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不同比例碳水化合物和油脂飲食對(duì)機(jī)體代謝和健康影響的研究進(jìn)展

2017-03-08 20:03王薇薇劉建學(xué)路子顯李?lèi)?ài)科
糧油食品科技 2017年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:高脂碳水化合物油脂

楊 瑩,王薇薇,劉建學(xué),韓 飛,路子顯,李?lèi)?ài)科

(1.國(guó)家糧食局科學(xué)研究院,北京 100037;2.河南科技大學(xué) 食品與生物工程學(xué)院,河南 洛陽(yáng) 471023)

隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和生活水平的不斷提高,人們膳食攝入的脂肪、碳水化合比例也在變化,中國(guó)膳食營(yíng)養(yǎng)素參考攝入量(Dietary Reference Intakes,DRIs)推薦居民膳食營(yíng)養(yǎng)素參考攝入量:脂肪占總能量20%~30%,總碳水化合物占總能50%~65%。熱量攝入過(guò)高,機(jī)體生命活動(dòng)平衡被破壞,會(huì)導(dǎo)致疾病發(fā)生。

膳食中脂肪和碳水化合物是重要的產(chǎn)熱營(yíng)養(yǎng)素,是生命活動(dòng)所需能量的主要來(lái)源,但是近年來(lái)人們攝入脂肪、碳水化合物增多導(dǎo)致一系列疾病發(fā)生,肥胖、糖尿病、高血脂、高血壓等慢性病的發(fā)生與膳食模式密切相關(guān),這些疾病的發(fā)生不僅周期長(zhǎng),而且容易引發(fā)一系列并發(fā)癥,因此研究飲食中碳水化合物與油脂的比例對(duì)機(jī)體代謝和健康的影響非常有意義。本文對(duì)目前的相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行了綜合分析,使人們?cè)诹私獾教妓衔锱c油脂過(guò)高的危害的同時(shí),能夠認(rèn)識(shí)到合理膳食的重要性。

1 不同比例碳水化合物和脂肪飲食對(duì)動(dòng)物的影響

不同比例脂肪、碳水化合物飲食與健康關(guān)系密切,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)膳食不同供能比例脂肪和碳水化合物進(jìn)行了大量研究,Mazzucco[1]等利用高脂飲食(45%脂肪,54%碳水化合物)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),孕期高脂飲食會(huì)引起后代肝臟脂肪積累。Inoue[2]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高碳水化合物飲食(71%碳水化合物,7%脂肪)誘導(dǎo)大鼠蔗糖酶—異麥芽糖酶和鈉依賴性葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)蛋白表達(dá),促進(jìn)糖代謝。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖脂代謝紊亂[3]、炎癥[4]、器官損傷[5]等的發(fā)生,與飲食中碳水化合物和油脂的比例有關(guān)?,F(xiàn)就近年來(lái)不同比例碳水化合物脂肪飲食對(duì)動(dòng)物影響的研究成果進(jìn)行綜述。

1.1 不同比例碳水化合物和油脂飲食對(duì)動(dòng)物脂肪代謝的影響

脂質(zhì)包括油脂(甘油三酯)和類(lèi)脂,人體膳食中最重要的脂質(zhì)是油脂,油脂是產(chǎn)熱最高的營(yíng)養(yǎng)素。脂質(zhì)代謝主要是脂類(lèi)在小腸消化吸收,經(jīng)脂蛋白轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)進(jìn)入血液循環(huán),由肝臟作用后儲(chǔ)存在脂肪組織。脂質(zhì)在維持能量平衡、參與信號(hào)識(shí)別、免疫調(diào)節(jié)等多個(gè)方面發(fā)揮重要作用,脂肪代謝主要受遺傳因素、激素、酶等調(diào)節(jié)。當(dāng)這些因素出現(xiàn)異常時(shí),會(huì)造成脂肪代謝紊亂、脂肪肝、肥胖等的發(fā)生。長(zhǎng)期不合理膳食結(jié)構(gòu)是導(dǎo)致脂肪異常代謝的主要原因之一。

