韓雪 劉玲 張廣華
右美托咪定對氟比洛芬酯多模式鎮(zhèn)痛效果的影響
韓雪 劉玲 張廣華
目的:觀察右美托咪定對氟比洛芬酯多模式鎮(zhèn)痛效果的影響。方法:選取2016年1月至2016年5月于天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院擇期行直腸癌切除術(shù)的腫瘤患者共90例,隨機分為A、B、C 3個組,每組30例。A、B兩組術(shù)前靜注氟比洛芬酯行超前鎮(zhèn)痛,C組(對照組)靜注脂肪乳2 mL。術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛泵配制方法:A組為氟比洛芬酯+右美托咪定+舒芬太尼;B組為氟比洛芬酯+舒芬太尼;C組為舒芬太尼+脂肪乳,三組均加生理鹽水至100 mL。分別記錄術(shù)后4 h(T1)、8 h(T2)、12 h(T3)、24 h(T4)、48 h(T5)咳嗽時疼痛視覺模擬評分(VAS)及Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分;記錄術(shù)后24 h止疼泵有效按壓次數(shù)及舒芬太尼用藥量、術(shù)前及術(shù)后30 min血糖、術(shù)前及術(shù)后48 h C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reaction protein,CRP);觀察術(shù)后48 h加強鎮(zhèn)痛例數(shù)及不良反應(yīng)例數(shù)。結(jié)果:A組T1、T2時Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分高于B、C組,T1、T2、T3咳嗽時VAS評分、止疼泵有效按壓次數(shù)、舒芬太尼消耗量、術(shù)后血糖和CRP明顯小于B、C兩組(P<0.05)。A、B兩組間不良反應(yīng)例數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義且均低于C組(均P<0.05)。結(jié)論:右美托咪定聯(lián)合氟比洛芬酯多模式鎮(zhèn)痛用于直腸癌根治術(shù)患者,可增強其鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜效果,減少應(yīng)激和炎癥反應(yīng)且不增加不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生風(fēng)險。
右美托咪定 氟比洛芬酯 多模式鎮(zhèn)痛 超前鎮(zhèn)痛
氟比洛芬酯是非甾體類(non-steroidal anti-in?flammatory drugs,NSAIDS)靶向鎮(zhèn)痛藥,手術(shù)前行超前鎮(zhèn)痛、術(shù)后聯(lián)合阿片類行患者自控靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛(pa?tient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)的多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方案取得了良好的鎮(zhèn)痛效果[1],但大劑量使用氟比洛芬酯損傷胃黏膜且影響凝血功能[2-3]。右美托咪定是高選擇性的α2受體激動劑,具有鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛、抗交感和抗焦慮功能且無呼吸抑制作用。本試驗旨在觀察右美托咪定對氟比洛芬酯多模式鎮(zhèn)痛效果的影響,以期優(yōu)化直腸癌根治術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方案。
1.1 臨床資料
選取2016年1月至2016年5月在天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院擇期行全麻下直腸癌根治術(shù)患者90例,按美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(American Society of Anesthesiolo?gists,ASA)分級Ⅰ~Ⅱ級。男性71例,女性19例,年齡45~76歲,體質(zhì)量49~85 kg。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)惡病質(zhì);2)藥物依賴史;3)酗酒史;4)過敏史;5)胃黏膜損傷及潰瘍病史;6)心電圖報告異常者;7)凝血功能異常者;8)肝腎功能異常者;9)術(shù)前1周使用喹諾酮類抗生素者。本研究術(shù)前均與患者簽署知情同意書并獲得天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 樣本例數(shù)與分組 入組例數(shù)根據(jù)公式計算[4],顯著水平α=0.05,檢驗效能(1-β)=0.9,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差σ=1.3,VAS評分相差1時有意義即δ=1,相關(guān)系數(shù)ρ=0.8,重復(fù)測量次數(shù)K=5,得出M=60,即總例數(shù)60,每組20例。參考既往研究并考慮失訪因素,本研究定為每組30例。隨機分組方法:取90個自然數(shù),對應(yīng)于90例樣本,規(guī)定1~30為A組,31~60為B組,61~90為C組,然后以隨機序列發(fā)生器生成隨機序列數(shù)進行分組。
1.2.2 麻醉與術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛泵配制 術(shù)前30 min靜脈給予氟比洛芬酯1 mg/kg,阿托品0.5 mg肌注。入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測患者生命體征。麻醉誘導(dǎo):依次靜注咪達唑侖0.03 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.3 μg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg、羅庫溴銨0.6 mg/kg。氣管插管后連接麻醉機控制呼吸,調(diào)整呼吸參數(shù)并維持PET CO235~45 mmHg。術(shù)中恒速輸注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼維持麻醉深度,保持腦電雙頻譜指數(shù)(bispectral index,BIS)值40~60。術(shù)畢送往麻醉蘇醒室觀察,30 min時監(jiān)測血糖,待患者各項指標(biāo)符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后送返病房。術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛泵配制:A組右美托咪定2 μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯2 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2 μg/kg;B組氟比洛芬酯2 mg/kg+舒芬太尼2 μg/kg;C組舒芬太尼2 μg/kg+脂肪乳10 mL,三組均加生理鹽水至100 mL。鎮(zhèn)痛泵流速1 mL/h,單次按壓量1 mL,鎖定時間15 min。
