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高考時態(tài)和語態(tài)考點探析及備考建議

2017-03-28 23:05繆運霖
試題與研究·高考英語 2016年4期
關(guān)鍵詞:語態(tài)被動語態(tài)數(shù)軸

繆運霖

動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài),對于中國英語學習者來說始終是一個難點,很多學習者熟記了相關(guān)的語法規(guī)則,在口頭或書面表達時仍然暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向,難以把握。原因之一是,漢語思維中缺乏對等的概念,其時間概念是通過“著、了、過”等時態(tài)助詞來表現(xiàn)的,而語態(tài)表現(xiàn)在漢語中則是區(qū)分“把”字句和“被”字句。在學習者語境意識尚不強的情況下,漢語思維強勢介入,對英語產(chǎn)生干擾,形成了母語負遷移。因此,學習時要聯(lián)系語境,從語境中找到指示語,處理時態(tài)及語態(tài)問題,從而提高自己的語法水平。

一、時態(tài)和語態(tài)學習的數(shù)軸法

掌握時態(tài)和語態(tài)的基本含義是解題的前提條件。而時態(tài)和語態(tài)的學習從一開始就不可能孤立地發(fā)生,我們應(yīng)該將時態(tài)的理解置于一個時間序列中,用綜觀的方法整體理解。因此,本文用數(shù)軸來表示時間,將考綱要求考查的10種主要時態(tài)在數(shù)軸上表現(xiàn)出來(見圖一。語態(tài)與之對應(yīng),圖略)。

圖一 英語10種主要時態(tài)關(guān)系數(shù)軸圖

在數(shù)軸上設(shè)置一個0點,表示現(xiàn)在時間(Present),設(shè)置兩個過去時間P1、P2,用實心點表示,設(shè)置一個將來時間F,用空心點表示。這四個數(shù)軸上的點既可以代表具體的時間點,為一個特定的時間概念,也可以代表由無數(shù)連續(xù)的“特定時間點”組成的相對時間點,可視為一個“大點”,甚至還代表與之相對應(yīng)的時間段。

若以原點0為基點從該時間來看,在原點0上,若為現(xiàn)在的習慣、經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),則是一般現(xiàn)在時(Simple present);若為現(xiàn)在時刻或現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),則是現(xiàn)在進行時(Present continuous)。在過去時間P1,若為P1發(fā)生的動作或過去經(jīng)常性的動作或存在的狀態(tài),則是一般過去時(Simple Past);若為P1正在進行的動作,則是過去進行時(Past continuous)。

將來時態(tài)的理解主要看是以原點0還是以P1為基點。若以P1為基點從該過去時間來看,預(yù)測將要發(fā)生某動作或存在某狀態(tài),則是過去將來時(Past future,圖中虛線箭頭)。當以原點0為基點預(yù)測將來時間F(因為將來時間是一種預(yù)測,用空心點表示),若為F將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),或?qū)斫?jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作,則是一般將來時(Simple future);若為F正在進行的動作,則是將來進行時(Future continuous,圖中虛線箭頭)。

完成時可以理解為兩個時間(P1與0、P1與P2)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。若P1發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響或結(jié)果,或者一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,則為現(xiàn)在完成時(Present perfect,其中疑問句和否定句中可理解為未知/無影響或結(jié)果,圖中空心點表示),若該動作仍在進行或剛剛停止,則為現(xiàn)在完成進行時(Present perfect continuous);若有先后關(guān)系的過去兩個時間P1、P2相比較(分別出現(xiàn)在兩個分句中),P2所發(fā)生的動作需用過去完成時(Past perfect),所謂“過去的過去”。

只要真正理解圖一中由數(shù)軸標示的時態(tài)之間的相互關(guān)聯(lián)以及每個時態(tài)的基本含義和掌握各時態(tài)的某些特殊含義,語篇中謂語動詞時態(tài)的確定便迎刃而解。

