周應(yīng)彪，周釔宏

(1.云南省昭通市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院，云南 昭通 657000；2.中國人民大學(xué) 新聞學(xué)院，北京100872)

果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)的效益分析及風(fēng)險規(guī)避

周應(yīng)彪1，周釔宏2

(1.云南省昭通市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院，云南 昭通 657000；2.中國人民大學(xué) 新聞學(xué)院，北京100872)

通過實(shí)地調(diào)研和相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)查閱，闡述了果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、生態(tài)效益、社會效益，從桑果耐貯性差、桑果采摘用工量大、桑果產(chǎn)業(yè)對加工業(yè)的依賴性極大、果桑極易暴發(fā)菌核病等方面分析了果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)的特定風(fēng)險，在此基礎(chǔ)上提出科學(xué)規(guī)劃、切實(shí)做好桑果菌核病預(yù)防、發(fā)展果葉兼用桑果品種、果桑種植與桑果加工同步發(fā)展、果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)與休閑觀光旅游相結(jié)合、提高消費(fèi)者的認(rèn)知度、加強(qiáng)桑果食品管理和產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新等對策建議。

果桑；產(chǎn)業(yè)；效益；分析；風(fēng)險；規(guī)避

果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)是以果桑種植為基礎(chǔ)的產(chǎn)業(yè)。果桑是從桑樹植物中選育出的以收獲桑果為主、收獲桑葉為輔的桑樹品種。桑果(桑椹)營養(yǎng)豐富，是早春的美味水果。傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)和現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)研究證實(shí)：桑果不但含有多種營養(yǎng)成分，還含有有機(jī)酸、白藜蘆醇、花青素、黃酮類化合物等功能性成分，具有增強(qiáng)免疫、抗衰老、抑制癌細(xì)胞生長等藥理功能。桑果自古就享有民間圣果、中華果王的美稱，早在1993年就被衛(wèi)生部列入“既是藥品又是食品”的名單，被當(dāng)今醫(yī)學(xué)界稱贊為“21世紀(jì)的最佳保健果品”[1]，號稱“天然富硒水果皇后”。除主產(chǎn)品桑果外，果桑葉可用于養(yǎng)蠶，果桑枝可用于種植食用菌、天麻和加工制作木地板等，果桑樹還能保持水土、綠化環(huán)境。現(xiàn)有文獻(xiàn)查閱結(jié)果表明，早在20世紀(jì)90年代初，就有學(xué)者對果桑的開發(fā)利用進(jìn)行了可行性研究[2]。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)，隨著人民生活水平的不斷提高和旅游業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，果桑以其獨(dú)特的藥用、保健、旅游、養(yǎng)蠶及水土保持等功能，越來越受到人們的關(guān)注，學(xué)者們對果桑的價值、栽培技術(shù)及產(chǎn)品加工等進(jìn)行了大量的研究[3]，為果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)的進(jìn)一步研發(fā)奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。但是，針對桑果產(chǎn)品的特殊性給果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來的風(fēng)險及對策研究不多，鮮有學(xué)者對此問題進(jìn)行專題研究，而如何規(guī)避風(fēng)險，提高效益，又是果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵所在，這是一個非常值得深入研究的問題。

1 果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)的效益分析

1.1 經(jīng)濟(jì)效益

1.1.1 桑果和養(yǎng)蠶收益

桑果和養(yǎng)蠶收益與各地的地理位置、氣候環(huán)境、土肥水條件、經(jīng)濟(jì)和旅游業(yè)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r及果桑品種關(guān)系較大。據(jù)考察，四川威遠(yuǎn)縣種植的果桑盛產(chǎn)期年產(chǎn)桑果可達(dá)30 t/hm2以上，按2014年該縣加工企業(yè)的最低收購價4.4元/kg計(jì)算，則桑果可收入13.2萬元/hm2；果桑葉每年還可養(yǎng)蠶15張/hm2，產(chǎn)鮮蠶繭600 kg/hm2，按收購價40元/kg，收入2.4萬元/hm2；兩項(xiàng)合計(jì)可收入15.6萬元/hm2，減去生產(chǎn)成本3.9萬元/hm2，純收入可達(dá)11.7萬元/hm2。

1.1.2 桑果加工收益

桑果加工工藝簡單，無需脫皮去核，出汁率高達(dá)50%以上。桑果加工產(chǎn)品在國際國內(nèi)市場需求大，價格高，濃縮桑果汁6 000～8 000美元/t，比濃縮酸蘋果汁高出十幾倍；桑果原汁或果醬，出口價為800～1 200美元/t。桑果汁通過深加工，制成桑果酒、桑果晶、桑果色素等，價格更高[4]。2015年3月云南省鎮(zhèn)雄縣人民政府針對桑果紅酒生產(chǎn)，組織相關(guān)部門到四川國友果業(yè)有限公司考察：果桑園產(chǎn)桑果22.5～30.0 t/hm2，可出桑果原汁11.25～15.00 t/hm2，釀制桑果紅酒11.25～15.00 t/hm2，產(chǎn)值達(dá)到180～240萬元/hm2。桑果酒營養(yǎng)豐富、顏色鮮艷、醇香可口[5]，所含蛋白質(zhì)是葡萄酒的8.44倍，微量元素硒是葡萄酒的12.4倍，花青素是葡萄酒的5倍，賴氨酸是葡萄酒的9.23倍[1]，白藜蘆醇為葡萄酒的2倍，可與葡萄酒相媲美[5]，為果酒中的極品。榨汁后的桑果渣還可提取天然色素、制作牲畜飼料，桑果渣提取的天然色素出口歐美，售價高達(dá)3萬美元/t[6]。果桑園可產(chǎn)干桑枝約11.25～15.00 t/hm2，可生產(chǎn)食用菌菌袋0.9～12.0萬個/hm2，價值達(dá)到2.7～3.6萬元/hm2以上，減去桑枝及加工成本0.9～1.2萬元/hm2，可增加純收入1.8～2.4萬元/hm2。

1.2 生態(tài)效益

果桑樹屬深根性木本植物，具有抗旱性、抗寒性強(qiáng)，耐貧瘠的特點(diǎn)；對自然環(huán)境適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)，生命力極其旺盛，在氣溫-30℃～40℃、降水300 mm以上的地方都能生長；桑樹雖屬闊葉樹，但其蒸騰系數(shù)較小(274)[7]。桑樹根系極為發(fā)達(dá)，分布近地面的水平根幾乎與地面平行，垂直向下的垂直根能深入土中3～4 m，垂直根與水平根構(gòu)成立體交叉的吸水固土網(wǎng)絡(luò)，能有效地固持土壤，遏制風(fēng)沙，截持降雨，具有良好的水土保持效果[8]。果桑園每年可比無林地多涵水300 m3/hm2，減少泥沙流失45 t/hm2[9]。桑樹根深葉茂，除能保持水土，凈化水源外，還能綠化環(huán)境，凈化空氣，桑園每年可吸收CO2約49.29 t/hm2，釋放O2約為35.85 t/hm2[7]。果桑繁殖容易，已成為綠化荒山，防風(fēng)固沙的優(yōu)良樹種之一。

1.3 社會效益

果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)是一項(xiàng)典型的勞動力密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，栽桑、產(chǎn)果、養(yǎng)蠶及繭、絲、綢、桑果加工等每個生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)，都需要大量勞動力。在現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)支撐下，以生產(chǎn)蠶絲及絲綢制品為目的的傳統(tǒng)蠶桑產(chǎn)業(yè)已拓寬至藥食、飼料、新材料及文化生態(tài)等新領(lǐng)域，形成了全方位、高效益開發(fā)的新蠶桑產(chǎn)業(yè)，產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈進(jìn)一步拉長，整體效益進(jìn)一步提高、就業(yè)崗位進(jìn)一步增加。發(fā)展果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)可為社會提供更多就業(yè)崗位，促進(jìn)社會和諧穩(wěn)定。

2 果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)的風(fēng)險分析

2.1 桑果耐貯性差

桑果含水量極高，鮮果含水率80%～85%，加上果皮極薄，不耐貯運(yùn)和保鮮[10]，特別容易變質(zhì)，一般在采摘以后，常溫下只能存放一天。如果盲目發(fā)展，極易導(dǎo)致賣果難，從而給農(nóng)民和政府帶來巨大損失。

2.2 桑果采摘用工量大

桑果投產(chǎn)早，豐產(chǎn)快，掛果期短，上市集中(單個品種15～30 d)，傳統(tǒng)的人工采摘方式，一般人均日采桑果也就55 kg左右，采摘壓力極大。如果沒有足夠的勞動力資源作支撐，不宜大面積發(fā)展。

2.3 桑果產(chǎn)業(yè)對加工業(yè)的依賴性極大

果桑極不耐儲運(yùn)，必須就地加工，對加工業(yè)的依賴性極大，如果沒有成熟的加工龍頭企業(yè)作支撐，風(fēng)險大，很難做大做強(qiáng)。

2.4 果桑極易暴發(fā)菌核病

果桑菌核病是桑果生產(chǎn)的毀滅性病害，來勢猛、發(fā)病快，發(fā)生嚴(yán)重時可導(dǎo)致桑果絕收，已成為果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)的最大威脅，在桑果的整個生產(chǎn)中必須引起高度重視。

