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體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng)雙指數(shù)模型的技術(shù)現(xiàn)況

2017-03-23 09:45羅馬張衛(wèi)東
磁共振成像 2017年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:體素穩(wěn)定性血流

羅馬,張衛(wèi)東

體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng)雙指數(shù)模型的技術(shù)現(xiàn)況

羅馬,張衛(wèi)東*

作者單位:
中山大學(xué)腫瘤防治中心放射科,廣州510060

體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng)(intravoxel incoherent motion,IVIM)通過多b值擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像,可無創(chuàng)性地區(qū)分組織中的單純水分子擴(kuò)散(D)與灌注相關(guān)擴(kuò)散(D*、f),進(jìn)而對(duì)它們進(jìn)行量化分析。IVIM雙指數(shù)模型已獲得了廣泛的關(guān)注,并應(yīng)用于全身多臟器及其相關(guān)疾病的診斷及鑒別診斷、療效評(píng)估或預(yù)測(cè)、病變分期或分級(jí)、與其他成像方式相結(jié)合等方面的研究中。本文對(duì)IVIM雙指數(shù)模型的掃描方式及其影響因素、b值選取、參數(shù)重復(fù)性及其意義、灌注參數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確性等成像技術(shù)方面的研究現(xiàn)況和進(jìn)展予以評(píng)述。

體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng);雙指數(shù)模型;磁共振成像

磁共振擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像是一種無創(chuàng)性的功能成像,探測(cè)由布朗運(yùn)動(dòng)引起的水分子運(yùn)動(dòng),廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床及醫(yī)學(xué)研究中。然而,室腔模型實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)體素內(nèi)水分子擴(kuò)散并非唯一的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式,還包括血流運(yùn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)運(yùn)用多個(gè)b值成像時(shí),單指數(shù)衰減模式既不能很好地?cái)M合信號(hào)曲線,也不能敏感地分析富血供臟器或病變的信息,體現(xiàn)了其局限性。為了將擴(kuò)散及灌注效應(yīng)區(qū)分開并進(jìn)行定量,Le Bihan等[1]提出了體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng)(intravoxel incoherent motion,IVIM)雙指數(shù)模型。

1 模型簡(jiǎn)介

IVIM雙指數(shù)模型公式為:Sb/S0=(1-f)×exp(-b×D)+f×exp[-b×(D*+D)]。其中Sb和S0分別代表b為任意值和b=0 s/mm2時(shí)體素內(nèi)平均信號(hào);D為純擴(kuò)散系數(shù),代表體素內(nèi)單純水分子擴(kuò)散;D*為灌注相關(guān)擴(kuò)散系數(shù),代表體素內(nèi)由微循環(huán)引起的擴(kuò)散;f為灌注分?jǐn)?shù),代表體素內(nèi)快速擴(kuò)散占總體擴(kuò)散效應(yīng)的百分率。

2 技術(shù)現(xiàn)況與參數(shù)意義

2.1 參數(shù)算法及掃描機(jī)器

IVIM參數(shù)有多種計(jì)算方法,包括非線性最小二乘法(levenberg marquardt,LM)、分段算法(segmented constrained,SC)、貝葉斯概率算法(bayesian probability,BP)等。上述方法中穩(wěn)定性最高的是BP,最差的是SC。BP在腹部各臟器間數(shù)據(jù)變異性最小,所得偽彩圖信號(hào)更均勻[2-3]。目前最常用的是SC,由于D*明顯大于D,當(dāng)b>200 s/mm2時(shí),灌注效應(yīng)明顯衰減可忽略不計(jì),由單指數(shù)衰減得出D與f,最后計(jì)算D*;其次是LM,先計(jì)算D,再依據(jù)多b值同時(shí)得出f、D*。后兩種方法類似于將參數(shù)“近似”算出,故所得參數(shù)特別是灌注參數(shù)的穩(wěn)定性差。

IVIM研究所用場(chǎng)強(qiáng)最高已達(dá)11.7 T,但絕大多數(shù)為醫(yī)用的3.0 T以內(nèi)場(chǎng)強(qiáng);所用b值最高已達(dá)3000 s/mm2,但大多所用為1000 s/mm2以內(nèi)。

