趙忠紅,張乃明,扈學(xué)文,包 力,夏運(yùn)生
(1:云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,昆明 650201)(2:中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100012)(3:中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)湖泊污染控制重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖泊生態(tài)環(huán)境創(chuàng)新基地,北京 100012)
云南陽(yáng)宗海表層沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)組成結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)磷賦存形態(tài)特征的影響*
趙忠紅1,張乃明1**,扈學(xué)文2,3,包 力1,夏運(yùn)生1
(1:云南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源與環(huán)境學(xué)院,昆明 650201)(2:中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院,環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100012)(3:中國(guó)環(huán)境科學(xué)研究院國(guó)家環(huán)境保護(hù)湖泊污染控制重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,湖泊生態(tài)環(huán)境創(chuàng)新基地,北京 100012)
利用連續(xù)提取分級(jí)的方法定量分析陽(yáng)宗海表層沉積物磷賦存形態(tài),闡明了沉積物C、N、H和O組成及溶解有機(jī)質(zhì)(DOM)紫外-可見(jiàn)光譜特征,探討沉積物元素組成及DOM組成結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)不同形態(tài)磷含量的影響.結(jié)果表明:(1)沉積物潛在可移動(dòng)磷含量在68.67~124.70 mg/kg之間變化,平均占總磷含量的9.81%,表現(xiàn)為BD-P > NaOH-nrP >NH4Cl-P;沉積物穩(wěn)定磷含量在496.73~908.28 mg/kg之間變化,平均占總磷含量的60.86%.(2)沉積物C、N含量和疏水性DOM光譜參數(shù)A240-400表現(xiàn)出北部高、南部低的變化趨勢(shì),但H/C、O/C和(N+O)/C摩爾比和親水性DOM光譜參數(shù)A240-400變化趨勢(shì)則與之恰好相反.(3)沉積物NH4Cl-P含量與C、N和H含量之間呈顯著正相關(guān),但與H/C、O/C、(N+O)/C摩爾比和親水性DOM光譜參數(shù)E2/E3值之間呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);NaOH-rP和BD-P+NaOH-rP含量均與O含量及O/H摩爾比呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);NaOH-rP、BD-P+NaOH-rP和HCl-P均與疏水性DOM光譜參數(shù)A240-400值之間呈顯著正相關(guān).因此,天然有機(jī)質(zhì)元素組成及官能團(tuán)結(jié)構(gòu)是影響沉積物磷賦存形態(tài)的重要因素.
陽(yáng)宗海;沉積物;元素組成;溶解有機(jī)質(zhì);磷形態(tài)
沉積物磷釋放是湖泊水體中磷的重要來(lái)源之一,尤其在外源磷入湖負(fù)荷得到控制后,沉積物內(nèi)源磷釋放在一定程度上較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)將影響著水體的富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化水平[1-4].弱吸附態(tài)磷(NH4Cl-P)、氧化還原敏感磷(BD-P)和生物有機(jī)磷(NaOH-nrP)被認(rèn)為是沉積物潛在可移動(dòng)磷形態(tài)(Mobile-P),而鋁結(jié)合態(tài)磷(NaOH-rP)、鈣結(jié)合態(tài)磷(HCl-P)和殘?jiān)?Res-P)則被認(rèn)為是沉積物穩(wěn)定磷形態(tài)(Immobile-P)[5-6].Reitzel等[6]研究認(rèn)為,Mobile-P在較短時(shí)間尺度即可周轉(zhuǎn)循環(huán),其半衰期大約為10 a,而Immobile-P則在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間尺度才能周轉(zhuǎn)循環(huán),其半衰期大約為100 a.