3 規(guī)避果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)風(fēng)險的對策建議

3.1 科學(xué)規(guī)劃

開發(fā)果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)，必須根據(jù)開發(fā)用途、市場基礎(chǔ)，結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)氐臍夂蛱攸c(diǎn)、交通運(yùn)輸、勞動力資源及旅游資源等，進(jìn)行綜合分析，科學(xué)論證，合理規(guī)劃，避免盲目發(fā)展。同一地區(qū)栽植的果桑，品種不能單一，早、中、晚熟，鮮食型品種和加工型品種要科學(xué)搭配，最大限度延長采果時期。

3.2 切實(shí)做好桑果菌核病預(yù)防

桑果菌核病的預(yù)防直接關(guān)系到果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)的健康發(fā)展，對果桑菌核病要建立監(jiān)測預(yù)報機(jī)制，做到早發(fā)現(xiàn)、早防治。現(xiàn)代研究表明：桑果菌核病的病原雖然是桑果菌核病發(fā)生的必要因素，而氣候環(huán)境、果桑品種抗性及栽培技術(shù)也是影響桑果菌核病發(fā)生的因素之一[11]。因此，防治上倡導(dǎo)綠色防控，選栽抗菌核病的果桑品種、合理密植、科學(xué)修剪、及時深翻土壤等農(nóng)業(yè)防治，并采取及時清除病果、覆蓋地膜，隔年輪伐等物理防治措施，在重點(diǎn)抓好農(nóng)業(yè)和物理防治的基礎(chǔ)上，再輔以化學(xué)防治[12]。

3.2.1 將果桑園規(guī)劃在空氣濕度小的區(qū)域

桑果菌核病的發(fā)生與花期的氣候環(huán)境密切相關(guān)?；ㄆ跍嘏嘤?，土壤潮濕，有利于該病的發(fā)生[11]。因此，果桑園應(yīng)盡量規(guī)劃在桑樹開花期間空氣干燥，通風(fēng)良好的區(qū)域種植。不宜選擇低洼、排水不暢的地塊。

3.2.2 科學(xué)栽培

桑果園種植的密度過大，主干太低，果園蔭蔽，通風(fēng)透光差[11]，樹勢弱、樹齡大、偏施N肥等均易導(dǎo)致桑果菌核病的暴發(fā)。在栽培規(guī)劃時，一定要根據(jù)不同果桑品種，合理密植，桑園一般栽植4 500 ～7 500株/hm2。合理整形修剪，改善通風(fēng)透光條件，適時施入足量的有機(jī)肥和復(fù)合肥，有利于恢復(fù)樹勢，提高桑樹抗病能力。

3.2.3 選擇抗性桑品種

不同果桑品種對桑果菌核病的抗性差異較大，選育和選栽抗病優(yōu)質(zhì)果桑品種是預(yù)防桑果菌核病的最有效途徑。中國果桑資源豐富，各地應(yīng)結(jié)合本地氣候環(huán)境，選育和篩選既抗病又高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)的品種進(jìn)行種植[11]。

3.2.4 物理和化學(xué)防治相結(jié)合

冬季果桑落葉后，清除落葉、枯枝及雜草，集中燒毀。桑果成熟期間，應(yīng)及時清除病果，集中到園外深埋，防止病原蔓延。桑樹萌發(fā)或最遲開花前用地膜覆蓋地面，隔離病原。從果桑初花期至花期結(jié)束，采用50%多菌靈600～800倍液或70%甲基托布津800～1 000倍液+50%速克靈1 500倍液進(jìn)行噴花，7～10 d噴一次[12]，連噴3～4次，在采桑果15 d前停止噴藥。

3.3 發(fā)展果葉兼用桑果品種

傳統(tǒng)蠶絲產(chǎn)業(yè)主要以繭、絲、綢等產(chǎn)品出口經(jīng)營為主，受國際政治和社會經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境因素的影響很大，價格波動頻繁。果桑業(yè)的開發(fā)，為蠶絲產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展拓寬了領(lǐng)域。發(fā)展果葉兼用桑品種，除了滿足蠶農(nóng)的養(yǎng)蠶需求外，還可采摘桑果出售，既加強(qiáng)蠶桑綜合利用，又促進(jìn)蠶農(nóng)增收，可實(shí)現(xiàn)桑果產(chǎn)業(yè)與繭絲綢產(chǎn)業(yè)相互兼顧、共同發(fā)展。通過栽培技術(shù)調(diào)控，當(dāng)桑果產(chǎn)品行情不好時，桑農(nóng)可以養(yǎng)蠶為主，生產(chǎn)桑果為輔。當(dāng)繭絲綢行情差時，桑農(nóng)可以生產(chǎn)桑果為主，養(yǎng)蠶為輔，通過桑果的收益和養(yǎng)蠶收益的相互補(bǔ)充，采果和養(yǎng)蠶用工時間的相互錯開，既提高了收益，又緩解了農(nóng)村勞動力不足的情況，避免了單純養(yǎng)蠶或單純產(chǎn)果帶來的市場風(fēng)險。

3.4 果桑種植與桑果加工同步發(fā)展

果桑種植后，投產(chǎn)快，產(chǎn)量高，但鮮果易變質(zhì)，不耐儲存和運(yùn)輸。扶持和引進(jìn)龍頭加工企業(yè)必須與果桑種植同步進(jìn)行，并打造具有相當(dāng)規(guī)模和實(shí)力的果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)集群，形成配套完善的果桑產(chǎn)品收儲、加工、營銷體系[13]，以“農(nóng)企共贏”為目標(biāo)進(jìn)行集中化、規(guī)模化發(fā)展，結(jié)成風(fēng)險共擔(dān)、利益共享的經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體，提高果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)市場的應(yīng)變能力和抗風(fēng)險能力。

3.5 果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)與休閑觀光旅游相結(jié)合

旅游已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)代人的消費(fèi)熱點(diǎn)，果桑樹枝葉茂盛、碩果累累，集桑海景觀觀賞與桑果采摘品嘗為一身，是發(fā)展現(xiàn)代觀光農(nóng)業(yè)不可多得的旅游資源。各地桑果的成熟季節(jié)，正是春暖花開、適宜踏青的好季節(jié)，此時的果桑園是滿足人們休閑的好去處，它能讓游客回歸自然、親近自然，在自然中享受快樂、尋求自我，感受采摘桑果的樂趣，品嘗生態(tài)桑果美味。在旅游公路沿線及城郊，選擇優(yōu)良果桑品種，成片種植一定面積集桑海景觀觀賞與果桑采摘品嘗相結(jié)合的果桑園，供游人采摘桑果嘗鮮和帶回家中自制桑果酒及其他桑果飲品，其樂無窮[14]。通過游客的自已采摘，一方面可緩解摘果勞動力的不足，減少勞動支出，另一方面果園收取入園費(fèi)、售果，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益也十分可觀。

3.6 果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)與水土保持相結(jié)合

“東桑西移”工程的實(shí)施，蠶桑產(chǎn)業(yè)已快速向中西部貧困山區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移。果桑林水土保持功能強(qiáng)大，既是生態(tài)林又是經(jīng)濟(jì)林，具有較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和生態(tài)效益，結(jié)合國家新一輪“退耕還林工程”和“扶貧功堅(jiān)新戰(zhàn)略”的實(shí)施，發(fā)展果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)，即使桑果產(chǎn)品和繭絲綢產(chǎn)品同時出現(xiàn)了市場波動，甚至跌入谷底，僅憑果桑良好的生態(tài)效益，也還有其生存的空間和價值，一旦行情好轉(zhuǎn)，良好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益又能及時得到充分發(fā)揮，可避免過去蠶桑產(chǎn)業(yè)中存在的行情好時“趕”，差時“砍”的現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。

3.7 提高消費(fèi)者的認(rèn)知度

盡管對桑果的研究和報道并不少，但是由于市面上銷售的桑果產(chǎn)品較少，消費(fèi)者對桑果產(chǎn)品的認(rèn)知度并不高，對其功效更是知之甚少，導(dǎo)致桑果產(chǎn)品的市場消費(fèi)不足。為此，果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)開發(fā)要在市場策劃、廣告宣傳上狠下功夫，通過媒體、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等大力宣傳桑果產(chǎn)品，提高知名度。

3.8 加強(qiáng)桑果食品管理和產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新

未來的果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)，一方面應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對桑果生產(chǎn)工藝的進(jìn)一步研究，加強(qiáng)桑果食品安全管理，盡快完善產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)工藝流程的地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。另一方面還應(yīng)加強(qiáng)桑果在保健、治療和藥理方面的深入研究，研發(fā)新的醫(yī)藥保健品，延伸產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈，提高果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)的綜合效益[15]。

4 結(jié)論

新鮮桑果產(chǎn)品的特殊性，雖然客觀上決定了果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)開發(fā)具有一定的風(fēng)險性，但只要堅(jiān)持科學(xué)規(guī)劃，風(fēng)險是可以規(guī)避的。果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)作為一個新興產(chǎn)業(yè)，它豐富了蠶桑業(yè)的內(nèi)涵，無論是經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、生態(tài)效益，還是社會效益均十分顯著，符合國家發(fā)展生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)和循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)的總體要求，前景十分廣闊。

