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外源乙烯利與1-MCP處理對(duì)桑椹中乙烯和花青素相關(guān)代謝基因表達(dá)的影響*

2017-03-27 02:58:54趙愛(ài)春劉長(zhǎng)英梁燕梅朱攀攀蔡雨翔王茜齡李鎮(zhèn)剛余茂德
林業(yè)科學(xué) 2017年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:桑椹信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)總糖

余 建 趙愛(ài)春 劉長(zhǎng)英 梁燕梅 朱攀攀 蔡雨翔 王茜齡 李鎮(zhèn)剛 余茂德

(1. 西南大學(xué)生物技術(shù)學(xué)院 家蠶基因組生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 重慶 400715; 2. 云南省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院蠶桑蜜蜂研究所 蒙自 661101)

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外源乙烯利與1-MCP處理對(duì)桑椹中乙烯和花青素相關(guān)代謝基因表達(dá)的影響*

余 建 趙愛(ài)春1劉長(zhǎng)英1梁燕梅1朱攀攀1蔡雨翔1王茜齡1李鎮(zhèn)剛2余茂德1

(1. 西南大學(xué)生物技術(shù)學(xué)院 家蠶基因組生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 重慶 400715; 2. 云南省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院蠶桑蜜蜂研究所 蒙自 661101)

【目的】 以桑品種‘嘉陵40號(hào)’的桑椹為試驗(yàn)材料,探究乙烯在桑椹發(fā)育進(jìn)程中的作用和乙烯相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)模式,為今后有效開(kāi)發(fā)桑椹的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值和通過(guò)分子生物學(xué)手段調(diào)控桑椹成熟期提供理論依據(jù)?!痉椒ā?桑盛花期后21天(21DAF)和26天(26DAF),分別用100 mg·L-1乙烯利噴灑桑椹表面,采摘后桑椹經(jīng)0.5 μL·L-1乙烯抑制劑1-MCP熏蒸處理,測(cè)定其花青素和總糖含量,并提取桑椹的總RNA及合成cDNA模板,利用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)分析乙烯生物合成基因MaACO2和MaACS3,乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)基因MaETR1,MaETR2,MaCTR1,MaEIN2和MaEIL2,以及花青素生物合成下游基因MaDFR和MaANS的轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá)。【結(jié)果】 桑椹經(jīng)過(guò)乙烯利處理后,花青素含量和總糖含量與對(duì)照相比都有明顯增加,與花青素合成有關(guān)的基因表達(dá)也受乙烯利上調(diào),經(jīng)1-MCP熏蒸的桑椹花青素含量和總糖含量與對(duì)照相比都有所下降。在21DAF桑椹中,乙烯相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)經(jīng)乙烯利處理后顯著上調(diào),而對(duì)1-MCP具有不同的響應(yīng)模式,其中,MaACO2,MaACS3以及MaEIL2表達(dá)下調(diào),MaETR1,MaCTR1和MaEIN2的表達(dá)量在各時(shí)段顯著上調(diào),MaETR2表達(dá)量在12 h無(wú)明顯變化,其他時(shí)段上調(diào)。26DAF桑椹中,經(jīng)1-MCP的熏蒸而下調(diào)了乙烯各基因的表達(dá),而乙烯利的處理對(duì)各基因表達(dá)具有不同的影響,與對(duì)照相比,處理后32 h,MaACO2,MaETR1,MaETR2,MaEIN2 和MaEIL2的表達(dá)上調(diào),MaACS3和MaCTR1的表達(dá)則下調(diào)?!窘Y(jié)論】 乙烯利處理能夠誘導(dǎo)桑椹乙烯生物合成和花青素生物合成相關(guān)基因的上調(diào)表達(dá),對(duì)乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)基因也有一定調(diào)控作用,且能促進(jìn)桑椹花青素和總糖含量的積累,并能加快桑椹的發(fā)育進(jìn)程。乙烯抑制劑1-MCP的熏蒸能抑制乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)各元件基因的表達(dá),阻止乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和傳遞,且抑制桑椹中花青素和總糖含量的積累。

桑; 乙烯利; 1-MCP; 花青素; 基因表達(dá); 信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)