長(zhǎng)期不合理飲食會(huì)引發(fā)脂肪肝及脂肪堆積,對(duì)身體造成不良影響。Ronis[6]等利用乙醇與不同脂肪和碳水化合物配比飲食(79%碳水化合物,5%脂肪;39%碳水化合物,45%脂肪),研究對(duì)大鼠脂肪肝的影響。結(jié)果表明:高碳水化合物飲食或高脂飲食和乙醇之間的相互作用會(huì)引發(fā)損傷性脂肪肝。Ferreira[7]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不同碳水化合物和油脂比例飲食(64%碳水化合物,11%脂肪;45%碳水化合物,38%脂肪)會(huì)對(duì)小鼠脂肪堆積造成影響。高碳水化合物飲食誘導(dǎo)脂肪合成轉(zhuǎn)錄因子表達(dá),高脂飲食降低脂解酶活性。2個(gè)途徑均增加脂肪儲(chǔ)存。Caton[8]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)低碳水化合物高脂飲食(94%脂肪,1.3%碳水化合物)結(jié)合日常鍛煉會(huì)導(dǎo)致大鼠脂肪增加。

現(xiàn)代人不科學(xué)的飲食習(xí)慣導(dǎo)致肥胖癥發(fā)病率日益提高。研究表明,新陳代謝紊亂會(huì)造成體重增加,從而引發(fā)肥胖癥。Montgomery[9]等采用高脂飲食(45%脂肪,35%碳水化合物)喂養(yǎng)不同品種小鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂飲食導(dǎo)致脂肪組織出現(xiàn)炎癥及脂肪積累,并出現(xiàn)代謝缺陷。Akoum[10]等研究利用植物油和動(dòng)物油研究高脂飲食(34.9%脂肪,26.3%碳水化合物)對(duì)雄性和雌性小鼠脂肪組織活性、代謝的影響,結(jié)果表明:膳食脂肪含量過(guò)高會(huì)引起一系列代謝綜合癥。Hall等[11]通過(guò)人體實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),膳食中限制脂肪的攝入更有利于減肥??傊?,高脂飲食不僅引起肥胖導(dǎo)致炎癥反應(yīng),也會(huì)影響脂肪和碳水化合物代謝[12]。

隨著分子生物學(xué)的不斷深入,人們對(duì)肥胖相關(guān)基因缺陷鼠研究也越來(lái)越多。通過(guò)大量實(shí)驗(yàn)得到控制基因調(diào)控的方法,對(duì)于人類(lèi)健康有積極意義。血小板激活因子(Platelet-activating Factor,PAF)能夠控制脂肪合成及代謝。Oliveira[13]等利用高碳水化合物飲食(74.2%碳水化合物,5.8%脂肪)喂養(yǎng)血小板激活因子受體缺陷(PAF Receptor-deficient,PAFR-/-)鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn):相比正常鼠,PAFR-/-鼠脂肪變性、肝臟損傷更加嚴(yán)重。Wall[14]等利用高脂飲食(60%脂肪)研究線粒體DNA缺陷鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂喂養(yǎng)下,缺陷鼠線粒體功能及代謝均有所改善。Wall等提出成纖維原母細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子21(Fibroblast Growth Factor 21,F(xiàn)GF21)作為肝臟細(xì)胞內(nèi)分泌因子,具有促進(jìn)脂肪細(xì)胞攝取葡萄糖的功能,它與膳食脂肪相互作用在治療肥胖及線粒體疾病上有積極影響。

綜上所述,飲食中無(wú)論碳水化合物還是油脂過(guò)高,都會(huì)造成脂肪代謝紊亂,肝臟作為脂肪代謝的重要器官,尤為受影響。因此,飲食中要注意避免攝入過(guò)高的油脂和碳水化合物。

1.2 不同比例碳水化合物和油脂飲食對(duì)動(dòng)物糖代謝的影響

糖類(lèi)作為重要的供能物質(zhì),也可形成糖蛋白。它不僅是營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),而且有些還具有特殊的生理活性,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞活動(dòng)。糖代謝紊亂首先影響供能,也會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生一系列影響,糖代謝紊亂容易引發(fā)疲乏、血糖下降或升高、頭暈等,導(dǎo)致糖尿病、胰島素敏感性增加。膳食中不同比例碳水化合物和油脂會(huì)對(duì)動(dòng)物糖代謝產(chǎn)生影響。