[1]潘啟壽，白景彰，唐燕梅，等．廣西果桑業(yè)發(fā)展前景與對策分析[J]．廣西蠶業(yè)，2015，52(3)：41-45．

[2]楊德銓．果桑開發(fā)利用的可行性研究[J]．蠶桑通報，1991(1)：24．

[3]陳靜，田時銘．果桑綜合利用的效益分析與發(fā)展對策[J]．蠶學(xué)通訊，2013，33(2)：45-47．

[4]梁貴秋，何驥，陸春霞，等．果桑種植的效益分析[J]．廣西蠶業(yè)，2010，47(2)：67-70．

[5]吳繼軍，肖更生，徐玉娟，等．桑果酒生產(chǎn)工藝的研究[J]．廣東蠶業(yè)，1999(4)：39-41．

[6]徐仁清，徐昕杰，張波靜，等．句容市果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展調(diào)查分析[J]．江蘇蠶業(yè)，2006，28(1)：40-41．

[7]高玉軍．生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)型桑樹產(chǎn)業(yè)化途徑與需要解決的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)[J]．北方蠶業(yè)，2013，33(4)：39-43．

[8]杜周和，劉俊鳳．桑樹作水土防護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)林的研究[J]．廣西蠶業(yè)，2001，38(3)：10-11．

[9]賈亞洲．蠶桑資源開發(fā)利用的態(tài)勢與新興產(chǎn)業(yè)前瞻[J]．北方蠶業(yè)，2011，32(4)：54-57．

[10]劉剛，蒲龍，黃蓋群，等．四川果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及對策建議[J]，四川蠶業(yè)，2013(1)：7-9．

[11]范錦，胡興明，于翠，等．桑椹菌核病防控技術(shù)研究進(jìn)展[J]．中國蠶業(yè)，2015，36(2)：11-14．

[12]葉偉其，柳旭波，曹鵬飛，等．果桑良種“大十”在浙江的引種表現(xiàn)與關(guān)鍵栽培技術(shù)[J]．中國南方果樹，2015，44(1)：100-102．

[13]姚麗萍，杜偉．論蒙自市發(fā)展果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)的可行性及對策[J]．中國蠶業(yè)，2015，36(2)：66-68．

[14]周應(yīng)彪，周釔宏．“世界第二大水電站”建設(shè)背景下的蠶桑產(chǎn)業(yè)研究：以云南省巧家縣為例[J]．絲綢，2016，53(5)：76-81．

[15]吳濱濱，甄丹丹，甄漢深，等．桑葚研究進(jìn)展[J]．亞太傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)藥，2015，11(6)：41-43．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.001

Original Articlein韓俊英，岳上植．南方集體林區(qū)依法行政與經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型耦合發(fā)展機(jī)理研究．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：1-5，10．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.002

Abstract

Background With the reform and opening up，China has entered an unprecedented social transformation stage where the social structure changed from “integration”to“differentiation”．Since the middle of 1990s，the pace of social differentiation in China has been greatly accelerated．Key state-owned forest region is the biggest forest region in China，it rich in natural resources and full of various heterogeneity．Ecological status of key state-owned forest region is very important．In the context of social differentiation and a series of policy introduced，differentiation tendency of key state-owned forest region appeared new situation．Many studies focused on the differentiation of rural households，but there are few studies noticed the differentiation of worker households in forest regions．Analyzing the professional differentiation and determinants of worker households in key state-owned forest region was important to ease various contradictions and conflicts in forest region．

Methods Based on the field survey data of 718 worker households living in key state-owned forest region，this paper studies the professional differentiation status of worker households，and analyzes the factors influencing types of professional differentiation of worker households by using multinomial Logistic regression model．

Results In this paper，the concept of professional differentiation of worker households in key state-owned forest region was presented．Professional differentiation of worker households in key state-owned forest region was that the original highly homogeneous worker households in key state-owned forest region showed heterogeneity，their family members’ professional categories were more abundant，and the nature of their work was becoming more diverse．Worker households could be divided into 3 types(3 types includes worker households in pure state-owned units，diversified households and worker households in non-state-owned units)base on the work nature of worker households’ labors．Meanwhile，the number of worker households in pure state-owned units was the largest，followed by diversified households，and the number of worker households in non-state-owned units was the least．Thus，the state-owned units are the main employment field of worker households in key state-owned forest region，and the non-state-owned units have also become an important employment field．In addition，the determinants of worker households’ professional differentiation types in key state-owned forest region were analyzed based on the multinomial logistic regression model．The results imply that the number of family labor，the average years of schooling of labor force，social relations of the family，and the forest region where the family live have the significant impact on types of professional differentiation of worker households in key state-owned forest region．

Conclusions and Discussion Some policy implications were derived in this paper．Firstly，base on the different types of worker households，governments should guide professional differentiation of worker households actively through implementing the differential policy to optimize the professional differentiation pattern．Secondly，governments should pay attention to education and training，strengthen investment in human capital．Because raising the educational level and strengthening professional skills are helpful for worker households to improve their employability and job seeking ability．Thirdly，by resorting to family social network，worker households’ labors should capture opportunities and resources to improve their own employment status．Fourthly，if governments want to reduce financial burden of worker households in forest region，they should perfect the pension security system and strengthen the care for the minors．To some extent，labors of worker households might choose their jobs more comfortably without the worry of the olds and kids．

Key words：key state-owned forest region；worker households；professional differentiation；determinants

Original Articlein朱洪革，胡士磊．重點(diǎn)國有林區(qū)職工家庭職業(yè)分化及其影響因素．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：6-10．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.003

Abstract

Background State-owned forest plays a vital role in forest resources assets in China．The environment and function of state-owned forest had been changed with the deepening of reform and releasing a series of major policies．Before the mechanism and institutions of reimbursable usage system setting up for state-owned forest resources，there are such problems as incomplete establishment of law system，the lagging of management measures，seriously losing of state-owned forest resources，the value of forest resources assessment lack of scientific and so on in practice．So it is necessary to establish a scientific and reasonable state-owned forest resources assets reimbursable usage system，so as to deepen the reform of state-owned forest and implement major decision-making arrangements．

Methods This paper analyzed the reasons，the extent of application and the mode of application for reimbursable usage system on state-owned forest resources generalizing and analyzing relevant study achievements．

Results There are 3 reasons explaining for the issues occurred in reimbursable usage system on state-owned forest resources：Firstly，the forest property dispute affected the production，management and function of state-owned forest did not work better；Secondly，seriously losing of state-owned forest resources caused by lacking of circulation system and standardization；Thirdly，unreasonable benefits distribution of reimbursable usage system caused the losing of state-owned forest resources，because unreasonable benefits distribution would lead to the forest and workers failing to enjoy the country’s many policy，so they have to transfer the state-owned forest resources to make up for forest production．In order to make sure the extent and the mode of application in reimbursable usage system on state-owned forest resources，through the analyzing results we know that：for goods timber forest，we could use the land use right，product use rights，landscape and forestry carbon sequestration rights in timber forest，economic forest，firewood forest；for public welfare forest，we could use the forest landscape use right in special use forests and protection forest(expect national defense forest，seed stand，etc.)；for non-wood and woody forest products，we could use the gathering rights，economic forest species breeding rights and forestry carbon sequestration rights．State-owned forest areas，internal staff，corporate and banking body are the subject in reimbursable usage system on state-owned forest resources．The mode of application included transfer of compensation authorization management，investment shares，transfer，contract，etc.

Conclusions and Discussion This paper put forward 3 suggestion：Firstly，governments should focus on resolving forest rights disputes to ensure the normal production and management．On the one hand，making a comprehensive inspection，verification and correction for state-owned forest rights through registration and certification；on the other hand，strengthening the mediation masses between state-owned forest and the surrounding．Secondly，governments should prevent the loss of state assets in various ways，Such as introducing of relevant solutions and suggestions at the national level to solve the transfer and loss of forest resources，increasing rectification efforts of the forest resources and identify all kinds of circulation，verifying the transfer issue of state forest．Thirdly，governments should build and perfect institutional to support reimbursable usage system on state-owned forest resources．Such as improving the forest law，developing forest resources assets reimbursable usage management approach，establishing hierarchical approval management of state-owned forest resources assets，strengthening the use of management，establishing scientific authority accurate asset evaluation system and state-owned forest farmland circulation supervision．

Key words：state-owned forest resources；compensation for the use；system；state-owned forest farms

Original Articlein周海川．國有森林資源資產(chǎn)有償使用制度探悉．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：11-17．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.004

Abstract

Background With the reform of collective forest tenure implementing in Guangxi，the change of management model in forest resources was caused by the transforms in forest resources production model and supply model．The management model of fast-growing and high-yielding timber forest have an important influence on forest management efficiency and increasing farmers’ income．So it is very significant to study the change on the management model of fast-growing and high-yielding timber forest under the background of collective forest tenure reform．

Methods Based on the method of social statistics，analyzing the data of questionnaires which collected from forestry workers at the 14 prefecture level cities in Guangxi，this research discussed the following 4 questions： Firstly，what is the changing trend of the management model of fast-growing and high-yielding forest after collective forest tenure reform in Guangxi? Secondly，what are factors affecting and restricting the development of fast-growing and high-yielding forest in Guangxi? Thirdly，what is the impact of collective forest tenure reform on the fast-growing and high-yield forest in Guangxi? Fourthly，what is main timber supply mode and management model after collective forest tenure reform in Guangxi?

