李培
名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞或名詞詞組,它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能,名詞性從句又可分為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類(lèi):
只起連接作用,不作成分的that,whether,if。
連接代詞what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,whosever,which,whichever。
連接副詞when,whenever,where,wherever,how,however,why。
名詞性從句的連接詞中最復(fù)雜、最讓同學(xué)們困惑的莫過(guò)于that:可不可以省略?什么時(shí)候省略?作不作成分?作什么成分?引出什么從句?若不能掌握規(guī)則,這些問(wèn)題可能在考試中給我們致命一擊。
以下筆者將從六個(gè)不同的高考考點(diǎn)著手,結(jié)合近五年的高考題對(duì)名詞性從句中that的用法進(jìn)行講解。
一、that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的省略情況
that在名詞性從句中,只起連接作用,在從句中不作任何成分,不含任何意義,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句(除動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句外)時(shí)不可省略,故稱(chēng)作“三不”。
1. that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),不能省略。
The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _______ one can be entirely free from dust.
解析 that。句意:雨季最令人愉快的事是人們可以完全擺脫灰塵。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出,本空需要連接詞引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,且表語(yǔ)從句的句意和句子成分完整,所以連詞在從句中不能作任何成分,只需起連接作用,故用that引導(dǎo)從句。
2. that引導(dǎo)動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)一般可省略。如:
例1 (2015·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.
解析 where→that或者去掉where。句意:本句中連詞that引導(dǎo)的從句充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞found的賓語(yǔ),that不作句子成分只起連接作用,同時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句又可以省略掉連詞that。
例2 (2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ) My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.
解析 that→where。句意:我的叔叔在我家附近有一家餐館??疾橘e語(yǔ)從句。此處表達(dá)的是“靠近我居住的地方”,賓語(yǔ)從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),故需將that改為where。that在名詞性從句中只起連接作用,不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,所以這里用that是錯(cuò)的。
還有以下幾種情況that不能省略。
當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句和主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間有插入語(yǔ)或者從句主語(yǔ)之后有插入語(yǔ)。如:
He told us that if we could all come to help out, the whole situation would be better.
當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞引出兩個(gè)(或以上)的并列的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),that不能省略。如:
Some believe (that) its easy to learn a new language and that practice makes perfect.
當(dāng)that引出的從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不能省略。如:
The reason lies in that she works harder than others.
二、that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),常用it作形式主語(yǔ),從句后置
that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句本應(yīng)位于謂語(yǔ)之前,但是為了避免頭重腳輕,常用it作形式主語(yǔ),從句后置。常見(jiàn)的句型可分為四類(lèi)。
1. it+be+形容詞+that從句
適用于這種句型的常見(jiàn)形容詞有:obvious,apparent,evident,important,necessary,clear,strange,surprising等。其中necessary,strange,important,surprising等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”。如:
Its strange that he should have been fired.
2. it+be+名詞+that從句
常用于這種句型的名詞詞組有:a pity,a shame,no wonder,a fact等。如:
Its no wonder that he is admitted into the Bejing University.
3. it+be+過(guò)去分詞+that從句
常用的過(guò)去分詞有:said,reported,believed,suggested,supposed等。其中表示“建議,命令”的如suggested,ordered,required等詞后的從句需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣“should+動(dòng)詞原形”。如:
It is suggested that people should wear a mask when going out on a smoggy day.
4. it+動(dòng)詞+that從句
常用于該句型的動(dòng)詞有appear,turn out,happen to sb.,occur to sb.,seem等。
例3 It suddenly occurred to him _______ he had left his keys in the office.
解析 that。句意:他突然想起來(lái)他把鑰匙掉在辦公室了。此句中it作形式主語(yǔ),由that引出主語(yǔ)從句后置。主語(yǔ)從句句意完整,不缺成分。故用that。
三、that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),常用it作形式主語(yǔ),從句后置
1. 動(dòng)詞+介詞+it+that
常用于這種句型的動(dòng)詞詞組有see to,depend on,rely on等。如:
Ill see to it that everything is in place before the performance.
2. 動(dòng)詞+it+形容詞+that
常用于這種句型的搭配有make it clear,make it possible,find it strange等。如:
The father found it strange that his son turned home so early.
3. 動(dòng)詞+it+名詞+that
常用于這種句型的名詞有rule/duty/honor等。如:
He makes it a duty that he would try his best to save the company.
4. 動(dòng)詞+it+過(guò)去分詞+that
常用于該句型的搭配有make it known,hear it said that等。如:
The lovers made it known that they would get married next month.
四、同位語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的that
同位語(yǔ)從句中的連詞that只起連接作用,沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義,不充當(dāng)任何句子成分且不能省略。同位語(yǔ)從句一般在具有抽象含義的名詞之后,用以解釋該名詞的含義或內(nèi)容;定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞that在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),在充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)??墒÷?。
試比較下面兩個(gè)例句:
They expressed the hope that they would come to visit China. (that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,不能省略,不在從句中充當(dāng)任何句子成分)
The hope (that) she expressed is that they would come to visit China. (that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中作賓語(yǔ),可以省略)
與同位語(yǔ)從句中的that相比,強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的that只是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型(it is/was ... that/what) 結(jié)構(gòu)中的一部分。it和that無(wú)詞匯意義,it是強(qiáng)調(diào)詞,引出被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分,that只起語(yǔ)法連接作用。這里介紹一個(gè)判斷句子是不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的方法:把it is/was和that去掉,把被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分還原到原來(lái)的位置,如果句子結(jié)構(gòu)仍然完整,那么這個(gè)句子就是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。
例4 You are waiting at a wrong place. It is at the hotel _______ the coach picks up tourists.
解析 that。句意:你等錯(cuò)地方了,教練是在旅館接游客的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句,故用that。
例5 The manager put forward a suggestion _______ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
解析 that。句意:經(jīng)理提出了一個(gè)建議——我們應(yīng)該有一個(gè)助手。有太多工作要做了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,空處在此引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,說(shuō)明suggestion的具體內(nèi)容,且從句句意和句子成分完整,故用that。