很多研究表明,有機(jī)質(zhì)和金屬化合物均是影響沉積物磷賦存形態(tài)的重要因素,NH4Cl-P含量與沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)和CaCO3密切相關(guān)[4,7-9],隨著鐵、鋁和鈣等金屬化合物和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量的提高,沉積物中Fe/Al-P和Ca-P含量也顯著增加[10-13].關(guān)于有機(jī)質(zhì)和金屬化合物對(duì)磷吸附/釋放特征的影響國(guó)際上已有較多報(bào)道[14-18].有機(jī)質(zhì)礦化降解過(guò)程中可使沉積物/水界面氧化還原電位降低,作為電子受體的MnO2和FeOOH-等被還原成溶解性的Mn2+和Fe2+,從而導(dǎo)致鐵錳結(jié)合的磷形態(tài)大量釋放出來(lái)[14-15].研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低分子量有機(jī)酸能夠活化結(jié)晶鐵鋁氧化物和阻礙無(wú)定形鐵鋁氧化物結(jié)晶,從而促進(jìn)了磷的吸附作用[16],土壤中磷吸附能力的提高與有機(jī)質(zhì)分解產(chǎn)生低分子量有機(jī)化合物通過(guò)與金屬鍵合,形成具有穩(wěn)定化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的有機(jī)-金屬螯合體有關(guān)[17].但也有研究報(bào)道,由于腐殖酸類物質(zhì)(HA)占據(jù)氧化鐵的表面吸附位點(diǎn),從而降低了磷的吸附能力[18-19].Wang等[20-21]研究表明,沉積物粒度、有機(jī)質(zhì)和離子強(qiáng)度均顯著影響磷的吸附作用,沉積物輕組有機(jī)質(zhì)(LFOM)去除后,磷酸鹽吸附量的下降主要與羧基、羥基等官能團(tuán)結(jié)構(gòu)減少有關(guān).可見(jiàn),有機(jī)質(zhì)在沉積物磷賦存形態(tài)及吸附/釋放過(guò)程中扮演著非常重要的作用.然而,由于天然有機(jī)質(zhì)具有高度異質(zhì)性,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量及組成結(jié)構(gòu)不同,其對(duì)沉積物磷賦存特征的影響也明顯不同.闡明有機(jī)質(zhì)組成結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)沉積物磷賦存特征影響,對(duì)揭示沉積物磷滯留及潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義.另外,溶解性有機(jī)質(zhì)的官能團(tuán)能夠與砷酸鹽和亞砷酸鹽形成絡(luò)合物,可降低砷的遷移及生物有效性,而水體中高濃度磷酸鹽則會(huì)與砷產(chǎn)生競(jìng)爭(zhēng)吸附,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)沉積物砷的釋放[22-23].因此,有機(jī)質(zhì)組成結(jié)構(gòu)與沉積物磷和砷賦存之間均具有密切關(guān)系.近年來(lái),陽(yáng)宗海砷污染事件廣泛受到世界各界人士關(guān)注[24],通過(guò)本項(xiàng)研究,對(duì)進(jìn)一步揭示陽(yáng)宗海沉積物砷的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)具有重要的借鑒作用.
1.1 樣品采集與流域特征
陽(yáng)宗海(24°27′~24°54′N, 102°55′~103°2′E)位于宜良、呈貢、澄江三縣交界處,屬于珠江流域南盤江水系,流域面積286 km2,湖面面積31.9 km2,最大水深29.1 m,平均水深20.0 m. 南部靠近陽(yáng)宗鎮(zhèn),入湖河流包括陽(yáng)宗大河、七星河和魯溪沖河,北部靠近湯池鎮(zhèn),入湖河流為擺依河和湯池河. 陽(yáng)宗海工礦企業(yè)主要分布在南岸和北岸,其中南岸有磷肥廠和耐火廠,北岸有磷肥廠、火電廠和粉煤灰堆場(chǎng). 陽(yáng)宗海是云南高原水質(zhì)相對(duì)較好的湖泊之一,水質(zhì)基本為Ⅱ類或Ⅲ類,但近年來(lái)呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì). 農(nóng)村農(nóng)業(yè)面源是陽(yáng)宗海流域的主要污染源,有46%的氮磷污染來(lái)自于農(nóng)村農(nóng)業(yè)面源.
圖1 陽(yáng)宗海采樣點(diǎn)分布
2014年9月采集陽(yáng)宗海由北至南不同點(diǎn)位上覆水和表層沉積物樣品,同時(shí)采用水深測(cè)定儀和塞氏盤現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)定水深和透明度,采集的水樣和沉積物樣品立即帶回實(shí)驗(yàn)室,水體中總氮(TN)和總磷(TP)等水質(zhì)指標(biāo)采用過(guò)硫酸鉀-分光光度法測(cè)定,沉積物樣品冷凍干燥后,過(guò)100目篩后備用. 采樣點(diǎn)位置及水環(huán)境指標(biāo)見(jiàn)圖1和表1.
