屠莊。一時(shí)全莊上下,除了狄公,全都嚇破了膽。就在此時(shí),莊里竟然發(fā)了命案。反正“飛虎團(tuán)”一到,全莊人都要死,這時(shí)候,狄公還有必要去查找兇手嗎?
狄公當(dāng)然要查。在喊殺震天,遍地火起的時(shí)候,狄公找出了兇手,但兇手卻嘲笑他道,“這有意義嗎?”
“Does it matter?”she asked in a low,cultured voice.“We shall aU be murdered.Soon.Look.the red glow of dawn is in the sky.”(“這有意義嗎?”她低聲道?!拔覀凂R上都要死了。大人不見天邊紅霞嗎?”
“The truth always matters.”狄公回答道,“I am waiting for your explanation.”
兇犯被擒,但敵人馬上就要?dú)⑷肭f子了。
Confused shouts resounded outside the wall.Below,F(xiàn)our horsemen were riding up and down there in the grey morning light.They mockingly(嘲諷地)waved their spears(長(zhǎng)矛),their tiger-skin capes flullefing(飄動(dòng))in the breeze.The judge looked round at the broad expanse of the muddy river.The water seemed to have risen still higher after the rainstorm.But the mist had cleared;he thought he saw a black spot,in the distance.(墻外喊聲一片。戍樓下,晨曦中,四名手持長(zhǎng)矛,身披虎皮戰(zhàn)袍的飛虎騎兵沖來蕩去。狄公回首望望遠(yuǎn)處渾濁的河水,暴雨后,河水似乎又漲高了不少。不過,煙霧已散,他想,他看到遠(yuǎn)處馳來的黑點(diǎn)了。)
那個(gè)黑點(diǎn),自然是救兵到了。
對(duì)于狄公這樣的人來說,危城、圍城、傾城,都不怕,因?yàn)樗揽傆行〇|西,什么時(shí)候都有意義。