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非編碼RNA調(diào)控精子發(fā)生的研究進(jìn)展*

2017-04-03 08:37:43李世平成姝婷王正榮
四川生理科學(xué)雜志 2017年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:精母細(xì)胞精子發(fā)生生殖細(xì)胞

李世平 成姝婷 王正榮△

(1.四川大學(xué)華西第二醫(yī)院兒科,出生缺陷與相關(guān)婦兒疾病教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;2.四川大學(xué)華西基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)與法醫(yī)學(xué)院,時(shí)間生物學(xué)衛(wèi)生部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,四川 成都 610041)

綜 述

非編碼RNA調(diào)控精子發(fā)生的研究進(jìn)展*

李世平1成姝婷2王正榮2△

(1.四川大學(xué)華西第二醫(yī)院兒科,出生缺陷與相關(guān)婦兒疾病教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室;2.四川大學(xué)華西基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)與法醫(yī)學(xué)院,時(shí)間生物學(xué)衛(wèi)生部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,四川 成都 610041)

隨著基因組學(xué)研究的發(fā)展,發(fā)現(xiàn)生物體基因組內(nèi)存在大量不編碼蛋白質(zhì)的基因。這些基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物稱為非編碼RNA(Noncoding RNA,ncRNA)。以前認(rèn)為ncRNA是基因組中無用的序列,但是研究表明ncRNA 在很多生命活動(dòng)中起到很重要的作用。按照轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物的序列長(zhǎng)短ncRNA分為短鏈非編碼RNA(Small ncRNA)和長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(LncRNA)。精子發(fā)生包括精原細(xì)胞增殖,精母細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂以及精子成熟等一系列受到精確調(diào)控的生理發(fā)育過程。精子發(fā)生需要相關(guān)基因的適時(shí)表達(dá),并受到轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平的調(diào)控。但是精子發(fā)生過程的調(diào)控機(jī)制目前還未完全研究清楚。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在精子發(fā)生過程ncRNA起到很重要的作用,即使在成熟精子細(xì)胞中也有ncRNA的表達(dá)。表明ncRNA參與調(diào)控精子發(fā)生的過程,并且這些父源ncRNA可能在接下來的受精和胚胎發(fā)育中起到重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用。結(jié)合最新研究進(jìn)展,本文綜述了ncRNA在精子發(fā)生過程所起的作用,以期為精子發(fā)生過程中ncRNA 的進(jìn)一步研究提供參考。

ncRNA;精子發(fā)生;miRNA;piRNA;lncRNA

精子發(fā)生是雄性動(dòng)物連續(xù)產(chǎn)生雄性配子的過程,即精原干細(xì)胞(Spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)經(jīng)歷一系列嚴(yán)格調(diào)控的生理發(fā)育形成精子的過程。精子發(fā)生包括以下階段:精原干細(xì)胞有絲分裂產(chǎn)生精母細(xì)胞;精母細(xì)胞經(jīng)歷兩次減數(shù)分裂產(chǎn)生單倍體圓形精子細(xì)胞;精子形成即圓形精子細(xì)胞成為成熟的精子[1]。精子發(fā)生的每一個(gè)階段都受到多種因素的精密調(diào)控,因此,闡明精子發(fā)生過程的分子機(jī)制,能夠增強(qiáng)我們對(duì)于雄性生殖細(xì)胞發(fā)育基因調(diào)控的理解[2,3]。更有意義的是,為我們?cè)\斷和治療男性不育打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。研究表明,非編碼RNA(Noncoding RNA,ncRNA)參與精子發(fā)生過程調(diào)控[4],參與精子發(fā)生過程ncRNA主要包括短鏈非編碼RNA(Small ncRNA)和長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(LncRNA),其中small ncRNA 主要有microRNA(miRNA)和piwi-interacting RNA(piRNA)[5]。ncRNA在生命活動(dòng)很多過程中都具有很重要的作用,如調(diào)控基因表達(dá)、X染色體去活化(X-inactivation)、基因組印記、細(xì)胞分化、細(xì)胞凋亡、干細(xì)胞多能性、腦發(fā)育和精子發(fā)生等[6-9]。本文將結(jié)合最新研究進(jìn)展,對(duì)miRNA、piRNA和lncRNA在精子發(fā)生過程中的調(diào)控作用進(jìn)行綜述。