Results With the reform of collective forest tenure implementing in Guangxi，the major factors of the rapid development on fast-growing and high-yielding forest are the motivated by economic benefit，the suitable environmental conditions for fast-growing and high-yielding forest，the demand for forest industry developing and the increasing forestation activity of farmers．The main factors hindering the development on fast-growing and high-yielding forest are short of woodland and relevant government policies to support，meanwhile，the number of forestry cooperative organizations being small．Because the collective management do not adapt to the forestry productivity in 2016，so it will gradually disappear．However，the cooperative organization management model and the company management model will be the trend of development of the fast-growing and high-yielding forest in Guangxi．Through the analysis about timber supply mode of the fast-growing and high-yielding forest in Guangxi，this research implies that the supply from company and cooperation organizations would help timber trading system to achieve a win-win situation between buyers and sellers．As a result，the cooperative organization management model and the company management model will be the trend of development of the fast-growing and high-yielding forest in Guangxi．The investment and management scale must reach to be a certain extent in order to produce relatively good economic benefits in Guangxi．In addition，as the results from statistical analysis，the best investment strategy of the fast-growing and high-yielding forest in Guangxi is from 13.5 thousand yuan per hectare to 15.0 thousand yuan per hectare，and the suitable operation area for operators is from 6.67 hm2to 13.33 hm2．

Conclusions and Discussion Based on the result of study，3 suggestions are proposed： Primary，developing of fast-growing and high-yielding forest through cooperative management and corporate management，the management model toward the intensive and industry planting system．Secondly，we should improve the follow-up measures of development on the fast-growing and high-yielding forest in order to ensure that forestry investment to achieve a certain scale in Guangxi．Finally，the government would establish the good soil environment of the cooperative organization management model and the company management model，then farmers will voluntarily combine together to form a cooperation organization in order to form a scale to overcome the problem of funds．

Key words：collective forest tenure reform；Guangxi；fast-growing and high-yielding forest；management model；tendency

Original Articlein周澤建．集體林權(quán)制度改革對速生豐產(chǎn)林經(jīng)營模式的影響：以廣西為例．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：18-24．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.005

Abstract

Background Since the reform and opening up for more than 30 years，the process of urbanization in China has been deepening，and the urban population has been increasing rapidly．However，the process of urbanization in China is different from that of the West，where urban infrastructures and public services have not improved significantly with a large influx of people，which has led to serious urban ecological and environmental problem and limited the future sustainable development of city．In this case，the importance of the development of urban forestry has become increasingly prominent．Urban forestry not only played very important role in improving and managing the urban environment and ecosystem，but also closely related to citizens in improving their livelihood levels with many kinds of benefits．It is necessary to make a comprehensive analysis on issues related to urban forestry．

Methods This paper designed questionnaires on public preferences，concluding four aspects as space-time，elements，layouts and payments．A total of 3 000 citizens were investigated through field survey in central urban areas in Beijing．Contingent Valuation Method and urban landscape analysis method are used in analyzing citizens’ preferences on urban forestry，as well as the corresponding influencing factors．

Results From the viewpoint of space-time：Public preference are mainly depended on citizens’ actual using frequency，while spatial distance only did little help to their preferences．The results also show that the higher reachability，the lower the using frequency，and the social service function of urban forestry in Beijing plays the minimum roll．From the viewpoint of elements：Citizens consider exercise，rest，entertainment and dog walking as the most important factors for urban forestry．As far as the three forms of urban forestry are concerned，parks played a greater role in citizens’ life than public green spaces．Ancient and famous trees always had less impact for citizens，as various non-using values remain to be their most important functions．Meanwhile，the worst aspects are damage cause by dogs and lawn trampling and other forms of violations of regulation．From the viewpoint of layout preference：Citizens in Beijing were prefer the urban forestry with more nature elements and more convenience and more comfortable by comprehensive management．From the viewpoint of willingness to pay：Citizens’ average willingness to pay for urban forestry is 44.11 Yuan per person，while the level of income，education and urban forestry costs as well as the contact frequency shall have a significant positive impact on their payment willingness．

Conclusions and Discussion According to the research result，this paper believes that：In the next stage，urban forestry construction and citizens’ demand shall be fully considered to enhance the applicability of urban forestry and promote the using frequency of citizens．It is also crucial to pay attention to the improvement of the social service functions and urban ecological environment，avoid the unreasonable phenomenon like as fund waste and water source pollution，as well as increasing citizens’ willingness and initiative to pay for urban forestry by propaganda work．The results of this paper also implied that it is important to protect the ancient and famous tree because it won the approval of citizens，which would increase the citizens’ using frequency and willingness to pay for urban forestry．In addition，perfecting the social security system and lay a solid foundation for sustainable development in each stage of urban forestry construction is also of great importance．

Key words：urban forestry；citizen preference；contingent valuation method；willingness to pay

Original Articlein趙正，馬奔，溫亞利．基于市民偏好的城市林業(yè)選擇研究．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：25-30，36．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.006

Abstract

Background At present，Grain-to-Green project is the biggest ecological project in China，it plays an important role in improving ecological environment．In academia field，many scholars believed in an opinion that returning stage had a strong intensive and planting stage had a weak intensive．

Methods Base on the present literatures and the theories of heterogeneity，this paper analyzed four aspects as the real obstacles of mechanism of returning farmland to forest policy，the problems of insufficient incentive，the incentive misalignment caused by the neglect of heterogeneous farmers and their different preferences from the perspective of heterogeneous farmers．

Results Heterogeneous farmers were defined as the difference in agricultural production efficiency caused by concurrent industrialization，which actually includes economic effect and ecological effect．In such a context，farm households’ decision making was determined by the tradeoffs among subsidy，agriculture income and non-farm income．Farmers would prefer to return farmland when government subsidy was higher than agricultural income，conversely，they would prefer engaging in agricultural activities．However，if the non-farm income was far above government subsidy and agricultural income，farmers would chose returning farmland again．The agricultural income as the opportunity cost was used to evaluate the incentive effectiveness．The result shows that the relationship between heterogeneous farmers measured by concurrent level and the willingness to participate in Grain-to-Green project is a hump．Specifically，both of the pure farmers and farmers who had abandoned farming have the incentives to return farmland，the difference is that for the former they have moral hazard problem of forest rehabilitation，and the latter induced policy burden; the choices of part-time farmers were determined by the net values of different land usage and the trade-off between farm income and non-farm income．Therefore，the Grain-to-Green policy may encounter failure even during the returning stage．Farmers with high production efficiency could afford the expensive switching cost，so the economic forest would be their best choice after the returning stage．Otherwise，ecological forest came to be the second best choice for someone who had lower efficiency．And the ecological performance achieved by the Grain-to-Green policy was due to the rational behaviors of heterogeneous farmers．In the stage of returning，if subsidy policy palled on farmers who was in intervening level of concurrent business that Grain-to-Green project would play a finite role in improving ecological environment．And in the stage of planting，the farmers who had high production efficiency would choose economic forest first，exhibiting highly motivated in forest administration and protection．However，the farmers with higher efficiency will increase the investment in pesticides and chemical fertilizer for the sake of economic interest．So the overall effect of ecological improvement is vague．

Conclusions and Discussion Finally，this paper proposed the adjustment and optimization of the ecological compensation policies in China，including the increase of subsidies or the trial of diversified subsidy policy to encourage and protect farmers participation incentives in the short run；broadening the non-farm employment channels and developing forestry carbon sink market to ensure the sustainability of Sloping-Land Conversion Program in the medium and long term．

Key words：heterogeneous farmers；ecological compensation of Grain-to-Green project；incentive weakness； conversion cost

Original Articlein張興，張煒，趙敏娟．退耕還林生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制的激勵有效性：基于異質(zhì)性農(nóng)戶視角．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：31-36．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.007

Abstract

Background At present，some researches claimed that the urgency of protective development for forest parks，and some researchers had realized the importance of community participation in protective development．However，most of the existed researches ignored the link between peasants’ protect attitude and forest park management．As an important stakeholder in the development of suburban forest parks，the surrounding community peasants’ behavior would directly impact on the management of forest parks，their support and friendly and cooperative community relations play an important role in the sustainable development of forest parks．

Methods The data were based on 529 peasant households surrounding 9 suburban forest parks in Fujian province．Then we used the Probit regression to analyze the relationship between peasants’ perceived variables and protection attitudes．