乙烯是一種重要的植物激素,已被證明作為一種信號(hào)分子參與調(diào)控果實(shí)的成熟衰老,也是果實(shí)成熟軟化進(jìn)程中重要的啟動(dòng)因子(Ozgaetal., 2003),參與調(diào)控果實(shí)成熟相關(guān)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯,使果實(shí)呈現(xiàn)特有的成熟現(xiàn)象(Wangetal., 2009)。大量研究證明,通過(guò)控制乙烯的釋放可以改變果實(shí)的貨架期。對(duì)不同成熟期果實(shí)施加外源乙烯可以調(diào)節(jié)其成熟進(jìn)程,已在葡萄(Vitisvinifera) (Blankenshipetal., 2003)、葡萄柚(Citrusparadisi) (Chaudharyetal., 2012; 2015)等物種中得以證明。而添加乙烯抑制劑1-甲基環(huán)丙烯(1-MCP),能抑制果蔬和切花后熟或衰老進(jìn)程中乙烯誘導(dǎo)的相關(guān)生理、生化反應(yīng),明顯延長(zhǎng)貯藏壽命(Blankenshipetal., 2003; Bulensetal., 2014)。

乙烯調(diào)控果實(shí)成熟主要是通過(guò)其生物合成和信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。ACS(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase)和ACO(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase) 是乙烯生物合成的關(guān)鍵基因,改變這些基因的表達(dá)能夠控制乙烯在果實(shí)中的含量,并改變果實(shí)的成熟期(Caraetal., 2008; 劉樂(lè)等, 2009)。Oller等(1991)將ACS反義基因?qū)敕?Lycopersiconesculentum),所得轉(zhuǎn)基因番茄的乙烯合成量較對(duì)照果實(shí)降低了99%,成熟時(shí)間推遲了30~90天; Ayub等(1996)將反義ACO基因轉(zhuǎn)入甜瓜(Cucumismelo)中,也獲得了與番茄類似的結(jié)果。

乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑主要是通過(guò)ETR(ethylene receptors)、EIN2(ethylene insensitive 2)、 EIN3/EIL(ethylene-insensitive 3, EIN3; EIN3-like, EIL)和ERF(ethylene response factor)四級(jí)元件完成。目前,對(duì)番茄、柑橘(Citrusreticulata)等果實(shí)乙烯受體基因研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ETR各成員的表達(dá)模式以及對(duì)乙烯的響應(yīng)模式存在差異(Caraetal., 2008; Kleeetal., 2002; Katzetal., 2004)。CTR1(constitutive triple response 1)位于ETR的下游,是乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑的第2個(gè)元件,CTR1基因被證實(shí)在組織的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育進(jìn)程中與乙烯產(chǎn)生和果實(shí)成熟有關(guān)(Adams-Phillipsetal., 2004a; 2004b),能響應(yīng)乙烯和1-MCP的處理(El-Sharkawyetal., 2007; Daletal., 2006)。EIN2位于細(xì)胞膜,EIN2基因沉默會(huì)延緩果實(shí)的發(fā)育和成熟,使果實(shí)成熟相關(guān)基因和乙烯相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)受到影響(Huetal., 2010)。EIL基因在果實(shí)成熟、衰老進(jìn)程中表達(dá)水平基本穩(wěn)定(Yokotanietal., 2003),但香蕉(Musanana)中MaEIL2的表達(dá)量在果實(shí)成熟進(jìn)程中呈上升趨勢(shì),可被外源乙烯誘導(dǎo)(Mbéguié-A-Mbéguiéetal., 2008)。

花青素是一種類黃酮物質(zhì),為植物著色的主要物質(zhì)之一,其含量在果實(shí)成熟衰老過(guò)程中逐漸增加,花青素生物合成相關(guān)酶基因的表達(dá)量也有一定程度的增強(qiáng)。大多數(shù)植物DFR(dihydroflavonol 4-reductase)的表達(dá)與花青素的合成呈正相關(guān)(Nakatsukaetal., 2008),且具有底物特異性; ANS(anthocyanidin synthase) 是植物花青素生物合成途徑末端的關(guān)鍵酶,位于DFR下游,催化無(wú)色花色素到有色花色素的轉(zhuǎn)變(Jaakola, 2013)。大量研究表明,乙烯能促進(jìn)某些果實(shí)著色和花青素的合成(Kondoetal., 1997; Zhangetal., 2009)。