Barbieri等[2]比較GE、Phillips、Siemens 3種廠家不同型號(hào)及場(chǎng)強(qiáng)的掃描儀,GE 3.0 T所得參數(shù)波動(dòng)性最大,Phillips所得數(shù)據(jù)穩(wěn)定性最佳;Kakite等[4]認(rèn)為相對(duì)于1.5 T,3.0 T由于增加了圖像不均勻性及磁敏感偽影,會(huì)對(duì)參數(shù)重復(fù)性產(chǎn)生影響。雖然也有研究表明不同場(chǎng)強(qiáng)并不會(huì)對(duì)結(jié)果產(chǎn)生影響[5],但是該研究?jī)H針對(duì)表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC),未涉及IVIM。

上述情況說明參數(shù)算法的選擇、使用機(jī)型的不同均會(huì)對(duì)參數(shù)穩(wěn)定性及數(shù)據(jù)比較產(chǎn)生影響。

2.2 掃描方式

關(guān)于IVIM參數(shù)在增強(qiáng)掃描前后是否存在差異,有研究證實(shí)增強(qiáng)前后參數(shù)變化差異并無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[6-7]。因此增強(qiáng)與否并不影響所得參數(shù),但為保證掃描一致性,多數(shù)在增強(qiáng)前進(jìn)行。

腹部臟器由于受呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)及心臟搏動(dòng)的影響,常采用呼吸觸發(fā)(respiratory trigger,RT)或屏氣掃描(breath hold,BH),有時(shí)加用心電門控(echocardiography triggering,ET)[8],然而掃描時(shí)間會(huì)相應(yīng)延長(zhǎng);自由呼吸(free breathing,F(xiàn)B)掃描時(shí)間短,但需受檢者良好的呼吸配合。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為FB呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影多、信噪比低,價(jià)值有限,建議使用RT[4,9]。但也有研究認(rèn)為門控技術(shù)并不優(yōu)于FB[10-11],然而該兩項(xiàng)研究?jī)H對(duì)小肝癌、腹部正常臟器進(jìn)行探究,在研究對(duì)象方面存在偏倚。Watanabe等[12]提高FB的激勵(lì)次數(shù)與并行加速因子,也獲得了良好效果,原因可歸結(jié)為周期性的呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)并不會(huì)引起額外的肝臟信號(hào)衰減,且多次信號(hào)采集或信號(hào)平均能提高信噪比;使用BH技術(shù)易產(chǎn)生圖像形變及偽影,且受檢者屏氣程度無法保證一致;使用RT技術(shù)一旦受檢者呼吸不規(guī)則則易產(chǎn)生參數(shù)計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤,或由于掃描時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)使患者產(chǎn)生不適,甚至無法繼續(xù)掃描。

目前掃描技術(shù)的選擇尚無明確標(biāo)準(zhǔn),雖然RT普遍用于臨床,但FB也有其優(yōu)勢(shì)所在。

IVIM不僅受掃描技術(shù)差異的影響,也與受檢者生理狀態(tài)的不同有關(guān)。Hollingsworth等[13]研究禁食與進(jìn)食對(duì)肝臟灌注的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)進(jìn)食后門脈明顯增粗、血流量明顯增加,膨大的胃腔擠壓鄰近肝左葉,因此進(jìn)食組ADC較禁食組有顯著的升高。據(jù)此,受檢者在掃描前禁食是必要的,特別是進(jìn)行小b值掃描,灌注的變化更加敏感。正常肝左葉及其病變的ADC均大于右葉,原因是左葉受到心臟舒縮活動(dòng)的影響,ADC會(huì)偏高且誤差大[14-15],若時(shí)間允許,掃描時(shí)可加用ET。因此對(duì)于肝臟,感興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI)的放置除應(yīng)避免明顯的管道結(jié)構(gòu)與壞死區(qū)外,還應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離膈頂、易受心臟搏動(dòng)及胃腸蠕動(dòng)影響的肝左葉。