Results Limited forestry by-product，limited firewood collection，and limited wood harvesting are 3 most significant variables in most of peasant loss perception variables，because there is no significant correlation between the firewood collection and peasant protection attitudes．Variables-wildlife damage，limited forestry by-product and limited wood harvesting have a significant negative impact on peasant protection attitudes，because they obviously reduced level of income．The most obvious perceived benefits of tourism development are transportation access improvement，followed employment opportunities increasing，non-agricultural income increasing and leisure amusement places increasing．And the variables which have significant positive effects on peasant protection attitude are employment opportunities increasing，transportation access improvement，leisure amusement places increasing and development of tourism projects．In order to promote the effective protection of the suburban forest parks and the coordinated development with the community，on the one hand，the forest park management should actively take the livelihood of the surrounding peasants into management scope．Surrounding peasants who are lost their woodland，land and limited their own economic income when establishing the forest park should be take corresponding compensation measures．The usual practice is to give compensation or offer a certain job opportunities to the surrounding peasants with a greater degree of damage．The violation of wildlife should also be included in the forest park protection management agenda．On the other hand，the forest park could cooperate with the surrounding peasants in a symbiotic way to carry out forest park tourism development management．In reality，many peasants will rely on forest parks to carry out tourism activities，and the contents of these activities have complementary relations with the main business of the forest park，which can make up for the dysfunction of the forest park reception．Therefore，the forest park management side should communicate actively with the surrounding peasants who had the cooperative willingness and the cooperation ability，and they carry out tourism activities together rely on the establishment of forest parks，and then form the symbiotic interaction development relationship．

Conclusions and Discussion Community peasants are important stakeholders in the development of suburban forest parks．According to the perception of economy level and life level，peasants’ protection attitude produces corresponding changes．Especially，the perception of economy level has a significant impact on the protection attitude of peasant．Therefore，in order to promote the effective protection of the suburban forest parks and coordinate community development，park manager should consider the livelihood of the surrounding peasant households and collaborate with them，to symbiotic complementarily forest park tourism development and management．

Key words：suburban forest park；peasants；tourism loss；tourism income；protection attitudes

Original Articlein賴啟福，黃秀娟，朱佳佳，等．城郊森林公園農(nóng)戶旅游收益、損失與保護(hù)態(tài)度的研究：以福建省為例．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：37-43，62．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.008

Abstract

Background Forest tourism attracts visitors increasingly with superior ecological environment，natural resources and unique health care function．Based on analysis of existing research literature，found the research of forest health resource itself and the quantitative evaluation of its development potential is lack．There is no systemic development potential evaluation index system research of forest health tourism．

Methods Establishing the index system of forest health tourism development potential based on principles as comprehensive，representative，gradation，operational，meanwhile，priority will be given to quantitative evaluation，and supplemented by qualitative evaluation indexes．Then we selected five national forest park in Anhui province (namely Huangshan mountain national forest park，Jiuhua mountain national forest park，Tianzhu mountain national forest park，Langya mountain national forest park，and Huangzangyu national forest park) for evaluating the forest health tourism development potential base on multilevel grey evaluation method．

Results As the weights on the index system of forest health tourism development potential，the weight of health environment is the highest in the 4 composite layers of comprehensive evaluation，next is the weight of health resources，the weight of scenic spot conditions and the weight of social support are minimum．It shows that forest wellness tourism very much dependent on health environment; ecological environment，culture of health preservation and health products are the basic guarantee and core condition for forest health tourism developing; the attraction of tourism resources is important factors；the scenic area conditions and local social support is the foundation conditions of forest health tourism．In element evaluation layer，the resources endowment has the highest weight in the two evaluation subsystem of health resources，resource characteristic is less．In the health environment 3 evaluation subsystem，the highest weights is ecological environment，the less weight is culture of health preserving and health products is the smallest．According to the results of evaluating the forest health tourism development potential，the forest health tourism development potential is divided into 3 levels：level 1 of tourism development potential for the best development area，the score range 3 or higher；level 2 for second best development area，the range of 2-3 points; Level 3 for the general development area，scoring domain 3．Data show that the Tianzhu mountain national forest park get the highest composite scores，Jiuhua mountain national forest park and Huangshan mountain national forest park get the lower scores，which all belong to the best development area．Langya mountain national forest park and the Huangzangyu national forest park belongs to the second best development area，which are in accordance with the objective conditions．So it implies that the index system of forest health tourism development potential is reasonable．

Conclusions and Discussion It should be pointed out that the forest health tourism development potential is a complex research，there are many influence factors to build the evaluation system of indexes．The article makes a preliminary discussion，but there are some limitations on the comprehensive of index system，how to formulate the evaluation system more comprehensively，objectively and reasonably，and how to incorporate the tourist's perception deserves further study．

Key words：forest tourism；health tourism；exploration potential；forest park

Original Articlein陸曉梅，張鑫，高淑春．森林養(yǎng)生旅游開發(fā)潛力評價研究．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：44-49．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.009

Abstract

Background Bamboo forest ecotourism is an important part of the ecological tourism industry，but lacking of theoretical guidance on bamboo tourism management，cultural heritage，product innovation，resource protection and development and so on would greatly hinder the popularization and development of bamboo forest ecotourism．Xianning is a famous bamboo township，there are 12 genera and 150 species of bamboo plants，the production of bamboo accounted for more than 80% of Hubei province．In order to exploit and utilize bamboo forest ecotourism resources，it is necessary to collect all kinds of information of local bamboo resources as soon as possible．

Methods This thesis used ETM+ and ENVI 4.7 to pre-process Landsat ETM+ image of Xianning，and used the supervised classification method to extract the bamboo information，and evaluated the accuracy of the calculation results．To improve accuracy and efficiency，chose the 9，7，6 band combination which they are the smallest correlation to extract the bamboo forest information．

Results Overlayed the bamboo distribution layers in the remote sensing image，from the output result we know that bamboo forest in Xianning has 1 342 495 pixels，and evaluated a total area of 1 213 km2．Based on the results of classification statistics，the accuracy of classification and recognition is evaluated．The results show that the maximum likelihood method is used to extract the information of bamboo forest，the classification accuracy is up to 80.8% and the total Kappa coefficient is up to 78.75%．Through the above research，found that bamboo mainly concentrated in Osmanthus town，and the most area between Guantangyi and Chongyang，and the best season of bamboo forest tourism are spring and autumn．

Conclusions and Discussion This thesis put forward 5 proposals to promote the bamboo forest ecotourism of Xianning．Firstly，Make a scientific plan the bamboo forest ecotourism，which starting from the global perspective of tourism and combined with the beautiful countryside construction，ecological environment protection，and create the regional characteristic and brand according to the demand of tourists．Secondly，optimize the development environment of bamboo ecotourism industry，and promote the development and protection of ecotourism resources，that combined with the actual situation of the local tourism industry，and strengthen the ecotourism environmental protection laws and regulations．Thirdly，adhere to the development ideas of industrial integration，to form the South Hubei big bamboo ecological tourism core area．At the same time，let the local resources together to create the brand of Zhuhai Tourism，and to form many scenery spots in a scenic region．Fourthly，promote scientific and technological innovation strategy vigorously，to use new technology，exploit the bamboo forest ecological resources deeply．At the same time，use the digital information and network technology to enrich the concrete forms of ecological tourism products．And it should be promoted the ecological tourism consumption，service mode，marketing and management innovation，and gradually improve the scientific and technological content of bamboo forest ecotourism industry．The last one，it should be cultivating professional talents，from the industrial integration status and the needs of Xianning bamboo forest ecotourism development，mainly to cultivate talents in e-commerce，tourism information management，performance management，capital operation of tourism scenic，exhibition planning and organization．And training the people of primary-level worker，to achieve the transformation and upgrading of the tourism industry．

Key words：Bamboo forest ecotourism；tourism development；TM/ETM image；Xianning city

Original Articlein陳麗軍，蘇金豹，黃勇奇，等．基于遙感影像的竹林生態(tài)旅游開發(fā)研究：以竹鄉(xiāng)咸寧為例．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：50-55．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.010

Abstract

Background Conversion of cropland to forest project plays an important role in improving ecological environment which is known as a remarkable ecological engineering． Since 2000，SustainableLivelihoodFramework(SLA)， proposed byDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment(DFID)， is one of the most frequently used theories in formulating and implementing poverty relief policy．

Methods To establish sustainable livelihood framework specifically for Tibet， framework，consisting core points of vulnerability， livelihood capital， cropland to forest proposal， livelihood strategy and result，is proposed based on SLA． Vulnerability， livelihood capital， conversion of cropland to forest， survival strategy and livelihood result were the 5 components of this new framework． We selected 7 counties in Tibet as the study area according to the research objectives and regional economic and social development level． Then 180 households were randomly selected for questionnaires with 172 retrieved． Among the valid questionnaires， 38 came from farmers returning farmland and 134 came from non-returning． Subsequently， entropy method and logistic model were used to evaluate the livelihood capital and the impact of livelihood capital on livelihood strategy choice．

Results The main results are as follows：⑴According to the result of comprehensive index， the level of livelihood capital and the structure of capital were significantly different among farmers returning farmland and non-returning farmland． The livelihood capital standard for farmers returning farmland was higher than those not returned， especially in human， social and financial capitals． However， farmers who returned farmland had less natural capital comparing with those not returned． For peasant household， human capital had great influence on living standard， but social and financial capitals exert greater influence on improving overall living standard． ⑵ According to the result of logistic model significance test， both social capital and financial capital had significant influences on the choice of farmers returning farmland． Natural capital， material capital and social capital greatly influence the choice of farmers who don’t return．⑶According to sustainable livelihoods framework， survival strategy choice of peasant household often is determined by their livelihood capital． Peasant households who have more natural capital would select farming as the primary survival strategy while those who possess more social capital would prefer non-agriculture survival strategy．