桑(Morusalba)是一種經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值較高的木本植物,果實(shí)桑椹已被國(guó)家列入既是食品又是藥品的保健品行列(唐忠富, 2009)。有關(guān)乙烯調(diào)控植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和果實(shí)成熟的作用機(jī)制的研究已有諸多報(bào)道,但在桑樹(shù)(Morus)中還比較缺乏。本課題組前期對(duì)乙烯(Liuetal., 2014; 2015)和花青素(Lietal., 2014)相關(guān)基因做了初步探索,在此基礎(chǔ)上,本試驗(yàn)使用乙烯利和乙烯抑制劑處理不同發(fā)育時(shí)期的桑椹,分析乙烯利和1-MCP處理對(duì)桑椹總糖含量、花青素含量、花青素生物合成相關(guān)基因和乙烯相關(guān)基因表達(dá)量的影響,探究乙烯在桑椹發(fā)育進(jìn)程中的作用和乙烯相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)模式,為今后有效開(kāi)發(fā)桑椹的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值和通過(guò)分子生物學(xué)手段調(diào)控桑椹成熟期提供理論依據(jù)。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗(yàn)材料 所用材料為桑品種‘嘉陵40號(hào)’(Morusalba‘Jialing 40’) (重慶市審定果桑品種),栽培于西南大學(xué)桑樹(shù)種質(zhì)資源圃。根據(jù)桑椹的發(fā)育特征和顏色的變化,于2015年4月選取‘嘉陵40號(hào)’的4年生健壯枝條上盛花期(即桑雌花柱頭左右伸開(kāi),并發(fā)白發(fā)亮?xí)r為盛花期)后21天(21DAF)和26天(26DAF)的桑椹用于相關(guān)試驗(yàn)處理,每個(gè)處理重復(fù)3個(gè)枝條。

1.2 乙烯利處理桑椹 分別選取大部分桑椹處于21DAF和26DAF的健壯枝條,人工去除非該時(shí)期的桑椹,分別用100 mg·L-1乙烯利(含0.1%吐溫-20)和ddH2O(含0.1%吐溫-20)噴灑桑椹表面,噴至有液滴為止。根據(jù)桑椹處理后顏色變化程度,21DAF的桑椹在處理后48,72,81 h取樣,26DAF的桑椹處理后8,24,32 h取樣。液氮速凍后于-80 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

1.3 1-MCP處理采摘后桑椹 分別選取處于21DAF和26DAF時(shí)期的健康桑椹,帶柄采摘,裝入500 mL的密閉瓶中,用1-MCP (0.5 μL·L-1,SmartFreshTM)在室溫下熏蒸12 h,置于22 ℃、相對(duì)濕度90%的光照恒溫培養(yǎng)箱內(nèi)(Xiaoetal., 2013),于處理后0,12,24 h取樣。液氮速凍后于-80 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

1.4 RNA 的提取及cDNA 第1鏈的合成 按照北京全式金公司TransZolTMPlant RNA 抽提試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)提取總RNA。分別取適量體積RNA用1%的瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測(cè),并用紫外分光光度計(jì)檢測(cè)總RNA的濃度。以總RNA為模板,參照TAKARA公司反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶M-MLV說(shuō)明書(shū)合成cDNA第1鏈,于-20 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>

1.5 桑椹花青素和總糖含量測(cè)定 1) 桑椹花青素含量測(cè)定 參考Jeong等(2010)的方法。桑椹經(jīng)低溫冷凍干燥后,液氮研磨成粉末,稱取0.5 g左右,加入10 mL預(yù)冷的酸性甲醇(含1%HCl),4 ℃下避光提取 12 h后,將提取液經(jīng)4 000 r·min-1離心10 min。取5 mL 上清,加入等體積水和氯仿,顛倒混勻,混合液經(jīng)12 000 r·min-1離心1 min,吸取上層溶液測(cè)量波長(zhǎng)530 nm處的吸光值。 花青素含量(A530·g-1)=A530×提取液體積×稀釋倍數(shù)/樣品質(zhì)量。每個(gè)樣品3次重復(fù),并用SPSS軟件進(jìn)行顯著性差異分析。

