董雪妮,唐 宇,丁夢(mèng)琦,未 麗,李金博,吳燕民,邵繼榮,周美亮
(1.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,四川 雅安 625001; 2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院生物技術(shù)研究所,北京 100081;3.四川旅游學(xué)院,四川 成都 610100; 4.草地農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 蘭州大學(xué)草地農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院,甘肅 蘭州730020;5.深圳市鐵漢生態(tài)環(huán)境股份有限公司,廣東 深圳 518000)
中國(guó)蕎麥種質(zhì)資源及其飼用價(jià)值
董雪妮1,2,唐 宇3,丁夢(mèng)琦1,未 麗4,李金博5,吳燕民2,邵繼榮1,周美亮2
(1.四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,四川 雅安 625001; 2.中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院生物技術(shù)研究所,北京 100081;3.四川旅游學(xué)院,四川 成都 610100; 4.草地農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 蘭州大學(xué)草地農(nóng)業(yè)科技學(xué)院,甘肅 蘭州730020;5.深圳市鐵漢生態(tài)環(huán)境股份有限公司,廣東 深圳 518000)
蕎麥(Fagopyrum)是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的食藥兩用植物,兼具優(yōu)良的飼用價(jià)值。目前,蕎麥栽培品種經(jīng)過(guò)培育和演變形成了多種多樣的類型,在我國(guó)西南部地區(qū)亦蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的野生蕎麥種質(zhì)資源。本文介紹了蕎麥種質(zhì)資源及在我國(guó)的分布情況、栽培蕎麥的種類和栽培范圍,蕎麥種質(zhì)資源的研究進(jìn)展、應(yīng)用價(jià)值等,著重分析了蕎麥,尤其是野生金蕎麥作為飼草在營(yíng)養(yǎng)、產(chǎn)量、適口性以及環(huán)境友好性等方面的優(yōu)勢(shì),揭示出飼用蕎麥的應(yīng)用價(jià)值和未來(lái)的發(fā)展?jié)摿?。?duì)當(dāng)前蕎麥領(lǐng)域存在的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了綜合性探討,指出今后蕎麥研究工作的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在新的野生資源的挖掘及飼用蕎麥的開發(fā)利用之上。
蕎麥;種質(zhì)資源;利用價(jià)值;飼草
蕎麥,又名烏麥,三角麥,別名凈腸草,蓼科(Polygonaceae)蕎麥屬(Fagopyrom),一年生或多年生的雙子葉草本植物,在飼用和食藥等方面具有很高的開發(fā)和利用價(jià)值[1]。蕎麥起源于中國(guó)[2]。各種類在中國(guó)均有分布,其中野生種有25個(gè),其余兩個(gè)為栽培種,栽培蕎麥包括甜蕎(F.esculentum,也稱普通蕎麥)和苦蕎(F.tataricum,也稱韃靼蕎麥),分布范圍廣泛,栽培歷史悠久[3]。多年來(lái),蕎麥研究者將科研與生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐結(jié)合,在種質(zhì)資源的收集、栽培技術(shù)的改進(jìn)、新品種培育的基礎(chǔ)上,大力開發(fā)蕎麥產(chǎn)業(yè)[4]。蕎麥作為飼草具有營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富、產(chǎn)量高、耐瘠薄、適口性好和抗病性強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)[5],其巨大的飼用潛力正被逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)和發(fā)掘。本文概述了中國(guó)蕎麥的種質(zhì)資源研究和在飼草等領(lǐng)域開發(fā)利用的進(jìn)展,并對(duì)其今后的發(fā)展形勢(shì)做了初步展望,以期為蕎麥的進(jìn)一步探究和開發(fā)工作提供一定的理論基礎(chǔ)。
1.1 蕎麥的種質(zhì)資源
目前,全世界蕎麥種達(dá)27個(gè)[6]。20世紀(jì)80年代我國(guó)共收集了2 000余份栽培蕎麥種質(zhì)材料,編入“中國(guó)蕎麥品種資源目錄”的種質(zhì)為1 500份,其中甜蕎為964份,苦蕎為536份(表1),并被很好地保存[7]。