被動語態(tài)的動詞基本形式為“be/get+v.-ed”,其時態(tài)變化體現(xiàn)在助動詞“be/get”上,數(shù)軸上對應(yīng)的時態(tài)關(guān)系如果主語是動作的承受者,則用被動語態(tài)。

二、語法填空中對時態(tài)和語態(tài)的考查

短文語法填空的設(shè)空方式一般有兩種:自由填空和提示填空。對時態(tài)和語態(tài)的考查一般采用提示填空的方式。本文對2016年采用短文語法填空的5份高考試題進行了統(tǒng)計,下面以實例解析該題型中時態(tài)和語態(tài)考點(同時考查時態(tài)和語態(tài)的小題歸入時態(tài)類講解)。

1. 對時態(tài)的考查。

【例1】The giant panda 61 (love) by people throughout the world.(四川卷)

解析:is loved。考查一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。文章首句陳述大熊貓為人所喜愛,是現(xiàn)在的事實,故用一般現(xiàn)在時;主語“the giant panda”是動詞love的承受者,句中由by引出動作的執(zhí)行者,是明顯的被動語態(tài)提示詞。

【例2】Then, after two and a half years, the mother 69 (drive) the young panda away.(四川卷)

解析:drove。句中的時間狀語“after two and a half years”是過去時的明顯提示語。

【例3】Then it hit me—why would she not want to tell me about what she 28 (do)?(上海卷)

解析:had done。考查過去完成時。文章敘述了一位母親將食物拿去難民營分給孩子們的故事。時間基調(diào)是過去時,該句“我”質(zhì)疑母親為何不愿把她的善舉告知自己,根據(jù)語境可知,用過去完成時。

【例4】In recent years, stress 33 (regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness.(上海卷)

解析:has been regarded??疾楝F(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。文章是說明文,介紹一定范圍內(nèi)的壓力能促進工作,但壓力過大就會給生活帶來負面影響。該句中的“in recent years”是現(xiàn)在完成時的標志性狀語,且根據(jù)短語“regard sth as ...”(認為某物是……)的含義可知,此處主語stress是動作的承受者,故用被動語態(tài)。

2. 對語態(tài)的考查。

【例5】 Truly elegant chopsticks might

42 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. (全國III卷)

解析:be made??疾楸粍诱Z態(tài)。此處主語chopsticks是動作make的承受者。

三、短文改錯中對時態(tài)和語態(tài)的考查

對2016年采用短文改錯的5份高考試題的短文改錯中有關(guān)時態(tài)和語態(tài)的考點進行了統(tǒng)計,5處考查時態(tài),均為一般現(xiàn)在時與一般過去時之間的誤用;僅一處考查被動語態(tài)。下面以實例解析該題型中時態(tài)和語態(tài)考點(非時態(tài)和語態(tài)設(shè)題的已經(jīng)改正)。

1. 對時態(tài)的考查。

【例1】 I thought that it is a good idea.(全國II卷)

解析:根據(jù)句子結(jié)果可知,句子的主句與從句的時態(tài)相互矛盾,主句謂語動詞用過去式時,除非從句所涉及內(nèi)容為不受時間限制的客觀存在,否則不可能用一般現(xiàn)在時。根據(jù)本文語境可知,全文的時態(tài)基調(diào)是現(xiàn)在時,故將thought改為think。

【例2】 Some people even had to wait outside.(全國I卷)

解析:文章介紹叔叔的飯店,時態(tài)基調(diào)是現(xiàn)在時,故根據(jù)語境可知,需要將had改為have。

【例3】 They always tell me what to do and how to do it.(全國III卷)

解析:always作為頻度副詞,多與一般現(xiàn)在時連用,同時也與一般過去時、過去進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、現(xiàn)在進行時、一般將來時等時態(tài)連用,表示不同的含義。作者回顧了自己的teenage years,意味著時態(tài)基調(diào)為過去時,故將tell改為told。

【例4】 We get up early in the morning.(四川卷)