2) 桑椹總糖含量測(cè)定 參考鄭小堅(jiān)等(2002)的方法。用葡萄糖(一水合物)配制成0.2 mg·mL-1母液,再分別稀釋成0,5,10, 20,40,60,80,100 mg·L-18個(gè)濃度梯度,分別取1 mL與5 mL 蒽酮試劑(蒽酮∶濃硫酸∶ddH2O=0.6 g∶100 mL∶33 mL)混合,于沸水中加熱10 min,冷卻后于紫外分光光度計(jì)上測(cè)定波長(zhǎng)630 nm處的吸光值,繪制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。每個(gè)濃度設(shè)置3次重復(fù)。

準(zhǔn)確稱取桑椹干粉,加入5 mL 6 mol·L-1稀鹽酸,消煮2 h,期間不時(shí)搖動(dòng),消煮完后立即加入一角勺(約0.1 g)活性炭,用于吸附色素,靜置冷卻后過(guò)濾,與5 mL 蒽酮混合,沸水中加熱10 min,冷卻后測(cè)定波長(zhǎng)630 nm處的吸光值。 桑椹總糖含量(mg·g-1)=標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線值×水解液總體積/樣品質(zhì)量。每個(gè)樣品3次重復(fù),并用SPSS軟件進(jìn)行顯著性差異分析。

1.6 實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析 根據(jù)前期研究,選取乙烯生物合成基因MaACO2,MaACS3,信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)相關(guān)基因MaETR1,MaETR2,MaCTR1,MaEIN2和MaEIL2(Liuetal., 2014; 2015),花青素生物合成下游基因(Lietal., 2014)MaDFR(KC521445)和MaANS(JF499384),進(jìn)行qRT-PCR分析。qRT-PCR 引物序列如表1,所用引物均在南京金斯瑞公司合成。使用定量PCR試劑為SYBR Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ (TaKaRa),反應(yīng)體系為Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ(2×) 10 μL,10 μmol·L-1上、下游引物各0.8 μL,50×ROX Reference Dye (50×) 0.4 μL,cDNA 2 μL和無(wú)菌水6 μL。參照TaKaRa 公司的SYBR Premix Ex Taq 試劑盒操作說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行real-time PCR分析,熱啟動(dòng)程序?yàn)?5 ℃ 30 s,95 ℃ 5 s,60 ℃ 30 s,共40個(gè)循環(huán),每個(gè)樣品設(shè)3 次重復(fù)取其平均值,并以MaACTIN3(李軍等, 2011) (HQ163775.1)作為內(nèi)參。利用2-ΔΔCt法計(jì)算基因的相對(duì)表達(dá)量,并用SPSS進(jìn)行顯著性差異分析。

2 結(jié)果與分析

2.1 乙烯利處理及1-MCP熏蒸對(duì)桑椹中花青素含量和相關(guān)基因表達(dá)量的影響 隨著桑椹發(fā)育,桑椹顏色發(fā)生改變(圖1、圖2),花青素含量也隨之升高,通過(guò)乙烯利處理的桑椹花青素含量變化較對(duì)照明顯(圖3)。21DAF(盛花期后21天)桑椹經(jīng)過(guò)乙烯利處理后48,72,81 h,每1 g干質(zhì)量桑椹樣品的花青素含量由最初的5.48 mg逐漸上升到27.59,52.05,46.21 mg,通過(guò)ddH2O處理的桑椹中花青素含量也上升,但上升幅度較小。26DAF(盛花期后26天)桑椹對(duì)照組和處理組中花青素含量變化趨勢(shì)與21DAF處理桑椹相似。21DAF桑椹經(jīng)乙烯利處理后,MaDFR和MaANS的表達(dá)量在72 h出現(xiàn)大幅度上升; 26DAF桑椹經(jīng)乙烯利處理后,MaDFR的表達(dá)量相比對(duì)照有提高,MaANS表達(dá)量沒(méi)有顯著差異(圖3)。離體桑椹經(jīng)乙烯抑制劑1-MCP熏蒸后,26DAF桑椹中花青素含量受到顯著抑制,21DAF桑椹在處理后24 h花青素含量受到抑制; 21DAF桑椹的MaDFR表達(dá)量與對(duì)照相比沒(méi)有明顯變化,而MaANS表達(dá)量在24 h才明顯下調(diào),26DAF桑椹的MaDFR和MaANS表達(dá)量顯著低于對(duì)照處理(圖4)。以上結(jié)果表明乙烯利及1-MCP對(duì)桑椹中花青素的積累和相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)具有調(diào)控作用。

