張紅,黃婷婷,盧祖能
鉑類藥物誘導(dǎo)性周圍神經(jīng)?。号R床研究進(jìn)展
張紅,黃婷婷,盧祖能
周圍神經(jīng)病是化療藥物常見的副反應(yīng),特別是鉑類藥物。化療藥物誘導(dǎo)性周圍神經(jīng)?。╟hemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy,CIPN)可明顯影響腫瘤患者的化療療效,且無有效的防治藥物,故早期準(zhǔn)確評估CIPN嚴(yán)重程度,及時調(diào)整化療方案,可明顯提高腫瘤患者的生活質(zhì)量。本文旨在對CIPN的臨床特征、發(fā)病機(jī)制及檢測方法進(jìn)行綜述。
鉑類藥物;化療藥物誘導(dǎo)性周圍神經(jīng)病;腫瘤
鉑類藥物從1978年開始用于腫瘤的治療,至今仍是一種應(yīng)用廣泛、有效的抗癌藥。水化治療可明顯降低化療相關(guān)的腎毒性,而周圍神經(jīng)病仍是鉑類藥物的主要毒副作用之一?;熕幬镎T導(dǎo)性周圍神經(jīng)?。╟hemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy,CIPN)的發(fā)生率因化療方案、藥物劑量和療程的不同而異。CIPN的典型臨床表現(xiàn)為四肢末端對稱性的感覺缺失、燒灼感、刺痛感和麻木等癥狀,呈手套襪套樣分布,即所謂遠(yuǎn)端對稱性多發(fā)性神經(jīng)?。╠istal symmetric polyneuropathy,DSP)。CIPN可降低化療療效,使得患者生活質(zhì)量下降[1];而且,因早期神經(jīng)毒性作用而退出化療的患者多達(dá)25%左 右[2]。目前,CIPN的防治藥物均無太大效果[3,4],2014年美國臨床腫瘤學(xué)會(American Society of Clinical Oncology,ASCO)發(fā)布的針對CIPN的新指南指出,防治周圍神經(jīng)病的方案幾乎不存在[5]。因此,應(yīng)通過早期診斷、準(zhǔn)確評估CIPN的嚴(yán)重程度,來合理調(diào)整化療藥物的劑量或適當(dāng)延遲化療,在確?;颊呱媛实耐瑫r,盡可能地降低CIPN的發(fā)生率及嚴(yán)重程度。而神經(jīng)??漆t(yī)生在鑒別DSP病因方面起重要作用,接近2/3的患者僅根據(jù)病史及臨床特征便可診斷[6]。本文旨在對CIPN相關(guān)知識及檢查方法進(jìn)行闡述,加深臨床醫(yī)師對CIPN的認(rèn)識及有助于CIPN的早期診斷。
CIPN的發(fā)生率介于11%~87%[7],可因化療方案、化療周期、療程間隔時間、藥物累積劑量及危險因素的不同而異[8,9]。其中,CIPN的發(fā)生率與化療周期數(shù)、藥物累積劑量成正相關(guān)[10,11]。不同類型的鉑類衍生物導(dǎo)致CIPN發(fā)生的藥物劑量不同,如順鉑的劑量達(dá)200~250 mg/m2時將會導(dǎo)致CIPN發(fā)生,達(dá)到500~600 mg/m2時,幾乎所有患者臨床檢測均為異常[12];卡鉑的有效劑量為300 mg/m2,但可產(chǎn)生中度CIPN;奧沙利鉑的劑量超過540~850 mg/m2時,CIPN的發(fā)生率和嚴(yán)重程度迅速增加[13]。CIPN發(fā)展的危險因素包括糖尿病、長期大量飲酒史、甲狀腺功能障礙、近一個月內(nèi)體重下降>5 kg、HIV感染和單核苷酸多態(tài)性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs),而與患者的性別、年齡、癌癥確診年齡、腫瘤類型和程度以及分級、化療開始時間或?qū)煹姆磻?yīng)等無關(guān)[14]。最近一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究表明,酒精濫用史、糖尿病與CIPN無明顯相關(guān)性[15]。在SNPs中,與CIPN關(guān)系最為密切的是GPX7基因,此外ABCC4、GST、MGMT、ABCC2、XPC、RAD51對CIPN的產(chǎn)生存在一定影響[8]。
目前CIPN的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未明確,研究表明主要涉及離子通道和基因的改變。