解析:文章記敘母親節(jié)這天“我”和爸爸一起做家務(wù)的經(jīng)過,其時態(tài)基調(diào)是過去時,in the morning即指母親節(jié)這天早晨,故將get改為got。

【例5】While they chat, my father would lift my sister and me up to sit in the top of the fridge.(浙江卷)

解析:文章回顧了“我”在年幼時爸爸的一個慣常做法,時態(tài)基調(diào)為過去時。該句的主句與從句的時態(tài)相互矛盾,根據(jù)本文語境可知,應(yīng)將chat改為chatted。

2. 對被動語態(tài)的考查。

【例】 Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.(全國I卷)

解析:該句含有一個that引導的賓語從句,其中從句主語“fresh vegetables and high quality oil”是動作use的承受者,應(yīng)該用被動語態(tài),故將using改為used,“be used for”意為“被用于”。

四、2014年和2015年高考試題對時態(tài)和語態(tài)的考查

在研究2014年和2015年的考點設(shè)置時,可發(fā)現(xiàn),就語法填空題對時態(tài)和語態(tài)進行了考查,2014年全國II卷設(shè)置了一道題對一般過去時的一般疑問句進行了考查,要求根據(jù)語境填寫助動詞“Did”,即“ 68 anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”

就短文改錯對時態(tài)和語態(tài)的考查來說,關(guān)于時態(tài),2014年全國I卷在短文改錯中考查了過去完成進行時的誤用,即“Since then—for all these years—we had been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.”文章記敘了5年前“我”和姐姐在后院種下圣女果,如今年年豐收的故事。該句中的“since then”“for all these years”是關(guān)鍵的時間指示語,并結(jié)合文本語境,確定該句需用現(xiàn)在完成進行時,故將had改為have。

2015年全國II卷考查了語法結(jié)構(gòu)的干擾:“After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found his parents were missing. Tony was scared and begun to cry. A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.”所選句群中三處均涉及時態(tài)形式。其一,looks誤用,中國英語學習者因漢語語法結(jié)構(gòu)的負遷移,表達“在看了一會玩具之后”時不知是將after用作介詞還是連詞,修改時若將after當作連詞,可能會將looks改為he looked,如此則不符合改錯的經(jīng)濟原則(只能修改某個單詞的詞形,不能添加信息),故應(yīng)視after為介詞,將looks改為looking。其二,begun,telling兩處錯誤皆因其與鄰近的兩個分詞類別相同,考生會誤以為它們與鄰近的分詞構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系。遇到這種情況,在掌握語法知識的基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)將閱讀視為與作者(以及文本)之間的交際過程,整體理解作者所傳達的意思和建構(gòu)的語境,其中“begun to cry”是“was scared”的并列謂語,“telling him ...”是saw的并列謂語,故將begun和telling分別改為began和told。

關(guān)于語態(tài),2014年和2015年分別有兩份高考試題在短文改錯中考查了被動語態(tài)的誤用。2014年陜西卷“Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky—they were looked like rain!”表示某事物看起來像什么,連系動詞look沒有被動形式,故刪去were或looked。2015年全國I卷“Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.”其中主語studies是動作show的執(zhí)行者,“研究表明”應(yīng)為“studies have shown that ...”,故刪去been。

總之,在2014到2016年三年的高考試題中,語法填空對時態(tài)和語態(tài)的考查形式相對集中于一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、進行時態(tài) 、完成時態(tài),也會結(jié)合其他語法點設(shè)題(如結(jié)合主謂一致設(shè)題),短文改錯對時態(tài)和語態(tài)的考查重在時態(tài)和語態(tài)的誤用,設(shè)題時鄰近語法結(jié)構(gòu)的干擾、漢語思維的負遷移是命題者常??紤]的因素。時態(tài)和語態(tài)的確定由語境生成,受語境制約,學生在學習和訓練的過程中應(yīng)著重培養(yǎng)語境意識,做到夯實基礎(chǔ),整體閱讀,克服干擾,明確答案。