1.2 分析及計(jì)算方法
沉積物TP含量采用歐洲標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測(cè)試委員會(huì)框架下發(fā)展的SMT法[25],沉積物磷形態(tài)提取方法采用Psenner[26]提出的連續(xù)提取法. 沉積物有機(jī)元素分析的前處理方法:將樣品中加入0.5 mol/L鹽酸,攪拌均勻后放置24 h,再加入去離子水清洗直至pH值達(dá)6~7,樣品在40℃以下烘干后研磨至200目備用. 沉積物樣品C、N、H和O含量采用德國(guó)Elementar公司Vario Micro cube型號(hào)元素分析儀分析測(cè)定,重復(fù)3次. 沉積物溶解
表1 陽(yáng)宗海采樣點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)及水質(zhì)指標(biāo)
有機(jī)質(zhì)(DOM)分組采用XAD-8樹脂分離法[27],具體為:XAD-8樹脂在0.1 mol/L NaOH中浸泡24 h,用丙酮和正己烷各抽提12 h以除去有機(jī)物,然后浸泡于甲醇中裝柱. 樹脂柱高50 cm,直徑4.5 cm,樹脂粒徑50~250 μm,用甲醇洗去柱中的丙酮和正己烷,最后用超純水洗凈甲醇直至出水溶解性有機(jī)碳(DOC)濃度小于1 mol/L. 將提取的DOM以1 ml/min的流速過(guò)XAD-8樹脂柱,用1~2倍柱體積的超純水洗凈,收集通過(guò)樹脂柱的部分再用6 mol/L的HCl調(diào)pH至2,用1倍柱體積0.01 mol/L的HCl淋洗,即得到親水組分;再用0.25 倍柱體積,0.1 mol/L的NaOH溶液反洗樹脂柱,接著用1.5倍柱體積超純水洗,收集反洗液,即得到疏水組分.
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析
數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析及制圖采用Origin 8.5和ArcGIS 10.0軟件.
2.1 表層沉積物磷賦存形態(tài)特征
陽(yáng)宗海表層沉積物Mobile-P含量由北至南呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì)(圖2),Mobile-P含量在68.67~124.70 mg/kg之間變化,平均為91.64 mg/kg. BD-P是沉積物潛在可移動(dòng)磷的最重要組成部分,主要為鐵結(jié)合態(tài)磷,BD-P釋放主要受沉積物-水界面氧化還原條件影響,當(dāng)水體厭氧時(shí),沉積物BD-P大量釋放,進(jìn)而顯著影響上覆水磷濃度[10,12-13]. NaOH-nrP主要來(lái)源于生物有機(jī)體的沉積,包括腐殖酸結(jié)合磷、磷酸單脂、磷酸二脂、焦磷酸和多聚磷酸等有機(jī)磷化合物. 通常情況下,NaOH-nrP能夠礦化為正磷酸鹽成為沉積物內(nèi)源磷負(fù)荷的潛在來(lái)源[28]. NH4Cl-P是沉積物最活躍的磷形態(tài)組分,盡管沉積物中NH4Cl-P含量較低,不足TP含量的1%,但由于它是沉積物-水界面磷循環(huán)的直接貢獻(xiàn)者,并且在環(huán)境條件變化時(shí)極容易重新進(jìn)入水體,因此,這部分磷通常被認(rèn)為沉積物-水界面磷釋放通量的重要指示指標(biāo). 本研究潛在可移動(dòng)磷中BD-P含量最高,在50.59~81.24 mg/kg之間變化,平均占Mobile-P含量的66.73%;NaOH-nrP含量次之,在16.50~54.51 mg/kg之間變化,平均占Mobile-P含量的31.96%;NH4Cl-P含量最低,在0.32~1.83 mg/kg之間變化,平均占Mobile-P含量的1.31%. 總體而言,BD-P對(duì)Mobile-P的貢獻(xiàn)呈現(xiàn)南部高、北部低的變化趨勢(shì),而NaOH-nrP則與之趨勢(shì)相反,表明北部站點(diǎn)沉積物磷釋放主要與有機(jī)磷的礦化降解有關(guān),而南部站點(diǎn)沉積物磷釋放則受氧化還原條件影響較大.