由于血腦屏障的存在,化療藥物很少進(jìn)入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),主要在周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的背根神經(jīng)節(jié)(dorsal root ganglion,DRG)積累?;熕幬锟裳娱L鈉離子通道開放時間,并增加鈉離子通道開放頻率。細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈉離子的增加促進(jìn)鈣離子通道開放,α2δ亞型鈣離子通道增加以及突觸前膜谷氨酸鹽釋放激活NMDA受體,從而使細(xì)胞外鈣離子內(nèi)流增加。細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)鈣離子的增加,觸發(fā)儲存鈣的釋放,特別是線粒體內(nèi)的鈣。鈣離子過度內(nèi)流,引起鈣離子的瀑布式活化[16];增加的鈣離子使PKG活化和TRPV磷酸化,使感覺神經(jīng)元的反應(yīng)過敏而產(chǎn)生疼痛,同時產(chǎn)生NO、氧自由基,使軸突末端、神經(jīng)元體發(fā)生細(xì)胞毒性損害[17]。另一方面,線粒體上的線粒體通透性轉(zhuǎn)換孔(mitochondrial permeablity transition pore,mPTP)開放,以及細(xì)胞色素C釋放,可激活凋亡蛋白,引起凋亡級聯(lián)反應(yīng),誘發(fā)神經(jīng)元毒性的產(chǎn)生。
與鉑類藥物誘導(dǎo)性CIPN相關(guān)的基因,主要是IL6、TNF、CXCL8、IL1B 和ERK1/2;與紫衫烷和鉑類聯(lián)合誘導(dǎo)的CIPN相關(guān)的基因,包括TP53、MYC、PARP1、P38 MAPK 和 TNF[18]。Bcl-2 家族可調(diào)節(jié)MAPK;MAPKs激活p38而使活化型的TNK/SaPK減少,從而引起DRG神經(jīng)元壞死[19]。化療藥物影響細(xì) 胞 凋 亡 基 因(Cdkn1a、Ckap2、Bid3、S100a8、S100a9)、炎性基因(S100a8、S100a9、Cd163、Mmp9)、神經(jīng)生長以及變性基因(Mmp9、Gfap、Fabp7)的表達(dá),這些基因的差異調(diào)節(jié)可能直接引起神經(jīng)毒性[20]。TLR4和MyD88上調(diào)連接蛋白43表達(dá),降低GLAST表達(dá),引起星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活而致神經(jīng)損傷[21]。同時,DRG的膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞以及巨噬細(xì)胞釋放促炎因子TNFα、IL-1、IL-6,激活PKC和MAPK而引起神經(jīng)病理性疼痛[22]。此外,鉑類藥物可引起DNA鏈內(nèi)或鏈間交聯(lián)以及DNA三級結(jié)構(gòu)改變,導(dǎo)致DRG神經(jīng)元凋亡[12];或直接與線粒體DNA的微管蛋白結(jié)合,使染色體過度穩(wěn)定化而抑制細(xì)胞有絲分裂引起神經(jīng)元死亡[23]。DNA交聯(lián)時產(chǎn)生的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),也可引起神經(jīng)損傷[24]。
CIPN多從從腳趾開始,呈手套襪套樣分布、慢性發(fā)展,即DSP,主要表現(xiàn)為四肢末梢對稱的感覺減退,如麻木、溫度辨別障礙;感覺異常,如針刺感、灼熱感、痛覺過敏[25];還可有本體感覺障礙如振動覺減弱、位置覺喪失。18.8%患者可產(chǎn)生運(yùn)動癥狀,主要表現(xiàn)為肢體無力、肌肉束顫[15]。此外可出現(xiàn)自主神經(jīng)功能異常,如多汗、體位性低血壓、便秘、尿便障礙等[26,27];36%男性患者有勃起障礙[28]。
CIPN多為輕中度感覺障礙,按美國國家癌癥研究所-常見毒性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria,NCI-CTC)分級主要為1~2級,大約3%的患者為3級,8.4%的患者為3~4級[29]。