2.3 b值選擇

為獲得灌注敏感信息,增加b值數(shù)量及足夠多低b值是必要的,然而D*受b值影響大,若低b值太少會(huì)導(dǎo)致D*過小[16],過多則灌注效應(yīng)明顯,影響參數(shù)真實(shí)性,且掃描時(shí)間相應(yīng)延長(zhǎng)[17];高b值所得圖像信噪比低。區(qū)分灌注與擴(kuò)散的閾值并非均為200 s/mm2,即不同臟器甚至同一臟器不同位置其b值閾值不同,如肝左右葉、腎皮髓質(zhì)在不同閾值下得到的參數(shù)明顯不同。因此,b值的分布、閾值及數(shù)目既可以“掩蓋”參數(shù)真實(shí)性,也會(huì)影響文獻(xiàn)的比較,使用b值的不同是所得結(jié)果存在差異的一個(gè)重要因素。目前b值大多為6~12個(gè),有建議使用4個(gè),但重復(fù)性差[18];也有建議至少16個(gè),其結(jié)果仍待進(jìn)一步證實(shí)[19]。已有研究提出“兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵b值”的概念[20],使用一個(gè)低b值(非0)與一個(gè)高b值,分別代表IVIM效應(yīng)與非高斯擴(kuò)散,即可區(qū)分灌注與自由擴(kuò)散,這樣既能明顯縮短采集時(shí)間,也有利于b值的統(tǒng)一,還能提高病變鑒別的敏感性。

2.4 參數(shù)可重復(fù)性與再現(xiàn)性

可重復(fù)性是指不同操作者用相同方法所得結(jié)果的一致性,反映受試者間差異;再現(xiàn)性指相同操作者用相同方法在不同時(shí)間所得結(jié)果,反映受試者內(nèi)差異。

D*在肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤及正常肝實(shí)質(zhì)的波動(dòng)范圍最大[21],即可重復(fù)性最差,而D穩(wěn)定性最好[22-23];D*標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(standard deviation,SD)明顯大于f與D,甚至有時(shí)SD超過平均值[23-24]。上述現(xiàn)象有以下幾點(diǎn)原因:選擇的算法不同,如前所述BP所得穩(wěn)定性最高,而LM、SC等穩(wěn)定性差;相對(duì)于正常組織,病變特別是腫瘤內(nèi)成分的不均勻性及血管分布存在差異,或?qū)τ诜ρ┎∽儯瑴y(cè)量其灌注參數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確性低;有些掃描過程會(huì)出現(xiàn)擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像與參數(shù)圖不匹配或配準(zhǔn)錯(cuò)誤的現(xiàn)象[4,12],從而導(dǎo)致計(jì)算失誤;ROI放置及體素選取方式的不同、有無血管“污染”也會(huì)對(duì)結(jié)果產(chǎn)生顯著影響[4,25]。雖然灌注效應(yīng)確實(shí)存在,但其相關(guān)參數(shù),特別是D*,穩(wěn)定性明顯差于D與ADC,D與ADC可作為可靠指標(biāo)用于研究間的再現(xiàn)。

2.5 參數(shù)意義

D較ADC剔除了灌注效應(yīng)的影響,能更直觀反映細(xì)胞密度及水分子運(yùn)動(dòng),如前列腺癌D顯著低于良性病變,符合腫瘤組織內(nèi)細(xì)胞高度致密的特點(diǎn)。多數(shù)研究中D對(duì)于良惡性鑒別的診斷效能優(yōu)于ADC,然而也有研究認(rèn)為D并不優(yōu)于甚至差于ADC[12,24]。

D*與f為灌注相關(guān)參數(shù),理論上它們具有相關(guān)性或一致性,但反映的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同,D*與毛細(xì)血管長(zhǎng)度及血流速度有關(guān),f反映血流占總體擴(kuò)散效應(yīng)的百分比,故它們可能出現(xiàn)不相關(guān)性甚至矛盾的現(xiàn)象,這在以下研究中得到了證實(shí)。