除了栽培蕎麥資源以外,中國(guó)還具有豐富的野生蕎麥資源。Steward[9]將蓼屬的10個(gè)蕎麥種類歸于蕎麥屬。它們分屬于2個(gè)栽培種甜蕎和苦蕎以及8個(gè)野生種:細(xì)柄野蕎麥[F.gracilipes(Hemsl.) Dammer. Ex Diels]、金蕎麥[F.cymosum(Trev.) Meisn.]、線葉野蕎麥[F.lineare(Sam.) Haraldson]、硬枝萬(wàn)年蕎[F.urophyllum(Bur. et Fr.) H.Gross]、小野蕎麥[F.leptopodum(Diels) Hedberg]、抽葶野蕎麥[F.statice(Lévl.) H.Gross]、尾葉野蕎麥[F.caudatum(Sam.) A.J.Li,comb.nov.]和巖野蕎麥[F.gilesii(Hemsl.) Hedberg]。Ohnishi等[10-13]和Ohsako等[12]于1991-2002年相繼在中國(guó)四川和云南及其周邊地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)了1個(gè)栽培甜蕎的野生蕎麥近緣種(亞種)和8個(gè)野生蕎麥種,即甜蕎野生近緣種F.esculentumssp.ancestraleOhnishi,F(xiàn).homotropicumOhnish,F(xiàn).capillatumOhnishi,F(xiàn).pleioramosumOhnishi,F(xiàn).macrocarpumOhsako et Ohnishi,F(xiàn).rubifoliumOhsako et Ohnishi,金沙野蕎麥(F.jinshaenseOhsako et Ohnishi)和纖梗野蕎麥(F.gracilipedoidesOhsako et Ohnishi)。Chen[14]于1999年在川藏地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)了3個(gè)野生蕎麥種:左貢野蕎(F.zuogongenseQ-F Chen)、毛野蕎(F.pilusQ-F Chen)和大野蕎(F.megaspartanumQ-F Chen)。近年來(lái),野生蕎麥新種皺葉野生麥(F.crispatofoliumJ.L.Liu)[15]、普格野生蕎(F.pugenseT.Yu)[16]、汶川野蕎(F.wenchuanenseJ.R.Shao)[17]、羌彩野蕎(F.qiangcaiD.Q.Bai)[17],螺髻山野生蕎(F.luojishanenseJ. R. Shao)[18]、海螺溝野生蕎(F.hailuogouenseJ. R. Shao, M. L. Zhou & Q. Zhang)[19]相繼被發(fā)現(xiàn)并命名。截至目前,中國(guó)蕎麥屬已命名并見報(bào)道的蕎麥種達(dá)27個(gè)(表2),其中有25個(gè)是野生種。
表1 編入“中國(guó)蕎麥品種資源目錄”情況統(tǒng)計(jì)[8]
1.2 蕎麥的栽培和分布
栽培蕎麥在中國(guó)分布范圍極其廣泛,東南西北都有種植。甜蕎的主產(chǎn)區(qū)分布在東北、華北、西北和南方的一些低海拔地區(qū),海拔范圍在1 200-3 000 m[20],如黑龍江、吉林、遼寧、河北、陜西、江西、安徽等地;苦蕎的主產(chǎn)區(qū)分布在西南、西北和南方地區(qū),海拔范圍在400-4 100 m[21],如云南、四川、貴州、陜西、山西、甘肅、湖南、湖北和江西等省(區(qū))均有種植。甜蕎生產(chǎn)水平較低,產(chǎn)量一般在200~700 kg·hm-2,最高可達(dá)2 000 kg·hm-2,苦蕎的產(chǎn)量[22-24]一般在900~2 250 kg·hm-2,最高可達(dá)2 900 kg·hm-2。
野生蕎麥多數(shù)分布在我國(guó)西南和西藏地區(qū)(表2)。各野生種中,金蕎麥的分布范圍最廣,遍及我國(guó)長(zhǎng)江流域一帶的華中、華東、華南、西南等數(shù)十個(gè)省(區(qū))[25];而細(xì)柄野蕎麥及變種齒翅野蕎麥的分布范圍比金蕎麥略窄[26],主要分布于黃河中上游流域以南的西南、華中一帶的省(區(qū)),有的野生種分布范圍極窄[27],如皺葉野蕎麥、羌彩野蕎麥和海螺溝野生蕎分布的范圍不到幾十平方公里。從垂直分布來(lái)看,大部分蕎麥野生種分布在海拔1 000-2 000 m的范圍內(nèi)[28],個(gè)別野生種在3 500-4 000 m,如細(xì)柄野蕎麥、左貢野蕎麥、毛野蕎,而金蕎麥可在低于100 m的海拔高度生長(zhǎng)。
中國(guó)具有豐富的野生蕎麥資源,種類繁多,分布廣泛。隨著科技的不斷進(jìn)步,野生蕎麥的許多優(yōu)良性狀和功能逐步被發(fā)現(xiàn),研究者從蕎麥的形態(tài)、細(xì)胞及分子方面對(duì)野生蕎麥的遺傳多樣性、親緣關(guān)系和進(jìn)化理論進(jìn)行了深入研究,為野生蕎麥的綜合利用奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