碳水化合物和脂肪不僅可提供能量,還可作用于mRNA水平上的二糖酶。乳糖酶—根皮苷水解酶基因(Lactase-phlorizin Hydrolase,LPH)和蔗糖酶—麥芽糖酶基因(Sucraseisomaltase,SI)特異性存在于腸上皮細(xì)胞,能夠消化淀粉和蔗糖。Mochizuk[15]等分別喂養(yǎng)大鼠高脂飲食(5%碳水化合物,73%脂肪)和高碳水化合物飲食(70%碳水化合物,7%脂肪),研究空腸蔗糖酶/麥芽糖酶活性(S/I)和SI復(fù)合體糖基化鏈上未酸化的半乳糖,結(jié)果表明:高脂飲食使大鼠空腸S/I酶活性比減少,SI復(fù)合體糖基化鏈上未酸化的半乳糖減少。Tanaka[16]等通過(guò)分組喂食大鼠高碳水化合物飲食(70%碳水化合物,7%脂肪)和高脂飲食(5%碳水化合物,73%脂肪)研究對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上LPH和SI的影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):喂食大鼠高碳水化合物飲食比喂食高脂飲食,LPH和SI基因表達(dá)量更高。

動(dòng)物處于饑餓狀態(tài),主要是通過(guò)降低胰島素,升高胰高血糖素,激活肝臟糖異生導(dǎo)致肝臟自我吞噬,同時(shí)生長(zhǎng)激素刺激胃饑餓素分泌及脂肪分解,以此維持生存。近年來(lái),對(duì)于基因缺陷鼠與糖代謝的相關(guān)研究也越來(lái)越多。Zhang[17]等利用限制能量(60%能量限制)喂養(yǎng)正常鼠和胃饑餓素-O-乙酰基轉(zhuǎn)移酶缺陷(Ghrelin O-acyltransferase deficient,Goat-/-)鼠,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):正常鼠生長(zhǎng)激素水平升高,并且肝臟出現(xiàn)自我吞噬,以此維持存活血糖水平,而Goat-/-鼠出現(xiàn)生長(zhǎng)激素增加遲鈍并且肝臟自我吞噬標(biāo)志性減少,出現(xiàn)致死性低血糖癥。Choi[18]等利用常規(guī)飲食與高脂飲食(55%脂肪)對(duì)比,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂喂養(yǎng)乙酰輔酶A羧化酶缺陷(Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 knockout,Acc2-/-)鼠與正常鼠相比,體重、能耗均有所下降,肝臟和肌肉中胰島素敏感性隨著蛋白激酶B的激活而增加。

飲食中脂肪和碳水化合物過(guò)高是糖尿病發(fā)病的重要影響因素。Wang[19]等利用高脂飲食(10%碳水化合物,65%脂肪)飼喂發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠出現(xiàn)葡萄糖不耐癥,進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期高脂飲食會(huì)增加大鼠糖尿病發(fā)病率[20]。胰島素參與調(diào)節(jié)糖代謝,控制血糖平衡,Noakes[21]等利用等熱量低碳高脂飲食(50%碳水化合物,30%脂肪)和高碳低脂飲食(70%碳水化合物,10%脂肪)研究人,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):等熱量低碳高脂飲食能更有效地提高甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、膽固醇、空腹和餐后血糖以及胰島素濃度。Yang[22]等利用高脂飲食(42%脂肪)研究小鼠相關(guān)的代謝綜合征,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):高蔗糖和高脂肪攝入導(dǎo)致高胰島素血癥。Silva[23]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂飲食(碳水化合物<5%,脂肪>70%)引發(fā)成年人胰島素敏感性增加,總膽固醇增加。

飲食中脂肪和碳水化合物過(guò)高,不僅會(huì)對(duì)脂肪代謝產(chǎn)生影響,也會(huì)影響與糖代謝相關(guān)的酶的活性,而且還會(huì)引發(fā)糖尿病等問(wèn)題,無(wú)論對(duì)動(dòng)物還是對(duì)人都會(huì)產(chǎn)生不利影響,因此合理膳食非常有必要。