圖2 表層沉積物潛在可移動(dòng)磷形態(tài)空間變化
陽(yáng)宗海表層沉積物Immobile-P含量由北向南呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì)(圖3),Immobile-P含量在496.73~908.28 mg/kg 之間變化,平均為639.71 mg/kg. NaOH-rP被公認(rèn)為較為穩(wěn)定磷形態(tài)的組成部分,沉積物水合鋁氧化物膠體主要以結(jié)晶態(tài)和非結(jié)晶態(tài)兩種形式存在,其中Al(OH)3是主要存在形式,其不僅具有較高的吸附能力,而且可以在好氧和厭氧條件下穩(wěn)定存在,NaOH-rP主要與OH-或溶解的磷酸鹽復(fù)合物發(fā)生交換而釋放.由于Al(OH)3具有較強(qiáng)的吸附能力,厭氧條件下通常會(huì)阻礙Fe-P釋放,因此隨著NaOH-rP增加沉積物磷滯留越加明顯[10].作為穩(wěn)定態(tài)磷的重要組成部分HCl-P主要來(lái)源于陸源輸入的碎屑巖以及自生磷灰石,通常條件下不易釋放,也難以被生物利用,只有沉積物呈現(xiàn)弱酸性條件,HCl-P才逐漸被釋放,而Res-P則是最穩(wěn)定的磷形態(tài),也被稱為惰性磷,其中大部分為難溶解磷和穩(wěn)定的有機(jī)磷[4,7].本研究中NaOH-rP含量在159.45~246.23 mg/kg之間變化,平均占Immobile-P的31.80%;HCl-P含量在123.24~391.46 mg/kg之間變化,平均占Immobile-P含量的29.51%;Res-P含量在191.32~297.97 mg/kg之間變化,平均占Immobile-P含量的38.68%. 其中NaOH-rP和HCl-P對(duì)Immobile-P貢獻(xiàn)主要表現(xiàn)為南北高、中部低的特點(diǎn),而Res-P貢獻(xiàn)則與其相反.表明北部和南部站點(diǎn)以NaOH-rP和HCl-P滯留為主,受pH值影響較大,而中部站點(diǎn)則以Res-P滯留為主.
圖3 表層沉積物穩(wěn)定磷形態(tài)空間變化
2.2 表層沉積物元素組成及DOM紫外-可見(jiàn)光譜特征
沉積物中C、N、H和O等元素是構(gòu)成天然有機(jī)質(zhì)的主要指標(biāo),通??赏ㄟ^(guò)δ13C和δ15N穩(wěn)定同位素、C/N 比及C和N含量變化判斷沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)的來(lái)源和豐富度[30].由于天然有機(jī)質(zhì)具有高度異質(zhì)性,不同來(lái)源的有機(jī)質(zhì)組成結(jié)構(gòu)差異較大.隨著H/C比的增大,有機(jī)質(zhì)中脂肪族化合物增加,反之,芳香族化合物則明顯增加[31].O/C和(O+N)/C比可有效反映有機(jī)質(zhì)的官能團(tuán)結(jié)構(gòu),O/C和(O+N)/C比越大,有機(jī)質(zhì)芳香環(huán)上則包含有更多的羰基、羧基、羥基或氨基和硝基等官能團(tuán)結(jié)構(gòu),O/H比可有效表征有機(jī)質(zhì)的氧化度,O/H比越大表明有機(jī)質(zhì)的含氧官能團(tuán)越多,其氧化度越高,極性越強(qiáng),疏水性則越弱[31-32].
不同樣點(diǎn)沉積物C和N含量分別變化在1.87%~5.66%和0.16%~0.33%之間,表現(xiàn)出北部高、南部低的變化趨勢(shì);H和O含量分別在0.88%~1.15%和8.33%~15.86%之間變化,表現(xiàn)為中部高、南北低的變化趨勢(shì);不同樣點(diǎn)沉積物H/C、O/C、(N+O)/C和O/H摩爾比分別在2.27~5.65、1.47~3.42、1.52~3.48和0.56~0.89之間變化,與C、N含量變化趨勢(shì)恰好相反.表明沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)含量表現(xiàn)為北部較高、南部較低,脂肪族化合物及芳香環(huán)上具有羰基、羥基和羧基或氨基和硝基等官能團(tuán)結(jié)構(gòu)的化合物則表現(xiàn)出南部高、北部低的變化趨勢(shì)(表2).