Conclusions and Discussion To summarize， 3 suggestions are proposed referring to survival strategy classification of Scoones． Firstly， local government should develop specific breeding industry and plateau agriculture so as to make full use of pasture resource and animal husbandry advantages which in Tibet． Secondly， local governments should motivate and guide farmers who return farmland on developing self-operation and tourism through integrating all social capital， financial capital， and preferential policy． Lastly， local governments should endeavor to solve the problem of reemployment for surplus labor force．

Key words：Grain for Green Project；livelihood strategy；livelihood assets；farmers and nomads；entropy method；logistic model

Original Articlein陳相凝，武照亮，李心斐，等．退耕還林背景下生計(jì)資本對生計(jì)策略選擇的影響分析：以西藏7縣為例．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：56-62．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.011

Abstract

Background China andCentralandEastEuropeanCountries(CEECs)are important countries in the development route of“Belt and Road Initiative”．CEECs are rich in forest resources．The forest economic and trade cooperation developed rapidly between China and CEECs．Especially after“16+1”Prime Minister meeting mechanism establishing in 2012，the bilateral trade value of China and CEECs increased by nearly 9 times from 2005 to 2014．Therefore，it is necessary to study the influencing factors of bilateral forest products trade between China and CEECs．

Methods Based on POOL EGLS method，processed the panel data of forest products trade value in China and 16 CEECs (the 16 CEECs were Poland，Czech，Romania，Latvia，Lithuania，Slovakia，Slovenia，Albania，Montenegro，Bosnia and Herzegovina，Macedonia，Hungary，Estonia，Croatia，Serbia and Bulgaria) from 2005 to 2014 which collected from United Nations International Trade Organization and the World Bank．Meanwhile，trade gravity model was used to study the bilateral forest products trade between China and CEECs．

Results This paper constructed three models，and both of them are approved by the significant test of 1% level．TheDWvalue of Model three is 1.95 and close to 2.00．It means that there is no self-correlation problem in model three．So the final regression model which improved on the basis of model three was used to analyze the factors that influence on the bilateral forest products trade between China and CEECs．The results show that the main factors influencing the bilateral trade growth of forest products are the GDP，the distance，the per capita forest resources and the establishment of“16+1”Prime Minister meeting mechanism．According to the results of the final regression model，analyzing the forest products trade potential between China and CEECs in 2014．Six countries as Poland，Slovakia，Hungary，Macedonia，Serbia and Montenegro have large potential in bilateral forest products trade with China，namely，the forest products trade between China and these trade partners are still in the development stage and they have a large space for development．So China should strengthen cooperation with these 6 countries actively to reduce trade barriers．The trade potential in two countries as Lithuania and Estonia is yet to be developed．This situation indicates that a certain scale of existing influence factors had reached，but there is still some space forward．The trade potential of other eight countries(Romania，Czech and Bulgaria，Latvia，Croatia，Albania，Slovenia，Bosnia and Herzegovina)belong to the trade potential reshape，it means that only the introduction of new factors can promote its further development．

Conclusions and Discussion In summary，facing less per capita forest resources in China，China should introduce a massive afforestation program to maintain the steady increase of forest resources and improve China forest products export trade．Under the background of Prime Minister meeting mechanism，in order to develop the trade in forest products between China and CEECs，China should establish forestry cooperation mechanism determinedly，at the same time China also should make more specific measures and policies for different countries．Reducing the transportation cost is one of the important driving forces to promote bilateral trade in forest products．So China should accelerate the construction of the railway transportation facilities between China and CEECs under proposing the development route of“Belt and Road Initiative”．

Key words：forest products；Gravity model；Central and Eastern Europe Countries(CEECs)；trade potential

Original Articlein萬璐，高利，程寶棟．基于引力模型的林產(chǎn)品雙邊貿(mào)易潛力研究：以中國—中東歐沿線國家為例．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：63-67，73．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.012

Abstract

Background Online purchase becomes a regular consumer purchase pattern，which turns out to be great challenges to furniture industry．E-commerce is online trade through internet．It is critical for furniture firms to meet the challenges by adopting e-commerce．

Methods Based on the studies which are selected from 1998 till June 2016，this paper attempted to understand e-commerce through two perspectives: one was from organizations，the significance of adopting e-commerce，the business pattern and restricting factors were summarized；and the other was from the consumers，consumers’ behavior and factors affecting furniture online purchase were also reviewed．

Results Furniture manufacturers and retailers are now competing in a global value chain and facing more complex market demand．Ignoring e-commerce would lead the firms to be marginalized by both domestic and international market．The new knowledge-based industry orientation also calls for new commercial patterns and technologies to be used，so that furniture companies can survive in the challenging market and gain competitive advantage．Increasing furniture firms have adopted e-commerce through displaying and selling product online to communicate with chain partners when they realized the value of collecting huge and updated consumer data from the new pattern．Some researchers argued that the furniture e-commerce pattern in China was still in the premature stage．E-commerce platforms were mainly used to provide furniture information and build brand image．Most furniture products were still purchased offline in China．Some researchers put forward a similar concept of Click and Mortar．Recently，OnlinetoOffline(O2O) was gradually regarded as one of the promising future patterns for furniture e-commerce．Meantime，some new patterns such as Mobile E-commerce and Social E-commerce have attained attention with the prevalence of mobile phones．Furniture firms faced a lot of challenges，but many researches concluded that the key of furniture e-commerce success relied on whether it could create customer value，of which product，consume experience and logistics were critical．In e-commerce context，traditional furniture products might not satisfy consumers’ personal demand and must be adapted to online sales．Some studies have explored the change of online furniture design pattern and developed new design procedures based on consumer need or different e-commerce patterns．New technologies such as Cloud services have been applied to enrich and provide more vivid experience of consumers during their online purchase process．In order to break up the logistic bottleneck，strategic alliances between furniture firms and other supply chain members were encouraged．Some studies have concluded that reverse logistics of recalled furniture affected consumer satisfaction and operation cost，therefore also required more attention．Studies also have found that consumers buying from traditional retail stores and from online retailing platforms were different in terms of their demographic characteristics．What is more，the two groups of consumers had slightly different focus in the purchasing process．Moreover，cross-cultural differences also existed in consumers buying online．Factors affecting consumer online purchase were grouped into product，consumer demographic characteristics，online contextual factors and others．It was found that the perception and evaluation of product attributes directly affected consumers’ perception of product quality and value．Online purchase intention was found to be equally influenced by product and consumers’ trust on online purchase．Some researchers argued that general consumers had not established sufficient trust on online purchase of furniture．Online contextual factors were also proved to affect online purchase intention mediated by perceived trust or value．Additionally，online user review was used by consumers for product evaluation to reduce the uncertainty and risks of online purchase．Researches suggested that online user review combined with social media should be an effective tool to improve customer loyalty．

Conclusions and Discussion This paper identifies potential areas for future research，such as redefining online customer strategy，reverse furniture logistics efficiency，service failure and online store’s remedy as well as the integrated application of e-commerce in the furniture supply chain．Consumer behavior in furniture e-commerce also requires new research perspectives，especially from the psychological characteristics of online consumers．Also cultural comparison between online consumers at home and abroad might be helpful in enriching furniture e-commerce study．

Key words：furniture；e-commerce；consumer behavior

Original Articlein牛群，劉宇偉．家具行業(yè)電子商務(wù)研究進(jìn)展．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：68-73．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.013

Abstract

Background China is the world power in furniture production and furniture export．However，China’s furniture manufacturing industry has been locked in the low end of the global value chain for a long time，furthermore China’s furniture manufacturing industry are lack of innovation capacity．So it is necessary to speed up industrial restructuring and achieve industrial transformation and upgrading under the background of supply side reform．The transformation and upgrading of furniture manufacturing industry is inseparable from the support of the producer services．So far，there are few literatures on the relationship between furniture manufacturing industry and producer services．Examining the coupling coordination degree between furniture manufacturing industry and producer services as well as compare the difference between the regions is important．

Methods The original data were collected from the China Statistical Yearbook，Tertiary Industry Statistical Yearbook of China，Tax Yearbook of China and Statistical Yearbook of 29 provinces or cities(excluding Taiwan，Tibet and Qinghai)from 2014 to 2015．Based on industrial development scale，industrial development structure，industrial development efficiency and industrial development potential，we constructed the “furniture manufacturing industry-producer services system”coupling coordination degree model and established the evaluation index system of comprehensive development level for furniture manufacturing industry and producer services．In addition，the weight of the index is calculated by the entropy weighting method．Finally，calculate the coupling coordination degree between furniture manufacturing and producer services by the coupling coordination degree model．