1.3 不同比例碳水化合物和油脂飲食對(duì)動(dòng)物繁殖發(fā)育的影響

如今,人們對(duì)孕婦營(yíng)養(yǎng)漸漸有了新的認(rèn)識(shí),孕期營(yíng)養(yǎng)不僅影響孕婦和后代的健康,而且影響后代大腦發(fā)育。孕期需要充足的能量供給,但懷孕期間膳食不合理不僅會(huì)對(duì)動(dòng)物本身產(chǎn)生不利影響,而且會(huì)對(duì)胎兒發(fā)育產(chǎn)生不利影響,還對(duì)后代成年后是否肥胖產(chǎn)生影響。

孕婦懷孕期間進(jìn)行高脂高碳水化合物膳食,會(huì)對(duì)孕婦乳腺疾病、后代仔鼠大腦發(fā)育等方面產(chǎn)生影響。Oliveira[24]等以高脂飲食(60%脂肪),對(duì)懷孕期及哺乳期大鼠乳腺脂肪酸構(gòu)型和基因表達(dá)模式進(jìn)行研究,結(jié)果表明:懷孕期和哺乳期大鼠以豬油為主的高脂飲食,改變了自身脂肪酸構(gòu)型和乳腺癌相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,降低了子代乳腺癌發(fā)病率。Beck[25]等研究孕期高碳水化合物飲食(70%碳水化合物,12%脂肪)和高脂飲食(70%脂肪,12%碳水化合物)對(duì)后代鼠下丘腦神經(jīng)肽Y(Neuropeptide Y,NPY)和食欲肽的影響,研究發(fā)現(xiàn):相比高脂組,高碳水化合物組NPY和食欲肽基因表達(dá)增加,容易引起肥胖。Giriko[26]等研究母鼠采食高脂飲食(52%脂肪,20.9%碳水化合物)對(duì)仔鼠大腦發(fā)育和生理行為的影響,結(jié)果表明:仔鼠大腦發(fā)育遲緩,生理特性和個(gè)體發(fā)育成熟期延遲,成年期易患抑郁。

營(yíng)養(yǎng)過(guò)剩不僅會(huì)引起孕婦肥胖,同時(shí)還會(huì)誘導(dǎo)后代肥胖[27]、高血壓等并發(fā)癥。Ashino[28]等研究成年雌性大鼠懷孕期間和哺乳期喂食高脂飲食(45%脂肪,37%碳水化合物)對(duì)子代肥胖及胰島素抵抗的影響,結(jié)果表明:斷奶后1周,后代肝臟甘油三酯含量增加,胰島素抵抗下降。Guberman[29]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)大鼠產(chǎn)后高脂飲食(60%脂肪,20%碳水化合物)會(huì)增加后代肥胖和高血壓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。另外,懷孕和哺乳期間高脂飲食(45%脂肪,36.5%碳水化合物)還會(huì)損害子代鼠肝臟和白色脂肪組織類(lèi)膽堿抗炎癥途徑[30],并加重后代肺部炎癥反應(yīng)和導(dǎo)致后代出現(xiàn)腸系膜脂肪組織功能障礙[31-32]。

膳食不合理不僅危害自身,還會(huì)對(duì)后代發(fā)育造成不可恢復(fù)的影響,因此合理調(diào)控孕婦營(yíng)養(yǎng),對(duì)自身和子代健康很重要。

1.4 不同比例碳水化合物和油脂飲食對(duì)動(dòng)物其它方面的影響

膳食中不同比例碳水化合物和油脂,不僅對(duì)糖代謝、脂肪代謝及后代繁殖發(fā)育產(chǎn)生影響,而且對(duì)腫瘤發(fā)生、蛋白代謝及壽命等方面均會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響。

高脂飲食對(duì)腫瘤、蛋白代謝及維生素消耗也有影響,Ip等[33]利用高碳水化合物(66%碳水化合物,12%脂肪)和高脂飲食(26%碳水化合物,60%脂肪)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期高碳水化合物飲食和高脂肪飲食均會(huì)導(dǎo)致小鼠出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的肝臟腫瘤。Drolet等[34]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂飲食(59%脂肪)會(huì)誘發(fā)小鼠主動(dòng)脈瓣疾病。Yuasa等[35]通過(guò)高脂食物(4.4%碳水化合物,62.7%脂肪)研究小鼠生物素缺乏癥,發(fā)現(xiàn)低碳高脂飲食增加小鼠生物素利用和消耗,促進(jìn)糖異生和支鏈氨基酸代謝,這會(huì)加重生物素缺乏。另外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂飲食會(huì)導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)低蛋白血癥[36],影響鈣磷的表觀消化[37]。