表2 表層沉積物C、N、H和O元素組成及DOM紫外-可見(jiàn)光譜參數(shù)
不同點(diǎn)位沉積物DOM疏水性組分和親水性組分紫外-可見(jiàn)光譜特征見(jiàn)圖4和表2.特征值E2/E3比是有機(jī)質(zhì)在250和365 nm處吸光度的比值,該參數(shù)能夠反映有機(jī)質(zhì)的腐殖化、團(tuán)聚化程度和分子量大小.當(dāng)E2/E3值<3.5時(shí),有機(jī)質(zhì)組成以胡敏酸為主,而E2/E3值>3.5時(shí),有機(jī)質(zhì)組成則以富里酸為主,并且E2/E3值與有機(jī)質(zhì)的分子量呈反比[33-34].A240~400值是DOM樣品在240~400 nm波段的積分面積,主要與電子傳遞帶有關(guān),電子傳遞的強(qiáng)度受極性官能團(tuán)的影響較大,而不受苯環(huán)存在的影響.當(dāng)有機(jī)質(zhì)芳香環(huán)上存在羧基、羰基和羥基等官能團(tuán)時(shí),其電子傳遞的強(qiáng)度增加,而苯環(huán)上有脂肪族結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),則不會(huì)提高其電子傳遞強(qiáng)度[33].不同點(diǎn)位沉積物疏水性DOM的E2/E3和A240-400分別變化在7.48~44.90和3.75~13.59之間,其中E2/E3則表現(xiàn)出南北高、中部低的變化趨勢(shì),而A240-400呈現(xiàn)出北部高、南部低的變化趨勢(shì)(表2).不同點(diǎn)位沉積物親水性DOM的E2/E3和A240-400分別變化在7.33~97.32和8.68~33.69之間,二者均表現(xiàn)出南部高、北部低的變化趨勢(shì).表明由北至南親水性DOM腐殖化水平和電子傳遞強(qiáng)度升高,分子量降低,但疏水性DOM的腐殖化水平和電子傳遞強(qiáng)度下降,分子量則表現(xiàn)出南北低、中間高的特點(diǎn).相比較而言,北部點(diǎn)位S1和S2沉積物DOM的E2/E3和A240-400值均表現(xiàn)為:疏水性DOM>親水性DOM,而中部和南部點(diǎn)位S3~S8沉積物DOM的E2/E3和A240-400值則表現(xiàn)為疏水性DOM<親水性DOM.
圖4 沉積物疏水性和親水性DOM紫外-可見(jiàn)光譜特征
2.3 沉積物磷形態(tài)與有機(jī)質(zhì)組成結(jié)構(gòu)之間的關(guān)系
沉積物不同形態(tài)磷含量與C、N、H和O元素組成及DOM光譜特征參數(shù)密切相關(guān)(表3),不同點(diǎn)位沉積物NH4Cl-P含量與C、N和H含量之間呈顯著正相關(guān)(n=8,P<0.01或P<0.05),表明隨著沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)含量的增加,NH4Cl-P含量顯著升高.NH4Cl-P是磷酸鹽通過(guò)靜電引力吸附在沉積物表面的磷形態(tài),主要包括間隙水中磷、CaCO3結(jié)合的磷,以及沉積的植物碎屑中菌體細(xì)胞降解析出的磷,這部分磷在沉積物-水界面是不穩(wěn)定的,通常在擾動(dòng)等外力條件下很容易釋放到水體[4,29].前人研究表明[4,7-9],NH4Cl-P含量與沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)及鈣含量密切相關(guān),隨著沉積物TOC和CaCO3含量的升高,NH4Cl-P含量顯著增加,這與本研究結(jié)果一致.本研究NH4Cl-P含量與H/C、O/C和(O+N)/C摩爾比則呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(n=8,P<0.01和P<0.05).由于H/C摩爾比能夠反映脂肪族和芳香族化合物的多少,而O/C和(O+N)/C摩爾比與芳香環(huán)上羥基、羧基和羰基等官能團(tuán)結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān).因此,沉積物NH4Cl-P不僅與有機(jī)質(zhì)含量有關(guān),還受有機(jī)質(zhì)組成結(jié)構(gòu)影響. 此外,NH4Cl-P 含量與親水性DOM光譜參數(shù)E2/E3之間呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(n=8,P<0.05),而與疏水性DOM相關(guān)性不顯著(n=8,P>0.05).由于E2/E3與DOM分子量呈反比,因此,沉積物NH4Cl-P含量隨著親水性DOM分子量的增大顯著增加,而疏水性DOM對(duì)NH4Cl-P含量的影響不大.由于親水性DOM通常含有更多的羥基、羧基和羰基等極性官能團(tuán)結(jié)構(gòu),DOM親水性基團(tuán)與磷酸鹽競(jìng)爭(zhēng)吸附或陰離子替換作用很可能是導(dǎo)致NH4Cl-P 含量降低的主要原因[18-19].