Results As the results of comprehensive development levels of furniture manufacturing industry and producer services，the average national development level of Chinese furniture manufacturing industry is 0.235 2，but the development between regions is very uneven．It appears the phenomenon of“outshine others”in Guangdong province．The coastal areas are relatively better in the comprehensive development level of Chinese producer services，but Beijing is the best．From the perspective of the 5 sub-sectors of the producer services，transportation，warehousing and postal services have best performance in the comprehensive development level，the following is financial service，and scientific research and technical services do worst．In general，the coupling coordination degree of China’s furniture manufacturing industry-producer services system is relatively low and the difference among regions is relatively large．When furniture manufacturing industry combine with 2 sub-sectors as the transportation，warehousing and postal services，the financial service achieve an early reluctant state of coordination．There are a small inter industry differences in the coupling coordination degree between furniture manufacturing industry and producer services in different provinces or cities．

Conclusions and Discussion Based on the above analysis and summary，according to the size of the coupling coordination degree 29 provinces or cities are divided into three categories．Meanwhile，the study put forward the following recommendations：Firstly，in order to achieve the coupling coordinated development between furniture manufacturing and producer services，the regions should focus on building and improving the interaction mechanism between the two industries；Secondly，the regions should improve the development level of producer services，and carry out more targeted services for furniture manufacturing industry；Thirdly，the region should also give full play to the functions of the government，targeted the introduction of a number of policies，build a number of public service platforms and implement policy guidance to promote the interaction between furniture manufacturing industry and producer services．

Key words：furniture manufacturing industry；producer services；coupling coordination degree

Original Articlein李英，劉廣丹，趙越，等．家具制造業(yè)與生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)業(yè)耦合協(xié)調(diào)度研究．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：74-81．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.014

Abstract

Background When the seed orchard entered a recession，the parent trees in Chinese fir seed orchard were in poor health and led to seed production decline year by year．Then the seed production was difficult to meet the needs of the growing forestation．Some research results had proved that the stump-reform technology on Chinese fir parent trees was viable，but the economic benefits in different reform methods were not considered．

Methods Aiming at the shortcomings of the previous studies，we selected the aged Chinese fir seed orchard which established in 1987 and located in Xianshui forest farm of Quanzhou country in Guangxi for the research．The data was collected from operational information of the forest farm for 5 consecutive years and the working experience of Seed orchard construction since 2005，meanwhile，other researchers’ results were referenced．Base on the combination of static and dynamic economic analysis method，this paper analyse the practical economic benefits of three treatments of non-reform，stump-reform and reconstruction in five years．In addition，predicting the economic benefits arising from the reconstruction of the seed orchard during the year of full production．

Results As the results from analyzing static economic index，in the first 5 years，reconstruction had put more than twice as aggregate investment as stump-reform and non-reform．After the stage of decline period of fruit bearing，the seed production increased year by year with the growth of 12% by tending without reconstruction．From the first year to the fifth year，the seed production of stump-reform increased by 3.2% than non-reform，the seed production of stump-reform and non-reform were higher than reconstruction．As the results from evaluating dynamic evaluation during the study period，there was no economic benefit in the first five years when the seed orchard was reconstructed，and the economic benefit of stump-reform was higher than non-reform by 11.4%．The net present value in the five years given period of non-reform was no negative when the discount rate was 8%．The net present value of stump-reform was positive from the fourth year，but it was negative of reconstruction．Medium and long term forecast dynamic economic indicators showed that although there was poor short term economic benefits of reconstruction，the seed production will increase by 55% on the original basis，it will be 60kg/hm2in the rich year．From the sixth year，the cash flow growth range of non-reform was the minimum，and reconstruction was the maximum．The net present value of stump-reform in the sixth year higher than non-reform if the discounted rate remained at 8%，but it need 13 years for reconstruction．The internal rate of return of reconstruction was 13.3% counted by the ways of triangulation with Linear Interpolation，it is higher than the benchmark benefit by 5%，this result showed that reconstruction gain the good economic benefits，although it not enter into rich year．

Conclusions and Discussion All the results illustrated that short term real economic benefit and medium and long term expected economic benefits of stump-reform were higher than reconstruction and non-reform．Though there was a superior amplification for reconstruction，it will gain good economic profit for reconstruction until the twelfth years．So stump-reform was a prefect reform method for aged Chinese fir seed orchard in the transient period of reform．Stump-reform could not only recover the seed production and quality in a short time，but also gain better economic benefits in a longer period of time．

Key words：Chinese fir；seed orchard；reform；economic benefit

Original Articlein黃開勇，唐文，戴俊，等．杉木大齡種子園不同改造方式的中短期經(jīng)濟(jì)效益評析．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：82-86，92．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.015

Abstract

Background Forestry industry has both economic value and ecological value，it plays an important role in promoting economic development，protecting environment，conserving soil and water，etc．Since the 21st century，the global ecological problems become progressively worse，which seriously affect the socio-economic development and people’s life．As the result，environmental issues become the focus of attention．Forest resources as the core and foundation of the ecosystem must be well developed and reasonable protection．In modern investment theory，the value of opportunity is more and more important．The traditional cash flow discount model has no consideration of the value of opportunity．Therefore，it’s often underestimate the enterprise value in the high-speed growth．So the scientific assessment of forestry listed companies’ value was helpful to us to know the accurate information about intrinsic value and development potential．Meanwhile，reasonable price in forestry industry based on real option pricing method would be conducive to resolve the financial problem，when the industry developing．Therefore，it had an important practical significance in improving the model of evaluating forestry industries’ value．

Methods This paper evaluated 6 forestry listed companies which are listed in Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange by B-S option pricing model with the correction．The realistic economic and social environment is difficult to meet the assumption of B-S option pricing model．Therefore，the B-S option pricing model is modified according to the Merton option theory．The revised pricing model takes into account the impact of the stock dividend on the option value，reducing the possibility of overriding call options．The model results are more real and effective．

Results Comparing the valuation and market value of forestry listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange，we found that: the range of valuation was smaller than market value exhibited a characteristic as steadily; the market value hovered around the valuation with small deviation in consideration of complex macro-economy trend and industry situation; the value of the evaluation can reflect the market value in some way，the evaluation results are objective．Analyzing the parametric sensitivity，we found that the valuation went up and down depending on parameter values，showed a positive correlation between them．Overall，the volatility rate of underlying asset was more sensitive，and the sensitivity was low between valuation and risk-free rate (r)．Moreover，the fluctuation range of the enterprise evaluation value is much smaller than the parameter’s．Therefore，the valuation of forestry listed companies was insensitive to parameter values of B-S option pricing model; it implied that the evaluation results from real option pricing method had strong stability．

Conclusions and Discussion Real option pricing method is mainly used in oil extraction，internet，real estate and other industries．This paper provided a new idea for evaluating forestry industry through combining the real option pricing method and forestry．According to the calculation results，the evaluation value can reflect the market value to a certain extent．The results of the B-S option pricing model can be more scientific to reflect the true value，and the results are objective．Thus，this paper inferred that stabilization of markets can be estimated through real option pricing method，especially in estimating the stock bubble．Consequently，real option pricing method could be applied in China’s stock market．In order to prevent overestimating or underestimating the stock’s market value，stock exchange could use real option pricing method．Otherwise，the valuation of real option pricing method provided the suggestion of investment for investors．

Key words：real option pricing method；Black-Scholes option pricing model；the enterprise value evaluation

Original Articlein張開玄，王思博．實(shí)物期權(quán)定價法在林業(yè)上市公司價值評估中的應(yīng)用．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：87-92．

DOI：10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.016

Abstract

Background Fruit mulberry industry is based on fruit mulberry cultivation．Fruit mulberry which harvest the dominant role of mulberry and the subsidiary role of leaves，is a variety ofMorusalbaLinnaeus though selective breeding．Fruit mulberry has many functions like as unique medicinal，health care，tourism，sericulture，soil and water conservation and so on．Many researches about fruit mulberry industry often focused on the fruit mulberry value，the cultivation techniques and the product processing，etc．But the studies were still blank about the risk cause by the particularity of fruit mulberry and the countermeasures to cope with risks．

Methods This paper analyzed the benefits(the benefits included economic benefit，ecological benefit and social benefit)and specific industrial venture of fruit mulberry industry through spot investigation and consulting document．

Results Through analyzing the econmice benefit of fruit mulberry industry base on field research，fruit mulberry famers could get a high-earning through the production of mulberry and sericulture．The profit of fruit mulberry and silkworm rearing were mainly affected by geographical position，climate environment，conditions of soil manure and water，development situation of economic and tourism，variety of fruit mulberry．In addition to fresh food，mulberry can be processed into mulberry wine，mulberry fruit and other products．And fruit mulberry industry may bring more economic benefit because of the great domestic and international market demands and high price of fruit mulberry juice．Mulberry fruit can also be used to grow edible mushrooms，Gastrodiaelataand manufacture wood flooring，developing fruit industry can bring greater economic benefits．Through analyzing the ecological benefits of fruit mulberry industry，fruit mulberry is a deep-root plant，it has strong tolerance to drought，cold and barren soil and has strong adaptability．In addition，fruit mulberry could keep water and soil，clean water，green environment，clean air and play other ecological functions．Otherwise，fruit mulberry is easy to breed，so it proves to be one of good tree species for greening barren hills and Sand Fixation．Through analyzing the social benefit of fruit mulberry industry，develop fruit mulberry industry would provide more employment opportunities for community and promote social harmony and stability，because the fruit mulberry industry is a typical labor-intensive industries．Through analyzing the risk of fruit industry，although develop fruit mulberry may bring considerable benefits in economic，ecological and social，it still had a variety of risks．Fruit mulberry can be stored at room temperature for only one day because of high water content，thin peel，intolerant storage and preservation．If developing blandly in fruit mulberry industry without mature local processing enterprises，farmers and governments would bear the huge losses．On the other hand，the fruit bearing time of fruit mulberry is very short lead to a great pressure in picking，so it is not suitable to plant in large-area when lacking of labor resources．In addition，it should bring to high attention of the mulberry sclerotinia disease，which is a destructive disease and the largest threat for fruit mulberry industry．