1 短鏈非編碼RNA對(duì)精子發(fā)生的調(diào)控

1.1 miRNA調(diào)節(jié)精子發(fā)生

miRNA是一種特殊的小分子RNA,他的大小大約為22 bp?,F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的miRNA,人類和小鼠基因組中分別存在超過1000種miRNA。這些miRNA在物種間具有高度保守的特性,而且有報(bào)道估計(jì)miRNA能夠調(diào)節(jié)人類基因組超過30%的基因[10,11]。建立miRNA在雄性生殖細(xì)胞中表達(dá)譜,是全面研究miRNA在精子發(fā)生中調(diào)節(jié)作用的先決條件。雖然miRNA在雄性生殖細(xì)胞發(fā)育中的作用機(jī)制沒有完全研究清楚,但是通過高通量表達(dá)譜研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大量miRNA在精原細(xì)胞、粗線期精母細(xì)胞、精子細(xì)胞和成熟精子中選擇性的表達(dá)[12,13]。

miRNA-20、miRNA-21和miRNA-106a能夠調(diào)控精原干細(xì)胞(SSCs)的自我更新[14,15]。有些miRNA參與調(diào)控SSCs的增殖和凋亡,如:miRNA-204通過靶向Sirt1調(diào)控SSCs的增殖,而miR-34c能夠影響SSCs的凋亡[16,17]。研究表明,miRNA122a在雄性生殖細(xì)胞末期大量表達(dá),并且能夠抑制圓形精子細(xì)胞的標(biāo)志蛋白transition protein 2的表達(dá)。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Translin(Testis-brain RNA binding protein)能夠與miRNA122a結(jié)合,以增強(qiáng)miRNA122a在體內(nèi)的穩(wěn)定性[18]。與幼年小鼠的睪丸相比,成年小鼠的睪丸中miRNA34b的表達(dá)更高,顯示miRNA34b可能在雄性生殖細(xì)胞分化中起到作用[19]。且近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)miRNA34b和miRNA449在小鼠雄性生殖細(xì)胞發(fā)育過程中表達(dá)模式類似,參與調(diào)控精子形成,且表達(dá)異常導(dǎo)致雄性小鼠不育[20]。新生小鼠精原細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)3 d后miRNA17-92和miRNA290-295大量表達(dá),說明這兩類miRNA可能在精子發(fā)生過程中,對(duì)SSCs的增殖和早期分化起重要作用[21]。上述研究都表明miRNA在精子發(fā)生過程具有特異性表達(dá),能夠調(diào)控SSCs 的增殖,并參與精子生成及生殖細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂中基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的調(diào)控,對(duì)維持雄性生殖細(xì)胞的正常發(fā)育起到調(diào)節(jié)作用。

1.2 piRNA調(diào)控精子發(fā)生

新近發(fā)現(xiàn)一種小分子RNA,由于他與piwi蛋白家族(如MIWI、MIWI2和MILI)相互作用,故稱為piRNA[22]。與siRNA和miRNA不同,piRNA序列長(zhǎng)度大約為24-30 bp,出現(xiàn)在精子發(fā)生過程的粗線期精母細(xì)胞和精子細(xì)胞中[23]。雄性和雌性生殖細(xì)胞的發(fā)育都需要piRNA的表達(dá)[24]。目前,已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了50000多種piRNAs,還有更多的piRNAs等待我們?nèi)グl(fā)現(xiàn),說明piRNA在很多生命過程都起到重要作用[25]。