很多研究認(rèn)為,沉積物BD-P和NaOH-rP含量主要與鐵鋁氧化物或氫氧化物有關(guān)[10-12]. Kopacek等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)AlNaOH~25∶FeBD摩爾比>3,AlNaOH~25∶P(H2O+BD)摩爾比>25時(shí),沉積物BD-P含量顯著下降,反之,沉積物BD-P含量顯著增加.盡管如此,當(dāng)AlNaOH~25∶P(H2O+BD)摩爾比<25時(shí),BD-P隨著溶解性有機(jī)碳含量 OC(BD+H2O)的增加呈現(xiàn)線性增加趨勢(shì)(R2=0.96,P<0.001),表明在氫氧化鋁含量較低的沉積物中,BD-P的增加顯著受沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)增加的影響.本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NaOH-rP和BD-P+NaOH-rP含量均與O含量及O/H摩爾比呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),表明隨著沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)氧化度升高、極性增強(qiáng)和疏水性減弱,沉積物鐵鋁氧化物對(duì)磷的吸附能力下降. 另外,NaOH-rP和BD-P+NaOH-rP和HCl-P含量均與疏水性DOM的A240-400呈顯著正相關(guān)(n=8,P<0.05),但與親水性DOM的A240-400之間相關(guān)性不顯著(n=8,P>0.05).表明沉積物BD-P、NaOH-rP和HCl-P含量主要與疏水性DOM苯環(huán)上羥基、羧基和羰基等官能團(tuán)結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān),而受親水性DOM影響較小.前人研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低分子量有機(jī)酸能夠活化結(jié)晶鐵鋁氧化物和阻礙無(wú)定形鐵鋁氧化物結(jié)晶,從而促進(jìn)了磷的吸附作用[16],土壤中磷吸附能力的提高與有機(jī)質(zhì)分解產(chǎn)生低分子量有機(jī)化合物通過(guò)與金屬鍵合,形成具有穩(wěn)定化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)的有機(jī)-金屬螯合體有關(guān)[17].Sindelar等研究[36]發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著天然有機(jī)質(zhì)(NOM)含量的增加,磷在方解石表面的共沉淀最大表面積也顯著增大.因此,疏水性DOM基團(tuán)與鐵、鋁和鈣礦物的鍵合作用增強(qiáng)了磷酸鹽在沉積物上的吸附和共沉淀作用,進(jìn)而提高了BD-P、NaOH-rP和HCl-P含量.另外,NaOH-nrP與N含量呈顯著正相關(guān),但與O/C和(O+N)/C摩爾比呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(n=8,P<0.05),由于磷酸單酯、磷酸二酯焦磷酸和多聚磷酸等有機(jī)磷化合物是NaOH-nrP的主要來(lái)源[28],表明NaOH-nrP含量主要與有機(jī)質(zhì)中有機(jī)磷組成結(jié)構(gòu)有關(guān).
表3 表層沉積物磷形態(tài)與C、N、H和O元素組成及DOM紫外-可見(jiàn)光譜參數(shù)之間的關(guān)系
1)代表疏水性DOM,2)代表親水性DOM.
1)陽(yáng)宗海表層沉積物不同形態(tài)磷含量總體呈現(xiàn)北部高、南部低的變化趨勢(shì).其中沉積物Mobile-P含量在68.67~124.70 mg/kg之間變化,平均占TP含量的9.81%,表現(xiàn)為BD-P>NaOH-nrP>NH4Cl-P;沉積物Immobile-P 含量在496.73~908.28 mg/kg之間變化,平均占TP含量的60.86%.