鼻咽癌D*明顯高于腺樣體,反映了惡性腫瘤富血供,然而前者f低于后者[26]。f受回波時(shí)間(echo time,TE)影響,TE越大則f越大;此外還與組織T2弛豫時(shí)間有關(guān),鼻咽癌T2弛豫明顯小于腺樣體,該效應(yīng)在弛豫小于血液的器官中更加明顯,故所得f并非“真f”,“真f”需經(jīng)T2校正才能獲得,然而尚未有“真f”的報(bào)道。

肝硬化引起門脈血流減少會(huì)導(dǎo)致灌注下降,然而在一項(xiàng)研究中,正常組D*、f分別高于、低于肝硬化組,推測(cè)與門脈血流減少引起肝動(dòng)脈代償性擴(kuò)張,致其血流量反應(yīng)性增高有關(guān),也與肝硬化時(shí)小葉結(jié)構(gòu)的重塑對(duì)肝血流的影響更大有關(guān)[27]。上述研究說明病變所在臟器的變化,即本底或背景不同,如肝硬化、脂肪含量的變化、慢性胰腺炎等也會(huì)對(duì)參數(shù)產(chǎn)生影響[28-30]。

Yamada等[31]最初將IVIM用于肝臟,囊腫f為0,但之后其他學(xué)者的研究中出現(xiàn)了囊腫f不為0,即有“灌注”的現(xiàn)象[12,32],這一方面與使用b值及MR設(shè)備的發(fā)展有關(guān),Yamada等采用4個(gè)b值,僅有一個(gè)低b值,且未對(duì)D*進(jìn)行探討,圖像質(zhì)量及軟件處理也遜于現(xiàn)今;另外在信號(hào)采集期間,囊腫周圍肝組織由于呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)其造成的相對(duì)慣性沖擊力被“捕捉”,在后處理時(shí)出現(xiàn)了體素“污染”,說明囊腫易受呼吸運(yùn)動(dòng)及血流形式的影響,也從側(cè)面證實(shí)了灌注參數(shù)的不穩(wěn)定。

f不僅與血流,還與其他形式的流動(dòng)現(xiàn)象有關(guān),如腺體及顆粒的分泌、流動(dòng)方式、彌散方向等[14,16],即f還包含了非血流成分,這可部分解釋f與D*的“失匹配”。

在肝癌及肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的療效評(píng)價(jià)研究中[33-34],肝癌有效組f明顯升高,與索拉菲尼降低血管滲漏及增加血管基膜厚度有關(guān);肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤有效組f明顯下降,與貝伐單抗抑制血管生成、腫瘤血管退化有關(guān)。這些研究的不足在于病例數(shù)偏少、研究間隔不夠長(zhǎng),且病種及藥物均不同。確切機(jī)制尚不清楚,需進(jìn)行更多的研究。相對(duì)于f與D*,兩者的乘積fD*似乎更有應(yīng)用價(jià)值、穩(wěn)定性更高[35-36],但若出現(xiàn)f與D*的失匹配,則fD*的應(yīng)用價(jià)值有待更多的研究證實(shí)。

由于D*穩(wěn)定性差,理論上若同時(shí)測(cè)定穩(wěn)定性相對(duì)較好的擴(kuò)散參數(shù)D和灌注參數(shù)f應(yīng)該有助于疾病的診斷或鑒別診斷。然而,目前專門針對(duì)運(yùn)用D和f來進(jìn)行的研究并不多,僅在少數(shù)學(xué)者的研究中有所體現(xiàn),例如酒精性脂肪肝的診斷、軟組織黏液樣與非黏液樣腫瘤的鑒別、個(gè)別病變放療后的評(píng)價(jià)、腦膠質(zhì)瘤高低級(jí)別的判斷等[37-40]。由于各研究結(jié)果間尚存在差異,且針對(duì)此目的的研究尚不具系統(tǒng)性,故目前仍未在該領(lǐng)域獲得統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識(shí),但這為IVIM的后續(xù)研究提供了新的研究方向與思路,也許能挖掘IVIM更多的應(yīng)用價(jià)值與潛能。隨著研究的廣泛性及對(duì)照性研究的多樣性,IVIM后續(xù)的深入研究定能在此方面有所突破。