鉑類化療藥物與其他化療藥物不同,大劑量鉑類藥物治療后,患者容易發(fā)生急性CIPN。使用奧沙利鉑化療后有92%左右的患者發(fā)生急性CIPN,主要表現(xiàn)為冷刺激誘導(dǎo)的口周或咽喉部觸痛,下頜疼痛,肌肉僵直;這些急性癥狀多在1周內(nèi)改善[16,30],一般不需停止化療。急性CIPN的臨床癥狀越嚴(yán)重,慢性CIPN的癥狀也越重,持續(xù)時間越長[31]。鉑類化療藥物停用幾月后CIPN的癥狀會出現(xiàn)惡化,這一現(xiàn)象稱為海岸效應(yīng)(coasting effect)[32]。大部分CIPN癥狀可自行緩解或停用藥物后緩解,但完成化療后仍有10%的患者癥狀持續(xù)2年以上[16]。
傳統(tǒng)的評估方法主要有NCI-CTC以及神經(jīng)病變總體評分(total neuropathy score,TNS),還包括一些量表如神經(jīng)癥狀評分、感覺癥狀總體評分、神經(jīng)損傷評分等。與TNS相比,NCI-CTC不能準(zhǔn)確地區(qū)分CIPN 2和3級[33]。TNS既包括主觀感覺,又包括客觀檢查如神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)檢測(nerve conduction studies,NCS)和腱反射,是評價CIPN較為合適的指標(biāo)[34]。奧沙利鉑誘導(dǎo)的急性病變,可用奧沙利鉑特異性神經(jīng)毒性量表(oxaliplatin-specific neurotoxicity scale,OSNS)對其評估,該量表可同時評估神經(jīng)病的嚴(yán)重程度和癥狀消失持續(xù)的時間。OSNS與NCI-CTC發(fā)現(xiàn)CIPN的敏感度接近,但對神經(jīng)毒性進(jìn)展的評估較NCI-CTC更敏感[35],且早期神經(jīng)毒性的進(jìn)展速度可反映出慢性神經(jīng)毒性的嚴(yán)重程度[36]。
CIPN主要表現(xiàn)為感覺神經(jīng)動作電位波幅降低或傳導(dǎo)速度減慢,偶爾會影響運(yùn)動神經(jīng)的復(fù)合肌肉動作電位和傳導(dǎo)速度[37]。NCS主要通過測定橈神經(jīng)、尺神經(jīng)、脛神經(jīng)、腓總神經(jīng)、腓神經(jīng)和腓腸神經(jīng)的傳導(dǎo)速度、潛伏期來評估CIPN的嚴(yán)重程度或發(fā)現(xiàn)亞臨床的CIPN患者。61%的CIPN為大纖維損害,35%是混合纖維損害,只有1.4%是單純小纖維損害[38]。NCS主要測量大纖維病變,記錄不到中小纖維病變產(chǎn)生的誘發(fā)反應(yīng)——不論是否存在臨床癥狀。周圍神經(jīng)的電生理改變與CIPN嚴(yán)重程度密切相關(guān)[37],故NCS導(dǎo)能較準(zhǔn)確評估CIPN的發(fā)生與嚴(yán)重程度。
定量感覺檢測(quantitative sensory testing,QST)可對患者存在的感覺障礙進(jìn)行量化,能準(zhǔn)確評估感覺障礙如觸覺、溫度覺減退等,而且能夠?qū)Ω杏X障礙的變化進(jìn)行追蹤。QST通過測定皮膚和粘膜的電流感覺閾值來反映感覺神經(jīng)的傳導(dǎo)功能,能無痛、無創(chuàng)、快速定量評估感覺小纖維傳導(dǎo)和功能完整性,及時發(fā)現(xiàn)并量化早期神經(jīng)病變。溫度覺過敏是早期CIPN的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志,也是CIPN嚴(yán)重程度的預(yù)測指標(biāo)[39],可對鉑類藥物產(chǎn)生的低溫誘導(dǎo)性疼痛進(jìn)行檢測。
皮膚交感反應(yīng)(sympathetic skin response,SSR)是檢測交感節(jié)后纖維C類小纖維功能的方法之一,其異常程度與CIPN的嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)。但SSR異常并未在傳統(tǒng)神經(jīng)電生理改變之前出現(xiàn),不增加診斷的敏感性[11],因此SSR不能成為CIPN的預(yù)測指標(biāo)。