20世紀(jì)初以來(lái),植物學(xué)家對(duì)蕎麥屬種質(zhì)資源的研究有諸多報(bào)道。Ohnishi和Matsuoka[29]早在1913年就對(duì)中國(guó)蕎麥進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分類,并把已證實(shí)的一些蕎麥種類歸于蓼科的蕎麥屬。Nakai[30]于1926年提出,依據(jù)瘦果內(nèi)胚胎的形態(tài)和位置,蕎麥屬應(yīng)當(dāng)從蓼科的其它屬中分離出來(lái),將蕎麥果實(shí)分為3類,一是三棱錐狀果實(shí),表面具網(wǎng)狀紋飾,如金蕎和苦蕎;二是卵圓三棱錐狀果實(shí),具有條紋紋飾,如甜蕎;三是卵圓三棱錐狀果實(shí),具少數(shù)細(xì)條紋紋飾,如硬枝萬(wàn)年蕎[31]。通過(guò)對(duì)栽培蕎麥的形態(tài)學(xué)、細(xì)胞學(xué)以及同工酶和種間雜交性等分析認(rèn)為,苦蕎起源于中國(guó)西藏地區(qū),甜蕎起源于云南和四川地區(qū),這些鑒定結(jié)果將為蕎麥的育種和進(jìn)一步利用提供很好的參考[32]。蕎麥可為四倍體和二倍體及二者的嵌合體,其染色體組型為:2n=2x=16=8m+8sm (4SAT),將中國(guó)5種蕎麥的染色體進(jìn)行比較發(fā)現(xiàn),不同類型蕎麥中染色體數(shù)目和倍性均不同[33-34]。利用電鏡觀察到6種蕎麥的花粉粒均呈橢圓形,其表面均有網(wǎng)狀紋飾,三孔溝,四倍體細(xì)柄野蕎和四倍體甜蕎染色體數(shù)目相同[35]。隨著生物技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,分子生物學(xué)在蕎麥的資源研究中應(yīng)用越來(lái)越多。采用RAPD技術(shù)對(duì)蕎麥屬的14個(gè)種和兩個(gè)亞種進(jìn)行了聚類研究得出,蕎麥物種間存在明顯的遺傳差異,形成了豐富的種間遺傳多樣性[36]。隨后,以分布地域?yàn)橐罁?jù),將野生苦蕎和栽培苦蕎分成兩大枝干,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)這些栽培苦蕎之間均存在較近的親緣關(guān)系[37]。利用rbcL、accD和ITS等分子標(biāo)記技術(shù)對(duì)我國(guó)四川和云南地區(qū)的野生蕎麥進(jìn)行聚類分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)7個(gè)野生蕎麥新種[38-43]。此外,通過(guò)限制性內(nèi)切酶片段長(zhǎng)度多態(tài)性(RFLP)聚類分析將蕎麥屬分為兩大組:大粒組(cymosum)和小粒組(urophyllum)。楊小艷等[44]通過(guò)核型分析和RAPD技術(shù)將中國(guó)川西北地區(qū)的金蕎、甜蕎和苦蕎聚為一類,并且發(fā)現(xiàn),金蕎與苦蕎的親緣關(guān)系高于金蕎與甜蕎。Zhou等[45]利用ITSs和matK分子標(biāo)記對(duì)中國(guó)西南地區(qū)的4個(gè)野生蕎麥種進(jìn)行聚類分析,結(jié)果表明,汶川野蕎和苦蕎的親緣關(guān)系較近,而羌彩野蕎和線葉野蕎的親緣關(guān)系較近。
3.1 蕎麥的食藥利用價(jià)值
對(duì)于有幾千年蕎麥種植歷史的中國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō),蕎麥形成了多種多樣的消費(fèi)用途。在我國(guó),由蕎麥加工制成的食藥用產(chǎn)品種類繁多,主要包括米面類、茶飲類、調(diào)味類、酒類、保健品、醫(yī)藥及醫(yī)藥原料類等[46-49],這些產(chǎn)品備受人們歡迎。
3.2 蕎麥的飼用價(jià)值
我國(guó)是牧草種質(zhì)資源大國(guó),但隨著草地退化日益嚴(yán)重,一些優(yōu)良牧草品種的保存和遺傳多樣性受到威脅[50]。因此,挖掘和利用牧草種質(zhì)資源是一項(xiàng)十分必要的工作。在我國(guó),蕎麥作為飼料利用的歷史悠久,早在農(nóng)書《三農(nóng)紀(jì)》卷八中有記載:收蕎衣,豆葉搗為末,和糠糟拌勻,泔水泡飼[51]。其中,野生金蕎麥已被列入《中國(guó)獸藥典》及《飼料藥物添加劑允許使用品種目錄》[52],因其含有豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)以及能夠在土壤貧瘠的環(huán)境中良好生長(zhǎng)等特點(diǎn)而被作為優(yōu)質(zhì)牧草進(jìn)行研究和利用。相比其它牧草,蕎麥作為飼草的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)表現(xiàn)在5個(gè)方面。