2.6 IVIM與其他研究的結(jié)合及灌注參數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確性

由于IVIM灌注參數(shù)的穩(wěn)定性差,故參數(shù)準(zhǔn)確性的高低是衡量其效用的另一方面,這引起了學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注。

IVIM結(jié)合其他的灌注成像方法是目前研究熱點(diǎn)之一,包括動(dòng)態(tài)磁敏感對(duì)比成像(dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced,DSC)、動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比增強(qiáng)(dynamic contrast-enhanced,DCE)、動(dòng)脈自旋標(biāo)記(arterial spin labeling,ASL)、彈力成像等[40-42],其應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域包括肝臟、胸部、盆腔、顱腦、頭頸部的腫瘤、慢性病變和代謝性疾病等。研究者通過對(duì)上述方法進(jìn)行對(duì)比與分析,進(jìn)一步量化并衡量了灌注參數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確性。目前,大部分研究顯示IVIM灌注參數(shù)與其所測(cè)得的結(jié)果存在不同程度的正相關(guān)性,體現(xiàn)了它們之間的一致性,例如腦膠質(zhì)瘤級(jí)別的高低與D*、f和ASL有關(guān),頭面部鱗癌的f和DCE的血流分?jǐn)?shù)具有相同的變化趨勢(shì),說明IVIM灌注參數(shù)具備一定的準(zhǔn)確性,但上述各方法所得的參數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差均較大,說明各灌注指標(biāo)間的波動(dòng)性仍較大;然而少數(shù)研究結(jié)果則顯示IVIM與它們并無相關(guān)性[43-44],有學(xué)者推測(cè)這可能是IVIM與DSC、DCE、ASL等的區(qū)別不僅在于采集模型的不同,還在于后三者僅受灌注因素影響,即它們的差異既與作用機(jī)制不同有關(guān),也與是否摻雜非灌注因素有關(guān)[45]。因此,總體來說,IVIM灌注參數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確性得到了多數(shù)研究的支持。IVIM與其他成像方法的結(jié)合仍會(huì)是目前及今后的研究熱點(diǎn)與趨勢(shì)。

IVIM在最近10年得到了密切關(guān)注[20]。理論上IVIM可用于任何活的生物體,從病理生理角度看,比ADC更貼近實(shí)際,在療效評(píng)估、病變分級(jí)及病灶檢出率等方面能提供更多信息,較ADC更有價(jià)值。因此,有學(xué)者建議用IVIM替代ADC,然而IVIM在參數(shù)算法、掃描方式、參數(shù)意義等方面仍未“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化”,且灌注參數(shù)穩(wěn)定性差也是其局限性之一,這些是IVIM需解決的關(guān)鍵問題。在后續(xù)研究中,對(duì)上述方面加以規(guī)范,會(huì)為日后的臨床及科研帶來更大的效益。

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The technology progression of intravoxel incoherent motion on biexponential model

LUO Ma, ZHANG Wei-dong*
Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060,China
*Correspondence to: Zhang WD, E-mail: zhangwd@sysucc.org.cn

Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) is a quantitative method that can be used to noninvasively distinguish tissue diffusivity from perfusion related-diffusion by multiple b values sampling on diffusion-weighted imaging. IVIM biexponential model has not only attracted broad attention, but also been applied in the researches of disease diagnosis and differentiation, evaluation or prediction of therapeutic effect,lesion staging or grading and combination of other imaging patterns. The current research situations and progresses on technology, such as scanning methods, the choice of b value, the repeatability and significance of parameters, and the accuracy of perfusion-related parameters, are mainly discussed in this article.

Intravoxel incoherent motion; Biexponential model; Magnetic resonance imaging

24 Nov 2016, Accepted 22 Mar 2017

張衛(wèi)東,E-mail:zhangwd@sysucc.org.cn

2016-11-24

接受日期:2017-03-22

R445.2;R-331

A

10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2017.04.006

羅馬, 張衛(wèi)東. 體素內(nèi)不相干運(yùn)動(dòng)雙指數(shù)模型的技術(shù)現(xiàn)況. 磁共振成像, 2017,8(4): 265-269.

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