表1 本研究使用的定量PCR引物Tab.1 Primers for qRT-PCR of genes in this study

圖1 乙烯利處理不同發(fā)育時(shí)期桑椹表型變化Fig.1 Changes in phenotypes during development of mulberry fruit under ethephon treatment

A: 21DAF (盛花期后21天)桑椹對(duì)照處理; B: 21DAF桑椹乙烯利處理; C: 26DAF(盛花期后26天)桑椹對(duì)照處理; D: 26DAF桑椹乙烯利處理。

A: The control of 21DAF (21 days after full-bloom) mulberry fruit treated with ddH2O; B: The 21DAF mulberry fruit treated with ethephon; C: The control of 26DAF (26 days after full-bloom) mulberry fruit treated with ddH2O; D: The 26DAF mulberry fruit treated with ethephon.

圖2 1-MCP處理桑椹表型變化Fig.2 Changes in phenotypes during development of mulberry fruit under 1-MCP treatment

A: 21DAF桑椹對(duì)照處理; B: 21DAF桑椹1-MCP熏蒸; C: 26DAF桑椹對(duì)照處理; D: 26DAF桑椹1-MCP熏蒸。

A: The control of 21DAF mulberry fruit treated with ddH2O; B: The 21DAF mulberry fruit treated with 1-MCP; C: The control of 26DAF mulberry fruit treated with ddH2O; D: The 26DAF mulberry fruit treated with 1-MCP.

圖3 乙烯利對(duì)桑椹花青素含量及其生物合成基因表達(dá)量的影響Fig.3 Effects of ethephon treatments on anthocyanin content and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes in mulberry fruit

21DAF:盛花期后21天; 26DAF:盛花期后26天。*,差異性顯著(P<0.05)。下同。

21DAF:21 days after full-bloom; 26DAF:26 days after full-bloom.*, Significant difference (P<0.05). The same below.

圖4 1-MCP對(duì)桑椹的花青素含量及其生物合成基因表達(dá)量的影響Fig.4 Effects of 1-MCP treatments on anthocyanin content and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes in mulberry fruit

2.2 乙烯利處理及1-MCP采后熏蒸對(duì)桑椹總糖含量的影響 21DAF和26DAF桑椹經(jīng)乙烯利處理后,總糖含量相比對(duì)照都有顯著提高 (圖5A,B)。桑椹經(jīng)1-MCP熏蒸后,24 h的總糖含量相比對(duì)照有所下調(diào)(圖5C,D)。以上結(jié)果表明,乙烯利和1-MCP影響桑椹發(fā)育過(guò)程中總糖的合成效應(yīng)是相反的,前者促進(jìn),后者抑制。

圖5 乙烯利及1-MCP對(duì)不同發(fā)育時(shí)期桑椹總糖含量影響Fig.5 Effects of ethephon and 1-MCP treatments on total sugar content at mulberry fruit development stages

圖6 乙烯利對(duì)21DAF桑椹乙烯生物合成及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)相關(guān)基因的影響Fig.6 Effects of ethephon treatments on ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction related gene in the 21DAF mulberry fruits

2.3 乙烯生物合成及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)基因?qū)ν庠匆蚁├捻憫?yīng) 21DAF桑椹的乙烯生物合成基因(MaACO2,MaACS3)和信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)基因(MaETR1,MaETR2,MaCTR1,MaEIN2,MaEIL2)經(jīng)乙烯利處理后,表現(xiàn)為3種不同的表達(dá)模式(圖6)。MaACO2,MaACS3以及MaCTR1經(jīng)乙烯利處理后,表達(dá)量先上調(diào)后下調(diào),48 h時(shí)表達(dá)量最高,72 h和81 h均降低;MaETR1,MaEIN2,MaEIL2經(jīng)乙烯利處理后,表達(dá)量在0~48 h下調(diào),72 h升高,81 h再次下調(diào); 而MaETR2表達(dá)模式與MaETR1相反,為先升高再降低,81 h表達(dá)量升到最高。使用乙烯利處理后,與ddH2O相比,乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑的基因都受到顯著上調(diào),對(duì)乙烯利有顯著的響應(yīng)。