3.2.1 豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì) 蕎麥的籽粒、秸稈、莖葉均含有較多的蛋白質(zhì)和碳水化合物,同時(shí)富含Ca、P、Mg、K、Zn、Cu、Se等禽畜所需的無(wú)機(jī)元素,其本身或加工成的副產(chǎn)品均可滿足飼喂禽畜的基本需求[52]。尹迪信等[5]研究表明,金蕎麥的籽粒、秸桿中含有較高的蛋白質(zhì)和碳水化合物等,其中粗蛋白的含量與菊苣(Cichoriumintybus)相似,粗纖維含量與紫花苜蓿(Medicagosativa)相似,因此金蕎麥可作為一種高蛋白質(zhì)的優(yōu)良牧草,尤其適合于馬、豬、雞等飼用。另外,由于金蕎麥的粗纖維、中性及酸性洗滌纖維含量較低,研究者將其與玉米粉和稻草秸稈以一定比例混合作為青貯料,發(fā)現(xiàn)青貯后飼料顏色黃綠,莖葉保持原狀無(wú)腐爛,pH值在4.2~4.7,并且營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)損失較小,可作為品質(zhì)較好的青貯飼料[53]。
3.2.2 獨(dú)特的次生代謝物質(zhì) 蕎麥富含以蘆丁為代表的一系列黃酮類物質(zhì)以及多種維生素,對(duì)于禽畜的健康成長(zhǎng)和品質(zhì)改良有獨(dú)特作用[54-55]。研究表明,使用蕎麥飼喂牲畜,可以增加豬肉蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪含量,提高瘦肉率,改善肉質(zhì)風(fēng)味[53,56],提高牛奶和牛肉的品質(zhì)[57-58],增加雞蛋蛋殼的厚度、蛋黃和雞肉中的維生素E含量[59]。此外,黃酮類化合物槲皮素和蘆丁可以調(diào)節(jié)奶牛體內(nèi)的葡萄糖代謝,有利于其肝臟健康[60]。通過(guò)將幾種常見牧草地上部分的黃酮含量和金蕎麥比較可以看出,金蕎麥的黃酮類物質(zhì)的含量明顯高于其它幾種常見牧草[61-65](表3)。
表3 幾種常見牧草和金蕎麥中黃酮類物質(zhì)含量的比較
3.2.3 蕎麥可提高動(dòng)物抗病性 據(jù)報(bào)道,蕎麥各部分提取液對(duì)于豬丹毒桿菌、巴氏桿菌、白痢沙門氏菌、雞源金黃色葡萄球菌、雞馬立克火雞皰疹病毒具有較好的抑制作用。其全草制劑對(duì)菌痢、雞葡萄球菌病及支原體病有良好的防治作用[66]。
3.2.4 高產(chǎn)及適口性 據(jù)《中國(guó)飼用植物志》記載,金蕎麥莖葉柔嫩多汁,適口性好,可作為優(yōu)質(zhì)青飼料,且耐刈割,產(chǎn)量高,病蟲害少,易于人工栽培管理,易成活,再生性高,適宜推廣應(yīng)用[67]。通過(guò)試驗(yàn)表明,同等栽培和生長(zhǎng)條件下,野生金蕎麥的產(chǎn)量能達(dá)到常見牧草紫花苜蓿的3倍,蘇丹草的2倍,同時(shí),豬、馬、牛、羊等均喜食[4]。
3.2.5 環(huán)境友好性 與全價(jià)配合飼料飼喂相比,用金蕎麥飼喂可降低豬排泄物中氮、磷和有機(jī)質(zhì)等對(duì)環(huán)境的污染,有利于生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展[44]。另外,有研究表明,以蕎麥作為飼料喂食反芻家畜牛,可以減少牛的甲烷排放量,對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)起到一定作用[60,68]。
除此之外,蕎麥對(duì)環(huán)境條件要求較低,耐瘠薄,抗病抗旱能力強(qiáng),生長(zhǎng)周期短,易扦插,易繁殖,是非常優(yōu)良的填閑作物,并且生長(zhǎng)范圍廣泛,常見于田間地頭[69],也可依據(jù)不同地方的耕作特點(diǎn)參與輪作,對(duì)于充分利用光、熱和土地資源,增加復(fù)種指數(shù)意義重大[70]。
綜上所述,蕎麥?zhǔn)且环N品質(zhì)優(yōu)良、潛力巨大的飼草資源,兼有保護(hù)土地資源、備荒等功能,具有潛在的開發(fā)利用及推廣價(jià)值。
3.3 飼用蕎麥的研究現(xiàn)狀及存在問(wèn)題
近年來(lái),以金蕎麥作為牧草資源的研究逐漸增多,尤其是我國(guó)貴州地區(qū)的野生金蕎麥的研究利用及推廣。金蕎麥具有飼用、藥用以及水土保持作用[71],目前,在我國(guó)貴州地區(qū)大面積種植,并廣泛用于豬的飼養(yǎng)[72]。研究者通過(guò)選育和栽培馴化等試驗(yàn),獲得了以金蕎麥為主的飼用蕎麥新品系。通過(guò)試驗(yàn)比較得出,金蕎麥的產(chǎn)量、長(zhǎng)勢(shì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益與其它推廣牧草如紫花苜蓿(Medicagosativa)、白三葉(Trifoliumrepens)等相當(dāng)或大于其它推廣牧草,并且不受地域影響,適宜大面積推廣和應(yīng)用[4,71]。