piRNA與Piwi蛋白相互作用從而在精子發(fā)生過程中發(fā)揮作用。越來越多的研究表明,包括MIWI、MIWI2和MILI在內(nèi)的亞家族piwi蛋白,是脊椎動(dòng)物干細(xì)胞再生與雄性生殖細(xì)胞發(fā)育必須因子[24,26]。哺乳動(dòng)物MIWI、MIWI2和MILI蛋白在生殖細(xì)胞中期和末期表達(dá),他們是精子發(fā)生至關(guān)重要的蛋白[27-29]。MIWI蛋白是精母細(xì)胞一種細(xì)胞質(zhì)蛋白,而且在圓形精子細(xì)胞的染色小體和胞質(zhì)中都有表達(dá)。最重要的是MIWI蛋白與調(diào)節(jié)翻譯和維持mRNA穩(wěn)定的piRNA相關(guān)[30,31]。在Mili敲除小鼠中,精母細(xì)胞粗線期階段精子發(fā)生受阻,且Mili表達(dá)降低、小鼠圓形精子不能形成成熟的精子[28]。Miwi2表達(dá)降低小鼠表現(xiàn)為減數(shù)分裂一期受阻,而且隨著鼠齡的增長(zhǎng)生殖細(xì)胞顯著的減少[32]。表明與piwi蛋白亞家族相結(jié)合的piRNA可能參與雄性生殖細(xì)胞發(fā)育的減數(shù)分裂和減數(shù)分裂后的調(diào)節(jié)。而且piRNA只在處于粗線期精母細(xì)胞和圓形精子期的雄性生殖細(xì)胞中表達(dá)[33-35],并在精子發(fā)生過程中起到抑制逆轉(zhuǎn)錄轉(zhuǎn)座子的作用[29,36]。最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在粗線期精母細(xì)胞中顯著表達(dá)的Nct1和Nct2非編碼RNA是piRNA前體[37,38]。但是Nct1/2缺失小鼠2號(hào)染色體上一小簇piRNA表達(dá)降低。但是并不影響精子發(fā)生和生殖能力,說明在2號(hào)染色體上的這些piRNA對(duì)維持轉(zhuǎn)座子的沉默起到重要作用[38]。

2 LncRNA對(duì)精子發(fā)生的調(diào)控

LncRNA是一類新的調(diào)節(jié)分子,沒有明顯的開放閱讀框,能夠被轉(zhuǎn)錄為序列長(zhǎng)度大于200 bp的RNA[39,40]。哺乳動(dòng)物基因組轉(zhuǎn)錄分析發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA是主要的轉(zhuǎn)錄RNA。大多數(shù)lncRNA是被RNA聚合酶Ⅱ轉(zhuǎn)錄,與編碼蛋白的mRNA類似,具有5′甲基化帽和多聚腺苷酸尾[41]。但是與編碼蛋白基因相比,lncRNA序列保守性很低,因此它一度被認(rèn)為是“無用轉(zhuǎn)錄本”[42,43]。但是越來越多的證據(jù)表明lncRNAs并不是基因組的“無意序列”,它們?cè)诤芏嗌磉^程中起到很重要的作用,如X染色體去活化(X-inactivation)、基因印記、細(xì)胞分化、細(xì)胞凋亡、干細(xì)胞多能性、腦發(fā)育和精子發(fā)生等[9,44]。已有研究在雄性生殖細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)大量lncRNA,但是只有很少一部分進(jìn)行了功能的研究[45-47]。下面簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下在雄性生殖細(xì)胞中最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的lncRNA及其作用。

Mrhl(Meiotic recombination hot spot locus)是一段長(zhǎng)2.4 kb的lncRNA,由Nishant和他們研究團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的[48]。Mrhl RNA存在于小鼠GC1期精原細(xì)胞的核仁中,與p68蛋白相互作用,阻斷Wnt信號(hào)通路調(diào)控精子發(fā)生過程[49]。HongrES2是一種長(zhǎng)度為1588bp,在附睪尾部特異性表達(dá)的lncRNA[50]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)他在30天到450天的大鼠體內(nèi)恒定的表達(dá),也就是從第1輪的精子發(fā)生完成后開始。它主要在細(xì)胞核中表達(dá),并被剪切為23 bp大小類似miRNA的小RNA——mil-hongrES2。mil-hongrES2能夠抑制附睪特異性蛋白CES7的表達(dá),并且增強(qiáng)其膽固醇酯酶活性。通過檢測(cè)總酪氨酸磷酸化水平發(fā)現(xiàn),過表達(dá)mil-hongrES2會(huì)阻礙精子獲能[50]。