26DAF桑椹經(jīng)乙烯利和ddH2O處理后,乙烯生物合成及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)基因的表達(dá)量都在處理后8 h顯著上調(diào)(圖7),MaACO2,MaACS3,MaETR1 和MaCTR1的表達(dá)量在處理后32 h達(dá)到最高,MaETR2和MaEIL2在處理后24 h達(dá)到最高,而MaEIN2的表達(dá)量在處理后8 h趨于穩(wěn)定。各個(gè)基因?qū)σ蚁├幚肀憩F(xiàn)出了不同的響應(yīng)模式。MaACO2,MaEIN2和MaEIL2表現(xiàn)出相似的表達(dá)模式,其表達(dá)量在處理后8~24 h下調(diào),在處理后32 h上調(diào);MaACS3的表達(dá)量經(jīng)過(guò)乙烯利處理后有所下調(diào);MaETR1,MaETR2和MaCTR1的表達(dá)在處理后8~24 h略有上調(diào),處理后32 hMaETR1和MaETR2上調(diào),而MaCTR1下調(diào)。

圖7 乙烯利對(duì)26DAF桑椹乙烯生物合成及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)相關(guān)基因的影響Fig.7 Effects of ethephon treatments on ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction related gene in the 26DAF mulberry fruits

2.4 1-MCP對(duì)采后桑椹乙烯相關(guān)基因的影響 21DAF桑椹中,各個(gè)基因?qū)?-MCP 熏蒸呈現(xiàn)不同的響應(yīng)模式。其中MaACS3在0 h表達(dá)量上調(diào),其他時(shí)段均受到抑制;MaACO2和MaEIL2的表達(dá)量受到1-MCP熏蒸的抑制,而MaETR1,MaETR2,MaCTR1,MaEIN2卻在1-MCP熏蒸后上調(diào)(圖8)。

1-MCP熏蒸26DAF采后桑椹對(duì)乙烯合成與信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)各基因的表達(dá)量大多有抑制作用,尤其對(duì)12 h和24 h表達(dá)量的抑制效應(yīng)更為顯著(圖9)。

3 討論

圖8 1-MCP對(duì)21DAF采后桑椹乙烯生物合成及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)相關(guān)基因的影響Fig.8 Effects of 1-MCP treatments on ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction related gene in the 21DAF mulberry fruits

圖9 1-MCP對(duì)26DAF采后桑椹乙烯生物合成及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)相關(guān)基因的影響Fig.9 Effects of 1-MCP treatments on ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction related gene in the 26DAF mulberry fruits

桑椹是一種營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富、風(fēng)味獨(dú)特的果品,其生產(chǎn)和商業(yè)化發(fā)展長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)受到其貨架期短、易脫落、易腐爛和不耐儲(chǔ)藏的生理特征的困擾。先前研究表明,桑椹在盛花期26天(26DAF)前可溶固形物含量、乙烯釋放速率和呼吸速率較為穩(wěn)定,而26DAF后驟變,且對(duì)乙烯及其抑制劑具有響應(yīng)作用,認(rèn)為乙烯對(duì)桑椹的發(fā)育起重要調(diào)控作用,但對(duì)其具體的調(diào)控機(jī)制還不是很清楚(Liuetal., 2014; 2015; 劉長(zhǎng)英等, 2014)。乙烯調(diào)控植物果實(shí)的發(fā)育和成熟,主要是通過(guò)其生物合成途徑和信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的,乙烯對(duì)果實(shí)調(diào)控的分子機(jī)制也已在番茄、西瓜(Citrulluslanatus)和美味獼猴桃(Actinidiadeliciosavar.deliciosacv. Hayward)等物種中得以驗(yàn)證(Caraetal., 2008; Wechteretal., 2008; Yinetal., 2008)?;诒疚难芯拷Y(jié)果和前期對(duì)34DAF桑椹處理的結(jié)果(表2),對(duì)乙烯調(diào)控桑椹發(fā)育及成熟的機(jī)制進(jìn)行了探討。MaACO2和MaACS3基因在21DAF 和26DAF處理桑椹中 均被乙烯利上調(diào),但在34DAF處理的桑椹中卻受到了乙烯的抑制,試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與無(wú)花果(Ficuscarica)的研究 (Owinoetal., 2006) 一致。以上試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明乙烯生物合成基因在躍變前后參與了乙烯的合成,在果實(shí)發(fā)育后期受到了乙烯的反饋調(diào)控。此外,在桑椹不同發(fā)育階段,MaACO2和MaACS3都受到了1-MCP的抑制,而且減緩了桑椹的成熟進(jìn)程。1-MCP與乙烯分子結(jié)構(gòu)相似,能夠與乙烯受體結(jié)合,從而阻斷乙烯的傳遞,使得乙烯生理效應(yīng)無(wú)法完成,也間接證明了乙烯對(duì)于桑椹成熟的重要性。