Conclusions and Discussion Through comprehensive analysis，this paper put forward a series of countermeasures to avoid the risks of fruit mulberry industry：To draw up a scientific planning avoid the risk．Proper precautionary measures are taken conscientiously in mulberry sclerotinia prevention conscientiously．Developing the mulberry varieties which fruits and leaves can be used simultaneously increase production．Enhance economic performance by integrating mulberry industry with sightseeing．Mulberry planting develop with and mulberry processing at the same time．Furthermore，other countermeasures are also put forward in this paper，like as improving the recognition of consumers，strengthening mulberry fruit food management and product innovation，etc．

Key words：mulberry industry；industry；benefit；analysis；risk；aversion

Original Articlein周應(yīng)彪，周釔宏．果桑產(chǎn)業(yè)的效益分析及風(fēng)險規(guī)避．林業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，2017，37(1)：93-96．

The Coupling Development Mechanism between Administration by Law and Economic Transformation in Collective Forest Regions in Southern China

HAN Junying1，2，YUE Shangzhi1

(1．School of Economics and Management，Northeast Forestry University，Harbin 150040 China；2．Law Faculty，Zhongshan College，University of Electronic Science and Technology，Zhongshan，Guangdong 528400 China)

Background With the implementation of forest tenure reform，intervention of government policy and enforcement of administrative law are demanding to solve issues like forestland fragmentation and single and low-efficient management mode so as to sustain a vibrant economic and ecological development in the collective forest region in southern China．Under the new economic background，AdministrationbyLaw(AL) andEconomicTransformation(ET) are two highly practical macro-propositions，which facilitates and restricts each other mutually．Clarifying the inherent relation between various elements of AL and ET is the key to transform government function rationally and optimize the relationship between the government and market．Methods From the microscopic perspective，this paper discusses the theoretical basis of the coupling development between AL and ET in the collective forest region in southern China by means of documentation analysis．Natural coupling was found in collective forest region in southern China．Furthermore，coupling design was applied AL and ET to evaluate the coupling effect．Results The coupling system of AL and ET in southern collective forest region is a complex system，consisting of AL subsystem and ET subsystem．Its basic elements include anthropogenic factor，government function，income，forestry economic upgrading and so on．Coupling system of AL and ET in southern collective forest region demonstrated a dissipative structure，with openness and complexity being the basic characteristics．Elements in the system are mainly coupled and united by flows of material，information and value．Therefore，the material flow (administrative，economic and waste flows)，information flow (artificial and natural information flow) and value flow (3-dimensional flow which includes investment，digestion and output flows) are the 3 basic functions for the coupling system．In addition，the system would achieve the synergy of social benefits and economic benefits．Coupling all elements of subsystems from AL and ET coupling system is the goal of the process，reaching a positive coupling effect of “1+1>2”．Meanwhile，negative coupling effect from subsystems can be eliminated so as to guarantee a sustainable and dynamic coupling development．Ultimately，synergetic development and virtuous interaction of AL and ET are achieved in collective forest region in southern China by effectively optimizing the internal structure of the economy．Furthermore，adaptability of the forest economy to external environment is enhanced，ensuring a sustainable and healthy development of forest economy．Coupling system of AL and ET can alleviate stress from economic transformation development on administration by law effectively，on the other hand，it also mitigates constraint from administration by law on economic transformation development effectively．Therefore，systematization of administrative by law and sufficient supervisory system play pivot roles in eliminating and eradicating stress and constraint from the economic transformation on reaching a vigorous forestry economy．Conclusions and Discussion The institutionalization of administration according to law，comprehensive streamlining administration and delegating power，supervision and restraint mechanism are the effective ways to achieving the coupling development between AL and ET in southern collective forest regions．

Southern collective forest；administration according to law；economic transformation；coupling

Professional Differentiation and Determinants of Worker Households in Key State-Owned Forest Region

ZHU Hongge，HU Shilei

(College of Economics and Management，Northeast Forestry University，Harbin 150040 China)

A Viewpoint of Reimbursable Usage System on State-Owned Forest Resources

ZHOU Haichuan

(Research Institute of Forestry Policy and Information，Chinese Academy of Forestry，Beijing 100091 China)

Effect of Collective Forest Tenure Reform on the Management Pattern of Fast-Growing and High-Yielding Timber Forest：Take Guangxi As an Example

ZHOU Zejian1，2

(1．College of Life and Environmental Sciences，Minzu University of China，Beijing 100081 China；2．Forestry Engineering Department，Guangxi Eco-engineering Vocational and Technical College，Liuzhou，Guangxi 545004 China)

Selection of Urban Forestry Based on the Public Preference

ZHAO Zheng，MA Ben，WEN Yali

(School of Economics and Management，Beijing Forestry University，Beijing 100083 China)

Incentive Effectiveness of Ecological Compensation Mechanism for Grain-to-Green Project：From the Perspective of Heterogeneous Farmers

ZHANG Xing，ZHANG Wei，ZHAO Minjuan

(College of Economics and Management，Northwest A&F University，Yangling，Shaanxi 712100 China)

Peasants’ Tourism Income，Loss and Protection Attitudes in Suburban Forest Park：Take Fujian Province for Instance

LAI Qifu，HUANG Xiujuan，ZHU Jiajia，HUANG Jielong

(College of Management，F(xiàn)ujian Agriculture and Forestry University，F(xiàn)uzhou 350002 China)

Research on Exploration Potential Evaluation System of Forest Health Tourism

LU Xiaomei1，2，ZHANG Xin1，2，GAO Shuchun1，2

(1.School of Management，Hefei University of Technology，Hefei 230009 China；2.Key Laboratory of Process Optimization and Intelligent Decision-making，Ministry of Education，Hefei 230009 China)

Research on the Development of Ecological Tourism of Bamboo Forest based on ETM+ Image：A Case Study of Xianning City

CHEN Lijun1，SU Jinbao2，HUANG Yongqi1，YANG He1

(1.Tourism Culture and Geographical Science College，Huanggang Normal University，Huanggang，Hubei 438000 China；2.College of Economic Management，Northeast Forestry University，Harbin 150040 China)

Impacts of Livelihood Capital on Livelihood Strategy Choice in the Conversion of Cropland to Forest Background：A Case Study of 7 Counties in Tibet

CHEN Xiangning，WU Zhaoliang，LI Xinfei，MI Feng

(College of Economics and Management，Beijing Forestry University，Beijing 100083 China)

The Bilateral Trade Potential of Chinese Forest Products Based on Gravity Model：Focus on Trade between China and Central and East European Countries

WAN Lu，Gao Li，CHENG Baodong

(School of Economics and Management，Beijing Forestry University，Beijing100083 China)

A Review of E-Commerce Practice in Furniture Industry

NIU Qun，LIU Yuwei

(School of Business，Yangzhou University，Yangzhou，Jiangsu 225100 China)

Coupling Coordination Degree between Furniture Manufacturing Industry and Producer Services

LI Ying，LIU Guangdan，ZHAO Yue，YANG Yang

(School of Economics and Management，Northeast Forestry University，Harbin 150040 China)

Medium and Short Term Economic Benefit by Different Reform Ways in Aged Chinese Fir Seed Orchard

HUANG Kaiyong1，2，3，TANG Wen4，DAI Jun1，2，3，CHEN Qin1，2，3，ZHANG Feng4

(1.Timber Forest Research Institute，Guangxi Forestry Research Institute，Nanning 530002 China；2.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation，Nanning 530002 China；3.Guangxi Cultivation Centre for Superior Species of Chinese Fir，Nanning 530002 China；4.Xianshui Forest Farm of Quanzhou Country，Guangxi，Quanzhou 541511 China)

Application of Real Option Pricing Method in Valuation of Forestry Listed Companies

ZHANG Kaixuan1，WANG Sibo2

(1.Northwest Institute of Historical Environment and Socio-Economic Development，Shaanxi Normal University，Xi’an 710062 China；2.Department of Rural Development，Graduate School，Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，Beijing 102488 China)

Benefit Analysis and Risk Aversion of Fruit Mulberry Industry

ZHOU Yingbiao1，ZHOU Yihong2

(1．Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Zhaotong，Yunnan 657000 China；2．School of Journalism，Renmin University of China，Beijing 100872 China)

2016-05-09

周應(yīng)彪(1966-)，男，云南昭通人，高級農(nóng)藝師，碩士，從事蠶桑產(chǎn)業(yè)方面的研究，(電話)18987016020，(E-mail)zhyb9876@qq.com。

10.16832/j.cnki.1005-9709.2017.01.016

F326.13

A

1005-9709(2017)01-0093-04