2)陽(yáng)宗海表層沉積物C、N含量和疏水性DOM光譜參數(shù)A240-400表現(xiàn)出北部高、南部低的變化趨勢(shì),但H/C、O/C和(N+O)/C和親水性DOM光譜參數(shù)E2/E3和A240-400變化趨勢(shì)與之恰好相反.表明陽(yáng)宗海由北至南沉積物有機(jī)質(zhì)含量下降,疏水性DOM官能團(tuán)減弱,但沉積物脂肪族化合物及芳香環(huán)上具有羰基、羥基和羧基或氨基和硝基等官能團(tuán)結(jié)構(gòu)化合物增多,親水性DOM官能團(tuán)增強(qiáng).
3)沉積物NH4Cl-P含量與C、N和H含量之間呈顯著正相關(guān),但與H/C、O/C、(N+O)/C和親水性DOM的E2/E3呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);NaOH-rP和BD-P+NaOH-rP含量均與O含量及O/H摩爾比呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);NaOH-rP、BD-P+NaOH-rP和HCl-P含量均與疏水性DOM的A240-400呈顯著正相關(guān),但與親水性DOM的A240-400相關(guān)性不顯著,表明天然有機(jī)質(zhì)組成結(jié)構(gòu)是影響沉積物磷賦存形態(tài)的重要因素.
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Effects of composition and structure of natural organic matter on phosphorus fractions in sediment from Lake Yangzonghai, Yunnan Province
ZHAO Zhonghong1, ZHANG Naiming1**, HU Xuewen2,3, BAO Li1& XIA Yunsheng1
(1:CollegeofResourcesandEnvironment,YunnanAgriculturalUniversity,Kunming650201,P.R.China)(2:StateKeyLaboratoryofEnvironmentalCriteriaandRiskAssessment,ChineseResearchAcademyofEnvironmentalSciences,Beijing100012,P.R.China)(3:ResearchCenterofLakeEco-Environment,StateEnvironmentalProtectionKeyLaboratoryforLakePollutionControl,ChineseResearchAcademyofEnvironmentalSciences,Beijing100012,P.R.China)
Characteristics of phosphorus fractions in surface sediments of the Lake Yangzonghai were studied applying the method of continuous extraction and classification. The element composition of C, N, H and O, UV-vis spectrum features of hydrophobic and hydrophilic dissolved organic matter (DOM), and their effects on P fractions in sediments were also clarified.The results indicated that the mobile-P contents in sediment ranged in 68.67-124.70 mg/kg and accounted for 9.81% of total phosphorus on average. The immobile-P contents in sediment ranged in 496.73-908.28 mg/kg, accounting for 60.86% of total phosphorus on average. The contents of different P forms decreased from north to south part, and the immobile-P content was significantly higher than that of mobile-P, indicating P retention in sediments. The contents of C, N and UV-vis spectrum integral area (A240-400) of hydrophilic DOM showed a decreasing trend from north to south of the lake, while the ratios of H/C, O/C, (O+N)/C and the A240-400value of hydrophobic DOM presented a reversing trend. Significantly positive correlations were found between NH4Cl-P and C, N and H contents, and the negative correlations were found between NH4Cl-P contents and H/C, O/C, (N+O)/C, UV-vis spectrum eigenratio (E2/E3) of hydrophilic DOM. In addition, NaOH-rP and BD-P+NaOH-rP have negative correlations with the O and O/H ratios, but all of the NaOH-rP, BD-P+NaOH-rP and HCl-P contents in sediments have positive correlations with the A240-400value of hydrophobic DOM. Therefore, element composition and functional groups structure of nature organic matter is the important factors influencing the P fractions.
Lake Yangzonghai; sediment; elements composition; dissolved organic matter; phosphorus fractions
*云南省科技創(chuàng)新人才計(jì)劃(2015HC018)項(xiàng)目資助. 2016-03-07收稿;2016-05-31收修改稿.趙忠紅(1979~),女,碩士研究生;E-mail: 79457748@qq.com.
J.LakeSci.(湖泊科學(xué)), 2017, 29(2): 308-316
DOI 10.18307/2017.0206
?2017 byJournalofLakeSciences
**通信作者;E-mail:zhangnaiming@sina.com.