表2 乙烯生物合成與信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)基因在桑椹不同發(fā)育時(shí)期對(duì)乙烯及其抑制劑的響應(yīng)模式①Tab.2 Response of ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction related genes to ethylene and its inhibition at mulberry fruit development stages

①34DAF(盛花期后34天)的結(jié)果引自 Liuetal. (2015)?!?基因量在處理后沒(méi)有顯著變化; ↓: 基因表達(dá)量在處理后下調(diào); ↑: 基因表達(dá)量在處理后上調(diào)。The result of 34DAF(34 days after full-bloom) is referenced from Liuetal. (2015). —: No significant changes in gene expression; ↓: The expression level of genes is down-regulated; ↑: The expression level of genes is up-regulated.

在乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑中,MaETR1,MaETR2,MaEIN2和MaEIL2等發(fā)揮正調(diào)控作用的基因在不同發(fā)育時(shí)期桑椹中都受到了乙烯的上調(diào),暗示這些基因?qū)τ谏i┑陌l(fā)育起調(diào)控作用。MaETR1,MaETR2的表達(dá)差異,主要體現(xiàn)在MaETR2的表達(dá)量在26DAF對(duì)乙烯無(wú)明顯響應(yīng),而MaETR1在26DAF表達(dá)量受到乙烯上調(diào),分別與成熟柑橘果實(shí)采后貯藏過(guò)程中CsETR1和CsERS1的表達(dá)模式(Katzetal., 2004)相似。根據(jù)果實(shí)成熟過(guò)程中乙烯生成量的變化,可分為乙烯系統(tǒng)Ⅰ和乙烯系統(tǒng)Ⅱ(Mcmurchietal., 1972),在柑橘中CsETR1可能參與系統(tǒng)Ⅰ乙烯生理效應(yīng)發(fā)揮,CsERS1則調(diào)節(jié)果實(shí)對(duì)乙烯的敏感性。因此,MaETR1很可能在桑椹成熟早期發(fā)揮作用,而MaETR2可能在桑椹成熟后期才發(fā)揮作用。MaCTR1基因在26DAF和34DAF桑椹中受到乙烯的抑制,MaCTR1在桑椹發(fā)育和成熟過(guò)程中,扮演負(fù)調(diào)控因子的作用,通過(guò)基因工程提高該基因的表達(dá),可為今后改良桑樹(shù)果實(shí)的成熟期提供一個(gè)很好的思路。此外,本文還分析了乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)基因?qū)?-MCP的響應(yīng)機(jī)制,發(fā)現(xiàn)參與乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的各個(gè)元件受到了1-MCP的抑制,1-MCP可以阻止桑椹中乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)和傳遞,從而達(dá)到抑制桑椹的成熟。

關(guān)于乙烯如何促進(jìn)果實(shí)花青素的積累有2種觀點(diǎn): 一種認(rèn)為乙烯直接促進(jìn)花青素相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)從而促進(jìn)花青素的積累(Kondoetal., 1997);另一種則認(rèn)為乙烯首先促進(jìn)果實(shí)成熟,從而促進(jìn)花青素的積累(潘增光等, 1995; Zhangetal., 2009)。本試驗(yàn)中,乙烯上調(diào)21DAF和26DAF桑椹中花青素生物合成相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),促進(jìn)花青素和總糖含量的積累; 而1-MCP則下調(diào)花青素生物合成相關(guān)基因的表達(dá),抑制花青素和總糖含量的積累。表明乙烯對(duì)桑椹發(fā)育各時(shí)期中花青素的積累具有調(diào)控作用,但其分子機(jī)制還有待今后深入研究。