五、時態(tài)和語態(tài)備考建議

英語通過動詞的時態(tài)表達動作所發(fā)生的時間,或句中有明確的時間狀語,或文章會通過語篇中的時間指示語提示時態(tài)呼應(yīng)關(guān)系。閱讀是讀者與作者思想的交流過程,讀者應(yīng)充分考慮文本的交際作用,確定其時態(tài)基調(diào),并以此確定動詞提示填空題時態(tài)形式或檢查短文改錯中時態(tài)的誤用情況。至于被動語態(tài),其基本點是考察句子的主語與謂語動作之間的關(guān)系,即主語是動作的執(zhí)行者還是其承受者,應(yīng)熟記不規(guī)則動詞的過去式和過去分詞以防拼寫錯誤,應(yīng)熟記只有主動語態(tài)沒有被動語態(tài)、用主動語態(tài)表示被動語態(tài)的情況等。同時,應(yīng)加強題型訓練,熟悉多種考查的形式,掌握靈活的應(yīng)試技巧。

六、 提優(yōu)訓練

(一)語法填空

A

The standard advice for multiple-choice tests is: if 1 trouble, stick with your first answer. And yet this is wrong.

One survey of 33 different studies 2

(conduct) over 70 years found that people who change their answers do better than those who dont. In none of these studies did people get a

3 (low) score because they changed their minds.

Study after study shows that 4 you change your answer in a multiple-choice test, you are more likely to be changing 5 from wrong to right than right to wrong. So actually sticking with your first answer 6 (be) the wrong strategy.

Why do so many people still say that you should stick with your first answer? Kruger et al. argue that its 7 (part) because it feels more 8 (pain) to get an answer wrong because you changed it than wrong because you didnt. So we tend to remember much more clearly the times when we 9 (change) from right to wrong. And so when taking a test we anticipate (預(yù)期) the regret we will feel and convince 10 (us) that our first answer is probably right (when its probably not).

B

Last year, well-known Chinese author Liu Cixin won the Hugo Award with his Three Body Problem. This year, it was Hao Jingfangs turn. The 32-year-old Chinese sci-fi writer won for Best Novelette (中篇小說), 1 (beat) out no less than Stephen King with her work Folding Beijing (translated by Ken Liu).

Haos novelette is set in a Beijing of the future, 2 the city folds up every 24 hours

3 (allow) it to be occupied by different groups of people. The city 4 (divide) up into different spaces based on social classes,

5 the three different social classes live not only separated by space, but by time. Hao says that the story 6 (inspire) by what she witnessed around her every day in Beijing,

7 (particular) one Beijing taxi driver who complained to her about 8 hard it was for him to get his kids into kindergarten.

Hao started writing sci-fi stories after graduating with a degree in physics from Tsinghua University in 2006. Since 2013, she 9

(work) at the China Development Research Foundation. She has already published two full-length novels, Wandering Maearth and Return to Charon, as well as a short story 10

(collect), Star Travellers.

(二)短文改錯

A

It was Katias birthday. Her friends were met at Mamma Mias for a special birthday dinner. Katia was excited and got there at exact 7 oclock, the time they have arranged to meet.

The restaurant quickly filled up with customers, but nobody of them were Katias friends. She waited anxiously at 7:30. Then she called her friends, but they didnt answer. “Whats gone on?” she wondered.

At 8 Katia went to home. They had forgotten her birthday and she felt miserable. She opened the door and walked into the dark house. Suddenly lights went on and all their friends jumped up and shouted “Surprise!”. So they hadnt forgotten and in the end it was the better birthday ever.

B

On happiness

We all want to increase our happiness. In order to make ourselves happier we should make really efforts above all.

What came first is that we should have a goal, that can keep us working hard. Without goals and plans to reach it, you are like a ship that has set sail with no destination. Secondly, we should make friends with those who would offer help and encouragement especially when we are in a need. Lastly, we should seize it once we find an opportunity. Only when we seize the opportunities to find better ways to working can we find out the real value among ourselves. And only in way can we achieve true happiness in life.

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