膳食與壽命關(guān)系密切。Solon-Biet等[38]研究不同比例宏量營(yíng)養(yǎng)素[蛋白(5%-60%)、脂肪(16%-75%)、碳水化合物(16%-75%)]對(duì)小鼠健康和壽命的影響,通過(guò)自由采食25種飲食,研究哺乳動(dòng)物肝臟相關(guān)的雷帕霉素靶點(diǎn)(mammalian Target of Rapamycin,mTOR)活性和線粒體功能,結(jié)果表明:自由喂食動(dòng)物,通過(guò)控制宏量營(yíng)養(yǎng)素比率來(lái)抑制mTOR活性可以延長(zhǎng)壽命。Muller等[39]研究高脂低碳飲食(60%脂肪,15%碳水化合物)對(duì)小鼠壽命的影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):27個(gè)月后,飲食誘導(dǎo)肥胖組小鼠存活率為40%,而對(duì)照組存活率為75%。

2 植物提取物對(duì)糖脂代謝相關(guān)疾病的作用

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)植物提取物如酚酸類(lèi)物質(zhì)具有很強(qiáng)抗氧化性,對(duì)肥胖相關(guān)疾病,如糖尿病、心腦血管疾病、高脂血癥等都有一定的治療效果。Heber等[40]研究喂食小鼠高脂飲食(32%脂肪,25%碳水化合物)輔助綠茶、紅茶和烏龍茶茶多酚,對(duì)內(nèi)臟脂肪和炎癥的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂飲食會(huì)導(dǎo)致體重增加和炎癥的發(fā)生,而3種茶多酚提取物均會(huì)減弱體重增加和抗炎作用。Saravanan等[41]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)麝香草酚能夠顯著抑制高脂膳食誘導(dǎo)的脂肪聚積[42-44]。不僅多酚類(lèi)物質(zhì)可減弱糖脂代謝相關(guān)疾病,阿魏酸也可降低高脂血癥大鼠的血脂和血糖水平[45]。Myoung J S等[46]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在膳食中添加阿魏酸或阿魏酸酯化物質(zhì)谷維素,可以顯著抑制高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)的肥胖小鼠體重增加。朱黎霞等[47]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)丹參總酚酸—山楂總黃酮配伍可增強(qiáng)高脂飲食喂養(yǎng)大鼠的降脂和抗氧化效應(yīng)。沒(méi)食子酸及其酯類(lèi)也可預(yù)防高脂飲食誘導(dǎo)的肥胖病[48]。

3 小結(jié)

近幾年國(guó)內(nèi)外廣泛關(guān)注飲食中高脂高碳水化合物研究,很多研究結(jié)果表明高脂高碳水化合物飲食對(duì)健康有不利影響。本文綜述了不同碳水化合物與脂肪比例的飲食對(duì)脂肪代謝、糖代謝、繁殖發(fā)育、壽命等方面的影響,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂高碳水化合物會(huì)引發(fā)一系列慢性疾病。針對(duì)這一情況,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者利用酚酸類(lèi)等植物提取物在肥胖、高脂血癥治療方面取得了一定效果。分析了不合理膳食引發(fā)的疾病及其治療方法,幫助人們了解攝入碳水化合物與油脂的量與疾病發(fā)生的關(guān)系,對(duì)于人們膳食有積極指導(dǎo)意義。但是,目前國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)于飲食中高脂、高碳水化合物研究還存在很多問(wèn)題,例如高脂高碳水化合物飲食對(duì)相關(guān)調(diào)控基因的通路研究和對(duì)腸道菌群影響方面的研究還不完全清楚。另外,由于取材等的特殊性,應(yīng)用動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)去驗(yàn)證的較多,而直接用人去研究較少。相信隨著研究的深入和技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,飲食對(duì)腸道菌群及基因通路等方面的研究會(huì)有不斷的進(jìn)展。

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