4 結(jié)論

乙烯利處理能夠誘導(dǎo)桑椹乙烯生物合成和花青素生物合成相關(guān)基因的上調(diào)表達(dá),對(duì)乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)基因也有一定調(diào)控作用,且能促進(jìn)桑椹花青素和總糖含量的積累,并能加快桑椹的發(fā)育進(jìn)程。1-MCP熏蒸能抑制乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)各元件基因的表達(dá),阻止乙烯信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)的傳遞,且抑制桑椹中花青素和總糖含量的積累。

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(責(zé)任編輯 徐 紅)

Effects of Exogenous Ethylene and 1-MCP Treatments on the Expression of Genes Involved in Ethylene and Anthocyanin in Mulberry Fruit

Yu Jian1Zhao Aichun1Liu Changying1Liang Yanmei1Zhu Panpan1Cai Yuxiang1Wang Xiling1Li Zhengang2Yu Maode1

(1.StateKeyLaboratoryofSilkwormGenomeBiologyCollegeofBiotechnology,SouthwestUniversityChongqing400715; 2.InstituteofSericultureandApiculture,YunnanAcademyofAgriculturalSciencesMengzi661101)

【Objective】 Ethylene, a kind of phytohormone, plays a critical role in fruit maturation and senescence. This study aims to explore the effect of ethylene on expression of the genes involved in ethylene of mulberry fruit, in order to provide a basis for exploring the economic value of mulberry using the methods of molecular biology. The total sugar content and anthocyanin content were detected and transcriptional expression of ethylene and anthocyanin related genes were analyzed in the variety ‘Jialing 40’ (Morusalba‘Jialing 40’) fruits. 【Method】The mulberry fruits were sprayed with ethephon(100 mg·L-1) 21days (21DAF) and 26 days (26DAF) after full-bloom, respectively and 1-MCP(0.5 μL·L-1) was applied after harvest. Anthocyanin content and total sugar content was measured, total RNA of mulberry were extracted and reverse transcribed to synthesize cDNA. The relative transcriptional expression of ethylene biosynthesis related genesMaACO2 andMaACS3, and signal transduction related genes likeMaETR1,MaETR2,MaCTR1,MaEIN2,MaEIL2, and anthocyanin related genes likeMaDFRandMaANSwere analyzed by using qRT-PCR.【Result】Compared with the control, the anthocyanin and total sugar content were significantly increased by ethephon but decreased by 1-MCP, and the expression level of anthocyanin related genes were up-regulated by ethephon at 21DAF and 26DAF. At 21DAF, the expression level of ethylene related genes were up-regulated by ethephon, but the transcripts ofMaACO2,MaACS3 andMaEIL2 were decreased by 1-MCP;MaETR1,MaCTR1,MaEIN2 were up-regulated significantly but the transcripts ofMaETR2 displayed a non-significant change by 1-MCP.At 26DAF, the expression level of ethylene related genes were down-regulated by 1-MCP and changed differently by ethephon. After 32 hours,MaACO2,MaETR1,MaETR2,MaEIN2 andMaEIL2 were up-regulated whileMaACS3 andMaCTR1 were down-regulated by ethephon compared with the control.【Conclusion】 Ethephon could up-regulated the transcripts of ethylene biosynthesis and anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes and influence the ethylene signal transduction related genes, but 1-MCP inhibited the ethylene signal transduction related genes and blocked ethylene signal transduction. Accumulation of anthocyanin and total sugar content were accelerated by ethephon, but inhibited by 1-MCP.

Morusalba; ethephon; 1-MCP; anthocyanin; gene expression; signal transductions

10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170216

2015-12-31;

2016-03-17。

國(guó)家公益性行業(yè)(農(nóng)業(yè))科研專項(xiàng)(201403064); 國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31360190); 國(guó)家現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系建設(shè)專項(xiàng)(CARS-22); 重慶市研究生科研創(chuàng)新項(xiàng)目(CYS2015070)。

S718.46

A

1001-7488(2017)02-0138-11

* 余茂德為通訊作者。

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