神經(jīng)超聲可對化療期間神經(jīng)形態(tài)的改變進(jìn)行評估,在患者出現(xiàn)臨床感覺癥狀前,86.7%患者有感覺軸突的損害,60%患者有腕部正中神經(jīng)和肘部尺神經(jīng)增粗[32];有神經(jīng)增粗的患者均可檢測到神經(jīng)電生理的改變,主要表現(xiàn)為傳導(dǎo)速度減慢或潛伏期延長。但超聲檢測的不足之處,在于損傷神經(jīng)的分布與CIPN臨床癥狀并不完全相符[40]。
神經(jīng)興奮性記錄的是感覺和運(yùn)動神經(jīng)鈉離子通道的急性改變。在傳統(tǒng)神經(jīng)功能測量顯示異常之前,80%患者可記錄到神經(jīng)興奮性異常[36],可作為一個敏感的檢測指標(biāo)。而且化療早期神經(jīng)興奮性的改變可預(yù)測患者慢性CIPN的嚴(yán)重程度:在Park等研究中,早期超興奮性下降可預(yù)測72%的患者將發(fā)展成中重度CIPN,超興奮期性升高可預(yù)測83%的患者沒有或僅有輕度神經(jīng)毒性損害[16]。
鉑類藥物可持續(xù)影響Aβ、Aδ和C類纖維,引起表皮內(nèi)神經(jīng)纖維密度(intra-epidermal nerve fibers density,IENFD)下降。小纖維減少呈長度依賴,肢體遠(yuǎn)端的IENF明顯減少[41]。IENFD下降幅度與CIPN嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān)[42]。皮膚活檢主要檢測IENF密度,其診斷小纖維病比NCS檢測更敏感[19]。但皮膚活檢受多種因素影響,如糖尿病、頑固性疼痛和遺傳性疼痛均可致IENF減少,且糖尿病可增加診斷CIPN的敏感性[25]。
治療CIPN的一線藥物,包括抗驚厥/抗癲藥(例如,加巴噴丁、普瑞巴林、卡馬西平和奧卡西平),三環(huán)類抗抑郁藥(例如阿米替林),5-羥色胺再攝取抑制劑(例如度洛西汀、文法拉辛);還有一些預(yù)防藥物如氨磷汀、維生素E等。目前大量研究均未表明這些藥物有明顯效果,僅度洛西汀有一定療效[43]。MRI造影劑錳福地吡可減輕CIPN癥狀[44]。物理療法如4~12 Hz低頻磁刺激等能輕微緩解CIPN患者部分癥狀[45]。根據(jù)2014年ASCO發(fā)布的最新指南,度洛西汀的推薦級別為中度,不推薦任何藥物用于CIPN的預(yù)防性治療[6]。
自鉑類藥物使用40余年來,癌癥患者的生存率得到明顯提高,但不可避免的是CIPN的產(chǎn)生。CIPN以感覺癥狀為主,呈劑量依賴性,不同程度地影響患者的生活質(zhì)量。目前CIPN的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未明確,且無有效的防治藥物,故早期準(zhǔn)確評估鉑類化療患者周圍神經(jīng)損傷程度極為重要。應(yīng)用臨床量表對CIPN癥狀進(jìn)行評估分級,主觀性較強(qiáng),且嚴(yán)重程度分級可因患者年齡和職業(yè)、醫(yī)生技術(shù)而不同。NCS為經(jīng)典評估方法,但對小纖維的敏感性不高。神經(jīng)興奮性檢測和超聲等新技術(shù)不足之處在于,損傷的神經(jīng)分布不能很好地解釋病灶。皮膚活檢IENFD是診斷CIPN敏感指標(biāo)[24]??陕?lián)合QST、NCS和皮膚活檢對CIPN嚴(yán)重程度進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確評估,通過適當(dāng)調(diào)整化療藥的劑量、更換藥物或延遲化療時間來降低CIPN的嚴(yán)重程度,并在確保生存率較高的同時盡可能地提高患者的生活質(zhì)量。
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R741;R741.02;R743
ADOI10.16780/j.cnki.sjssgncj.2017.06.022
武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科武漢430060
湖北省衛(wèi)計(jì)委重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(No.WJ2015MA00 7);武漢市科技局2015年應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)(No.2015060101010047)
2016-07-11
盧祖能13995672166@126.com
(本文編輯:王晶)