最初認(rèn)為Tsx(Testis-specific X-linked)是一個(gè)編碼蛋白基因,而最新研究表明他是一個(gè)lncRNA[51]。Anguera的研究團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)Tsx在粗線期精母細(xì)胞特異性表達(dá),但是在精原細(xì)胞和圓形精子細(xì)胞中沒有表達(dá),說明Tsx在生殖細(xì)胞減數(shù)分裂起到調(diào)節(jié)作用。通過TUNEL分析發(fā)現(xiàn)Tsx敲除小鼠,細(xì)胞凋亡出現(xiàn)異常,導(dǎo)致粗線期精母細(xì)胞在總的生殖細(xì)胞中異常的高比例,說明Tsx是減數(shù)分裂至關(guān)重要的基因。Dmr(Dmrt1-related gene)也是一種睪丸特異性lncRNA,是Zhang的團(tuán)隊(duì)在試圖克隆Dmrt1基因時(shí)無意發(fā)現(xiàn)的[52]。Dmr位于第5號(hào)染色體,而Dmrt1位于第19號(hào)染色體。也就是說Dmr能夠與Dmrt1形成一個(gè)反式剪切RNA亞結(jié)構(gòu)。這種嵌合體mRNA的形成破壞了Dmrt1的編碼區(qū)域,并且取代了Dmrt1基因的3′-UTR區(qū),最終導(dǎo)致DMRT1蛋白表達(dá)的降低。然而,DMRT1又是一種通過上調(diào)Sohlh1的表達(dá),促進(jìn)精原細(xì)胞發(fā)育的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子;還能通過抑制Stra8的表達(dá)防止精母細(xì)胞不成熟的減數(shù)分裂[53,54]。Drm對(duì)Dmrt1表達(dá)抑制也可能參與生殖細(xì)胞發(fā)育過程中有絲分裂與減數(shù)分裂的轉(zhuǎn)換[54]。

鑒于在睪丸發(fā)育和雄性生殖細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的lncRNA表達(dá),但是只有為數(shù)不多的幾種研究了他們?cè)谛坌陨臣?xì)胞發(fā)育過程中的功能,因此lncRNA在精子發(fā)生的調(diào)控機(jī)制值得我們深入研究。

3 小結(jié)與展望

中心法則告訴我們蛋白質(zhì)是各種細(xì)胞和分子功能的核心。翻譯形成的蛋白質(zhì)是生物體內(nèi)發(fā)揮作用的大分子物質(zhì)。但是,最新研究表明編碼蛋白的基因在高等生物中所占的比例和低等生物相近。估計(jì)我們已知的編碼蛋白的基因大約只占基因組的5%~10%。很大一部分轉(zhuǎn)錄的基因并不編碼蛋白。以前認(rèn)為ncRNA是基因組中無用的序列,但是研究表明ncRNA 在很多生命活動(dòng)中其到很重要的作用。原核生物基因組ncRNA的量少于25%,簡(jiǎn)單的真核生物含有25%~50%的ncRNA,更加復(fù)雜的真菌,植物乃至動(dòng)物基因組非編碼DNA的量大于50%,而人類的含有接近98.5%的ncRNA[55]。已經(jīng)有研究表明,ncRNA在精子發(fā)生過程中具有不可或缺的作用。ncRNA的發(fā)現(xiàn)為解釋精子發(fā)生分子調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制提供了新的思路,特別是對(duì)生殖細(xì)胞中調(diào)節(jié)增殖和分化的內(nèi)源性基因調(diào)控機(jī)制的闡釋。越來越多的研究表明ncRNA對(duì)精子發(fā)生和雄性生殖能力非常重要[56]。精子發(fā)生是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的,且由多方調(diào)控的生物過程。結(jié)合我們現(xiàn)有對(duì)ncRNA的認(rèn)識(shí),我們還沒有完全明白ncRNA在精子發(fā)生過程中的作用。雖然現(xiàn)在的高通量實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)和開放的ncRNA數(shù)據(jù)庫資源,讓我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多ncRNA,但是這些ncRNA在精子發(fā)生過程中的功能依然不清楚。這也提示我們研究ncRNA在精子發(fā)生過程中的調(diào)控機(jī)制具有巨大的研究潛力。

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Research progress of noncoding RNA in spermatogenesis*

LiShi-ping1, ChengShu-ting2, WangZheng-rong2△

(1.Key Laboratory of Birth defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics,West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University; 2. Health Ministry Key Laboratory of Chronobiology,West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan Chengdu 610041)

國家自然科學(xué)基金資助(編號(hào):31371108;31500935)

李世平,男,博士,主要從事生物節(jié)律與發(fā)育期神經(jīng)損傷與修復(fù),Email:iamlsp@163.com。

△通訊作者:王正榮,男,教授,主要從事生物節(jié)律研究,Email:wangzhengrong@126.com。

2017-4-5)

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