通過(guò)對(duì)金蕎麥繁殖方式的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),金蕎麥可利用其種子、扦插、根莖等方式進(jìn)行繁殖,并且年刈割次數(shù)多,鮮草量較大[73]。另外,通過(guò)對(duì)四川齒翅野蕎麥的特性和肥料效應(yīng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),齒翅野蕎麥含較高營(yíng)養(yǎng),可作為飼草使用[74]。鄧蓉等[75]通過(guò)單株混合選擇的方法對(duì)貴州蕎麥資源進(jìn)行栽培馴化和區(qū)域比較試驗(yàn),選育出牧草新品系黔金蕎1號(hào),可作為優(yōu)質(zhì)飼草資源,適宜在貴州地區(qū)生長(zhǎng),亦可作為優(yōu)質(zhì)貯青飼料與其它飼草按比例混合來(lái)飼喂家畜[53]。
除了具有優(yōu)質(zhì)飼草資源的優(yōu)勢(shì)外,蕎麥飼用時(shí)也需要注意以下問(wèn)題:一方面由于蕎麥粗纖維含量較低,用于牛羊等反芻動(dòng)物飼喂時(shí),需要配合高纖維飼料[76];另一方面,畜禽一次性攝入過(guò)多蕎麥,蕎麥中的蕎麥素(fagopyrin)會(huì)導(dǎo)致畜禽皮膚過(guò)敏等癥狀[77],所以應(yīng)適量喂食。
目前我國(guó)飼用蕎麥的資源利用方面還存在以下問(wèn)題:一是沒(méi)有深入發(fā)掘蕎麥在飼草方面的利用價(jià)值,以及挖掘和利用飼用蕎麥新品系,形成富有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的蕎麥產(chǎn)業(yè)和品牌;二是我國(guó)蕎麥種植地區(qū)大多經(jīng)濟(jì)落后,環(huán)境閉塞,種植方法傳統(tǒng),管理粗放,導(dǎo)致蕎麥產(chǎn)量難以提高;三是我國(guó)的野生蕎麥資源雖然豐富,但是由于荒地開墾和保護(hù)不善等原因,部分種類有瀕臨滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。
中國(guó)蕎麥資源豐富,種類繁多,中國(guó)的西南地區(qū)是蕎麥的主要分布地區(qū)。近年來(lái),我國(guó)蕎麥種質(zhì)資源的研究取得了較大進(jìn)展,一方面,許多地方栽培種被收集并妥善保存,優(yōu)良性狀被發(fā)掘利用;另一方面,在西南地區(qū)有十余種野生蕎麥新種或變種被發(fā)掘,使得蕎麥的起源和親緣關(guān)系逐漸明晰,以現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)培育蕎麥新品種的工作已起步并逐漸深入。但是在蕎麥資源的有效、合理利用,尤其是蕎麥作為飼草方面的應(yīng)用價(jià)值尚欠缺,對(duì)此,未來(lái)我國(guó)蕎麥工作應(yīng)主要集中在:1)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行野生蕎麥資源的發(fā)掘和保護(hù)工作,我國(guó)西南地區(qū)因其得天獨(dú)厚的地理?xiàng)l件值得被特殊關(guān)注。2)分子標(biāo)記輔助育種將是飼用蕎麥新品系挖掘和培育的重要手段。目前我國(guó)畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展迅速,畜產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)量不斷增加,雖然新的牧草資源的開發(fā)從未停止,但尚未改變其供不應(yīng)求的現(xiàn)狀,以金蕎麥為主的野生蕎麥資源在畜牧業(yè)中具有巨大的飼用潛力。3)摸索科學(xué)的蕎麥種植栽培制度,使蕎麥能在更多地區(qū)被推廣和種植,其中,建立蕎麥的GAP(good agriculture practice)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是保證種植蕎麥資源安全可靠和規(guī)范化生產(chǎn)的理想途徑。
相信在廣大的蕎麥研究者的不斷努力下,將會(huì)有更多的蕎麥新物種被發(fā)現(xiàn),蕎麥種間關(guān)系和進(jìn)化途徑也會(huì)更加清晰,新品種的培育和資源的開發(fā)利用,尤其是作為牧草方面的利用也一定會(huì)取得重大突破。
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(責(zé)任編輯 張瑾)
Germplasm resources of buckwheat in China and their forage value
Dong Xue-ni1,2, Tang Yu3, Ding Meng-qi1, Wei Li4, Li Jin-bo5,Wu Yan-min2, Shao Ji-rong1, Zhou Mei-liang2
