龔磊+陳慈明
高考試題中對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句主要從從句的引導(dǎo)詞及從句的作用等方面進(jìn)行考查。筆者在此結(jié)合近年來(lái)各地的高考試題,為同學(xué)們梳理一下?tīng)钫Z(yǔ)從句易錯(cuò)易混點(diǎn)。
[狀語(yǔ)從句連詞的誤用]
不同的狀語(yǔ)從句有不同的從句引導(dǎo)詞,下面是不同類(lèi)別的狀語(yǔ)從句的常用引導(dǎo)詞。
目的狀語(yǔ)從句:in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句:so that,so ... that,such ... that等。
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:although,though,even though,even if,while,however,whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever等。
方式狀語(yǔ)從句:as,as if,as though,the way等。
地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句:where,wherever,everywhere,anywhere等。
比較狀語(yǔ)從句:than和as ... as。
條件狀語(yǔ)從句:if,unless,as/so long as,in case等。
原因狀語(yǔ)從句because,as,since,seeing (that),now (that),considering (that) 等。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:when,while,as,before,after,until,till,since,as soon as,the moment,the minute,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no sooner ... than,hardly/scarcely ... when,every/each time,the first time,the last time,next time等。
對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句從屬連詞的意義和使用范圍不夠熟悉,往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致答題失誤。
例1 (2016·北京卷) 27. My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, ______ hes in his nineties.
A. as long as B. as if
C. even though D. in case
解析 C。考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意:即使90多歲了,爺爺仍然時(shí)不時(shí)打網(wǎng)球。as long as“只要”,引導(dǎo)條件句;as if“似乎”,引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句;even though“即使”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;in case“以防”,引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。句子表達(dá)的是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,故選C。
例2 (2016·江蘇卷) 26. ______ some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.
A. Because B. If
C. Unless D. While
解析 D??疾檫B詞。句意:盡管一些人被成功的渴望驅(qū)使著,但是其他人卻是被失敗的恐懼驅(qū)使著前進(jìn)。because“因?yàn)椤?;if“如果”;unless“除非”,“如果……不”;while“盡管,然而,當(dāng)……時(shí)”。根據(jù)句意可知上下文之間存在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,所以使用while(盡管……)連接。
例3 (2016 浙江卷) 5. _______ online shopping has changed our life, not all of its effects have been positive.
A. Since B. After
C. While D. Unless
解析 C。句意:盡管網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物已經(jīng)改變了我們的生活,但是不是所有的影響都是積極的。while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,意為“盡管,雖然”;since“既然,自從”;after“在……之后”;unless“除非”。
點(diǎn)撥 對(duì)于對(duì)狀語(yǔ)從句連詞的考查,同學(xué)們做題時(shí)應(yīng)讀懂試題的意思,根據(jù)題目所表達(dá)的含義來(lái)選擇合適的連詞;對(duì)一些含義相近的連詞以及搭配,如until/when/since等詞語(yǔ),一定要搞清楚各自使用范圍。
[狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)的誤用]
在我們解答狀語(yǔ)從句這類(lèi)題目時(shí),往往會(huì)因?yàn)楹鲆晻r(shí)態(tài)要求而失分。同學(xué)們注意以下幾種情況。
1. 在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了一般將來(lái)時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
例4 If you dont go to the park tomorrow, neither do I.
解析 do→will。句意:如果你明天不去公園,我也不去。條件狀語(yǔ)從句主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了一般將來(lái)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
2. when, before, after引導(dǎo)的從句的動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系。
例5 (2016·上海卷) When she got home, I told her about my discovery. (30) _______ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didnt need to keep it a secret (31) _______ me.
解析 Before;from??疾檫B詞和介詞。連詞before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,在句中有多種翻譯方法,本句意為“還沒(méi)來(lái)得及……就…….”,句意:她還沒(méi)有來(lái)得及反應(yīng)過(guò)來(lái),我就緊緊地抱著她并告訴她這件事情不必對(duì)我保密。
3. by (the time)后接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,根據(jù)從句所表達(dá)的時(shí)間概念,主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)有過(guò)去完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí))和將來(lái)完成時(shí)(將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí))。試比較:
By the time you arrived, we had finished our work. (過(guò)去)
By the time you arrive, we will have finished our work. (將來(lái))
點(diǎn)撥 狀語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)往往有固定的規(guī)則,同學(xué)們只需了解主、從句中的時(shí)態(tài)要求,如“主將從現(xiàn)”等以及其他常見(jiàn)形式,就可以較好地解決相應(yīng)問(wèn)題。
[狀語(yǔ)從句中倒裝句的誤用]
一般情況下,引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞應(yīng)放在從句之首, 其后用陳述語(yǔ)序。但要注意以下幾種倒裝情況:
1. 表示“一……就……”的兩個(gè)常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)no sooner ... than ...和hardly/scarcely ... when ...,當(dāng)no sooner,hardly和scarcely位于句首時(shí),主句用部分倒裝語(yǔ)序,且當(dāng)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了一般過(guò)去時(shí),主句用用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
No sooner had I closed the door than somebody knocked.
Hardly had she finished her speech when the audience started cheering.
2. as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句要用倒裝語(yǔ)序。被提前的部分可以是從句的表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞原形。被前置的表語(yǔ)是單數(shù)名詞時(shí),須省略冠詞。例如:
Child as/though he is, he is as brave as an adult.=Although he is a child, he is as brave as an adult.
Fast as/though he ran, he couldnt catch up with his friend.=Although he ran fast, he couldnt catch up with his friend.
Interesting as/though the book was, Jim threw it away.=Although the book was interesting, Jim threw it away.
3. 省略if的倒裝條件句。在虛擬語(yǔ)氣中,if從句假設(shè)的情況中如果有助動(dòng)詞had,should和were,那么可省略if,把had,should和were放在句首構(gòu)成倒裝。如:
If he had finished the work yesterday, he would have gone to the concert with you.=Had he finished the work yesterday, he would have gone to the concert with you.
If I should meet him, I would tell him about it.=Should I meet him, I would tell him about it.
例6 (2016·浙江卷) Had the governments and scientists not worked together, AIDS-related deaths _______ since their highest in 2005.
A. had not fallen B. would not fall
C. did not fall D. would not have fallen
解析 D。句意:如果政府和科學(xué)家沒(méi)有共同努力,艾滋病相關(guān)的死亡就不會(huì)從2005年的最高點(diǎn)減少。本句使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,if條件句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用的had done,將had提前,省略it,主句用would have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬。