馬國(guó)民

定語(yǔ)從句是三大從句之一，是高考頻繁考查的考點(diǎn)之一。在備考中，需要明確其命題規(guī)律，掌握答題技巧，這樣才能高效備考。

一、高頻考點(diǎn)剖析

（一）考查關(guān)系詞的基本用法

關(guān)系詞用法一覽表

【考例】

1. In this box are some stem cells _______ are urgently needed for a patient—please， please， youve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.（2016全國(guó)卷I，閱讀理解改編）

2. Louis Braille， a blind person， lived in a time _______ the blind couldnt get much education.（2015重慶卷，閱讀理解改編）

3. The Orchestra plays at Memorial Hall at 1406 Elm Street， _______ offers several concerts from March through June.（2016全國(guó)卷III，閱讀改編）

4. Ive got to a point in my life_______ I know I am smart enough to dive into an area that is totally unknown， hard， but interesting. （2016天津卷，閱讀表達(dá)改編）

5. I ran the risk of losing those students _______ had a different style of thinking. （2016全國(guó)卷II，閱讀改編）

6. The reason_______ any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans. （2016北京卷，閱讀改編）

7. A coin is put into the cake，_______ signifies（預(yù)示） success in the New Year for the person who receives it.（2015安徽卷，閱讀理解改編）

8. Having 12 amazing zones of discovery， Sea Life Melbourne Aquarium is the very place _______ cannot be missed when you visit the city.（2015北京卷，閱讀理解改編）

9. _______ is often the case with children， Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.（2013陜西卷）

10. I live next door to a couple _______ children often make a lot of noise.（2016年北京卷）

解析：

1. that/ which。先行詞為some stem cells，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故填that/ which。

【知識(shí)拓展】（1）關(guān)系詞that不可位于介詞后，不可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。 （2）關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用that的情況：先行詞是all，everything，anything等不定代詞；先行詞被the only，the very，the right等修飾；先行詞既有人又有物；先行詞是序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)或被序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)修飾。

2. when。先行詞指時(shí)間，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，故填when。

3. which。先行詞指物，關(guān)系詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，故填which。

【知識(shí)拓展】 which可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)；先行詞可指物，也可指一句話內(nèi)容。

4. where。point為先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

【知識(shí)拓展】當(dāng)先行詞是activity，situation，point，case，stage，scene等抽象名詞時(shí)，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用where作為引導(dǎo)詞。

5. who / that。先行詞those students指人，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故填who/ that。

【知識(shí)拓展】（1）who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不可位于介詞之后。（2）關(guān)系詞常用who的情況：先行詞為明確指人的anyone，one，ones，those等詞時(shí)；在分隔式定語(yǔ)從句中，先行詞指人，為了避免歧義時(shí)；當(dāng)先行詞為人稱代詞時(shí)等。

6. why。reason為先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)，故用why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

7. which。逗號(hào)前的一句話內(nèi)容為先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，故填which。

8. that。關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，且先行詞place之前有the very修飾，故應(yīng)用that作為引導(dǎo)詞。

9. As。先行詞為逗號(hào)之后的一句話內(nèi)容，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，而定語(yǔ)從句位于句首時(shí)，只能用as引導(dǎo)。

【知識(shí)拓展】as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)時(shí)，可位于句首、句中或句尾，常有“正如，正像”之意，其常用結(jié)構(gòu)為：as anybody can see；as we know；as is well known；as often happens；as is reported；as is often the case；as is mentioned above；as has been pointed out

10. whose。a couple是先行詞，且空格處作children的定語(yǔ)，故填whose。

（二）考查“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的用法

“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”既可用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，還可用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，是定語(yǔ)從句的一種常見用法。

【考例】

1. She was taking the food to the refugee camp， in _________she distributed it to children.（2016年上海卷）

2. Many young people， most of________

were well-educated， headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.（2016年江蘇卷）

3. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_________school education depends.（2015年安徽卷）

解析：

1. which。the refugee camp為先行詞，關(guān)系詞在從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)，故用which作為引導(dǎo)詞。

2. whom。先行詞指人，關(guān)系詞作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)，故whom符合題意。

3. which。先行詞指物，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作介詞upon的賓語(yǔ)，故填which。

（三）考查分隔式定語(yǔ)從句

定語(yǔ)從句往往緊跟在先行詞之后，但是有時(shí)可能會(huì)在從句和先行詞之間插入其他成分，使從句與先行詞分隔開來，從而形成了分隔式定語(yǔ)從句（也可稱為“間隔式定語(yǔ)從句”）。如：

Tom was the first student in his class who had won the scholarship. （先行詞student和定語(yǔ)從句被介詞短語(yǔ)“in his class”隔開） 湯姆是班里第一個(gè)獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的學(xué)生。

【考例】 After the flooding， people were suffering in that area， _________ urgently needed clean water， medicine and shelter to survive.（2012江蘇卷）

解析： who。people為先行詞，且關(guān)系詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，故who符合題意。

（四）考查定語(yǔ)從句的主謂一致

當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與先行詞一致，即先行詞為單數(shù)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)，先行詞為復(fù)數(shù)，則從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。

【考例】

1. Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who always _________ （wear） evening dress.

2. He wrote many childrens books， nearly half of which _________ （publish） in the 1990s.（2015年重慶卷）

解析：

1. wears。根據(jù)always和語(yǔ)境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，而one是定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，故空格處應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。（one之前如沒有the only修飾時(shí)，先行詞為women。）

2. were published。nearly half of which在從句中作主語(yǔ)，且是動(dòng)作的承受者，根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，空格處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；結(jié)合先行詞books可知，空格處填were published。

二、高分技巧點(diǎn)撥

對(duì)于定語(yǔ)從句方面的試題，首先應(yīng)該找準(zhǔn)先行詞，然后再結(jié)合句子成分的知識(shí)對(duì)關(guān)系詞在從句中的具體作用分析推敲，判斷好關(guān)系詞在從句中作的是哪一種句子成分。需要注意的是，先行詞并不能決定關(guān)系詞的使用。例如，先行詞指時(shí)間，但是關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞作為引導(dǎo)詞，而不應(yīng)使用關(guān)系副詞when。

【考例】

1. I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week， _________my classmates recommended to me.（2014年北京卷）

2. That evening， _________ I will tell you more about later， I ended up working very late.（2012全國(guó)卷II）

解析：

1. which。先行詞為book，且關(guān)系詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作recommended的賓語(yǔ)，故填which。本題容易誤填where或when，原因是認(rèn)為先行詞是空前的地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間，誤認(rèn)為關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。

2. which。that evening雖為表示時(shí)間的先行詞，但是關(guān)系詞在從句中作介詞about的賓語(yǔ)，故用關(guān)系代詞which作為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。本題容易誤填when，原因是沒有判斷好關(guān)系詞在從句中的作用。

三、強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練

（一）單句語(yǔ)法填空

1. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears， none of _________ has been proved.

2. The next day， my mother and I went to the beach_________we watched some children play volleyball.

3. Happiness and success often come to those _________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.

4. The books on the desk， ________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.

5. I recently read an article about “nomophobia”， ________ is a real illness people cant suffer from the fear of being without your phone！

6. We will be shown around the city： schools， museums， and some other places， ________ other visitors seldom go.

7. Creating an atmosphere in ________ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.

8. Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention， _________ is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months， will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.

9. The children， all of _________ had played the whole day long， were worn out.

10. We really love Indian food and such occasions are very rare _________ we have so many foods available at such low prices.

11. Of course whenever they turned to look at him， they had to look at Mary， _________ made her feel like a star.

12. Toms mother， _________had heard their conversation， asked if they could do it.

13. I decided to leave home for New York， ________ I might have a better chance to find a good job.

14. Behind him were other people to_________he was trying to talk， but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me， looking annoyed.

15. The number of smokers， ________ is reported， has dropped by 17 per cent in just one year.

16. I am looking forward to the day

_________my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.

17. A company _________ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.

18. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _______ his employees enjoy their work.

19. The very thing _________ brought about a complete change in her life was the liberation.

20. As the smallest child of his family， Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.

21. The reason _________ more and more young people dream of becoming a famous singer or musician is that they can become millionaires overnight.

22. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those _________ lives were affected.

23. He made another wonderful discovery， _________ I think is of great importance to science.

24. In my opinion，Beijing is the most beautiful city， _________ I spent my last summer holiday.

25. The two old friends talked about the persons and places _________ impressed them most.

26. Alice asked the policeman with _________ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.

27. I can think of many cases _________ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.

28. _________ has been announced， we shall have our final exams next month.

29. George Orwell， _________ real name was Eric Arthur， wrote many political novels and essays.

30. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months， of _________ the sailing time was 226 days.

31. Last month， part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods， from _________ effects the people are still suffering.

32. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school， most of _________ were from Germany.

33. We are living in an age _________ many things are done on computer.

34. Women who drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _________ dont.

35. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week， ________ the weather may be better.

36. By serving others， a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself， ________ can be very eye-opening and rewarding.

37. Last week， only two people came to look at the house， neither of _________ wanted to buy it.

38. I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade， _________ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.

39. The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that far- away village.

40. _________ we have stressed many times， “serve the people” is our first policy.

41. What is known to us all is that the old scientist， for _________ life was hard in the past， still works very hard in his eighties.

42. We went to the Lincoln Memorial yesterday， _________， not surprisingly， was crowded with visitors from all over the world.

43. I work in a business _________ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.

44. As I arrived in Sydney， I wanted to see everything on my first day， _________ I knew was impossible.

45. When people talk about the cities of the U.S. ， the first _________ comes into their mind is New York.

（二）語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)法填空

Christmas was coming and we were given

1 $25 Christmas check for social services. Mom said instead of buying food， she would use the money 2 （pay） back rent and there would be nothing for Christmas.

3 （actual）， I had already earned enough money by selling Christmas trees to buy a new pair of boots， 4 was unknown to Mom.

Well， the big moment came 5 the afternoon of Christmas Eve. I was hurried to buy my boots. On the way， I noticed a house with Christmas lights and decorations. It suddenly 6 （occur） to me that we had nothing at our house.

As I continued walking， I began to feel

7 （guilt）. I was going to buy a pair of boots while Mom was home in tears. I stopped and stood there for what seemed a long time until I decided what I had to do.

Feeling excited， I went into a grocery store and spent all 8 （I） hard-earned money buying the Christmas goods home. Opening the door， Mom stood there saying nothing.

9 （hold） back the tears， I shouted： “Merry Christmas Mother！ There really is a Santa Claus！”. That day I got enough hugs and 10 （kiss） from Mom to last two lifetimes.