(1.College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625001, China;2.Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;3.Sichuan Tourism University, Chengdu 610100, China;>4.State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; 5.Shenzhen Techand Ecology and Environment Co, ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China)
Buckwheat is a traditional edible and medical plant, with substantial forage value. A variety of types of cultivated buckwheat has formed through cultivation and evolution. Currently, the germplasm resources of buckwheat are considerably rich in south-western China, and have attracted worldwide attention. In this paper, the types of buckwheat germplasm resources, and their distribution, the species and the scopes of cultivated buckwheat, and utilization value of them were summarized, with emphatically analyzed the advantages of buckwheat as a forage grass, especially the Fagopyrum cymosum, innutrition, yield, palatability and environmental friendliness, revealing the application value and the development potential of buckwheatas a forage grass. We also comprehensively discussed the problems facing the buckwheat research field in China, pointing out that the focus of the buckwheat research work should be on the excavation of wild buckwheat resources and the exploitation of buckwheat as a forage grass.
buckwheat; germplasm resources; utilization value; forage plant
Shao Ji-rong E-mail:shaojr007@163.com; Zhou Mei-liang E-mail:zhoumeiliang@caas.cn
10.11829/j.issn.1001-0629.2016-0153
2016-03-24接受日期:2016-04-27
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31572457)
董雪妮(1990-),女,甘肅慶陽(yáng)人,碩士,研究方向?yàn)橹参锓肿由飳W(xué)。E-mail:dongxueni627@126.com
邵繼榮(1958-),男,四川樂(lè)山人,教授,博導(dǎo),博士,研究方向?yàn)橹参锎x及系統(tǒng)進(jìn)化。E-mail:shaojr007@163.com周美亮(1985-),男,湖南茶陵人,副研究員,博士,研究方向?yàn)樽魑锓肿佑N和茉莉酸調(diào)控植物次生代謝物生物合成分子機(jī)理。E-mail:zhoumeiliang@caas.cn
S816.15;S326
A
1001-0629(2017)2-0378-11
董雪妮,唐宇,丁夢(mèng)琦,未麗,李金博,吳燕民,邵繼榮,周美亮.中國(guó)蕎麥種質(zhì)資源及其飼用價(jià)值.草業(yè)科學(xué),2017,34(2):378-388.
Dong X N,Tang Y,Ding M Q,Wei L,Li Ji B,Wu Y M,Shao J R,Zhou M L.Germplasm resources of buckwheat in China and their forage value.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(2):378-388.