1.2.3 觀察指標(biāo) 分別記錄術(shù)后4 h(T1)、8 h(T2)、12 h(T3)、24 h(T4)和48 h(T5)咳嗽時疼痛視覺模擬評分(VAS)及Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分;術(shù)后24 h鎮(zhèn)痛泵有效按壓次數(shù),根據(jù)鎮(zhèn)痛泵流速和按壓次數(shù)計算出舒芬太尼用藥量;術(shù)前及術(shù)后30 min血糖、術(shù)前及術(shù)后48 h CRP。統(tǒng)計術(shù)后48 h加強鎮(zhèn)痛(單次肌注布桂嗪100 mg)例數(shù)及不良反應(yīng)(惡心嘔吐、頭暈頭痛、皮膚瘙癢、尿潴留、呼吸抑制、心動過緩)例數(shù)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析
2.1 臨床資料
3組患者性別、年齡、體質(zhì)量、手術(shù)時長等一般資料差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(表1)。
表1 3組患者臨床資料特征Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients in the three groups
2.2 咳嗽痛VAS評分和Ramsay評分
A組T1、T2、T3時VAS評分低于B、C組,T1、T2時Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分高于其他兩組,3組T3咳嗽痛VAS評分均明顯高于本組T1時(P<0.05,表2)。
2.3 其他鎮(zhèn)痛指標(biāo)與應(yīng)激及不良反應(yīng)
A組止疼泵按壓次數(shù)、舒芬太尼消耗量、術(shù)后血糖和CRP明顯小于B、C組(P<0.05,表3)。A、B兩組間不良反應(yīng)例數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義且均低于C組(P<0.05,表3)。3組加強鎮(zhèn)痛例數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。A組不良反應(yīng)中出現(xiàn)心動過緩1例;B組惡心嘔吐1例,頭暈頭痛1例;C組惡心嘔吐4例,皮膚瘙癢4例,尿潴留1例;3組均未出現(xiàn)呼吸抑制(表3)。
表2 咳嗽痛VAS評分、Ramsay評分Table 2 Cough visual analog scale and Ramsay score
表3 3組患者疼痛、應(yīng)激和不良反應(yīng)的記錄Table 3 Pain,stress,and adverse reactions in the three groups
疼痛可興奮交感神經(jīng)引起血壓升高、心率增快,增加心臟做功與心肌耗氧量,循環(huán)波動更易對體弱的腫瘤患者造成不利影響。術(shù)后疼痛影響直腸癌根治術(shù)后患者早期下床活動,臥床患者不敢用力咳嗽、排痰,因此更易引起肺部感染。夜間鎮(zhèn)痛不足也影響患者術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量。完善直腸癌根治術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方案有利于患者術(shù)后恢復(fù)。
超前鎮(zhèn)痛是指在傷害性刺激發(fā)生前給予鎮(zhèn)痛治療,阻斷傷害性刺激傳入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),防止外周和中樞敏感化,達到術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛或減輕疼痛的目的[5]。多模式鎮(zhèn)痛是指聯(lián)合運用多種不同作用機制的鎮(zhèn)痛藥物或多種鎮(zhèn)痛方法,針對不同靶位和不同時相,基于疼痛的發(fā)生機制進行鎮(zhèn)痛。本試驗選取阿片類與非甾體類抗炎藥合用,超前鎮(zhèn)痛與術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛泵合用的鎮(zhèn)痛方案,是作用于不同時相和不同受體的多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方法。
右美托咪定是一種高選擇性的α2受體激動劑,作用于脊髓背角α2受體發(fā)揮抗交感活性效應(yīng)而產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)痛作用,作用于藍斑核的α2受體激動產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜催眠作用[6],其產(chǎn)生的鎮(zhèn)靜睡眠類似于自然睡眠狀態(tài),治療劑量的右美托咪定不產(chǎn)生呼吸抑制[7]。右美托咪定復(fù)合舒芬太尼用于PCIA已在臨床中證實安全有效,且右美托咪定能夠有效改善腫瘤患者的焦慮癥狀[8]。
氟比洛芬酯是非選擇性環(huán)氧化酶(cyclooxygen?ase,COX)抑制劑,通過抑制COX活性而減少或阻斷前列腺素的合成從而實現(xiàn)其抗炎鎮(zhèn)痛作用[9]。其脂微球結(jié)構(gòu)可以靶向作用于腫瘤細(xì)胞、手術(shù)傷口、血管損傷的位置和腦脊液[10]。阿片類藥物是PCIA常用鎮(zhèn)痛藥,單一用藥容易引起惡心嘔吐、呼吸抑制等不良反應(yīng),氟比洛芬酯可以減少舒芬太尼的鎮(zhèn)痛劑量并減少其不良反應(yīng)[11]。
從試驗結(jié)果看,B組術(shù)后12 h內(nèi)咳嗽VAS評分和Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分優(yōu)于C組(對照組),舒芬太尼使用量更少,這與既往研究結(jié)果相似[12]。A組術(shù)后8 h內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)靜評分高于B、C兩組,表明右美托咪定能夠在術(shù)后初期增強氟比洛芬酯多模式鎮(zhèn)痛的鎮(zhèn)靜效果。A組12 h內(nèi)鎮(zhèn)痛評分低于B、C兩組,A、B兩組間不良反應(yīng)例數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義且均低于C組,3組加強鎮(zhèn)痛例數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,說明右美托咪定增加氟比洛芬酯的鎮(zhèn)痛效果且未增加不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。A組鎮(zhèn)痛泵按壓次數(shù)、舒芬太尼消耗量少于B、C兩組,不良反應(yīng)中未出現(xiàn)惡心嘔吐、皮膚瘙癢、呼吸抑制等常見阿片類副作用,說明右美托咪定能夠減少阿片類用藥量,進而減少阿片類產(chǎn)生的不良反應(yīng)。右美托咪定既能抑制交感神經(jīng)又能夠在一定程度上興奮迷走神經(jīng),造成血壓下降、心率減慢,臨床應(yīng)用中右美托咪定對于血壓的影響較輕微,但常見心動過緩。本研究中出現(xiàn)1例心率<50次/min的不良反應(yīng),靜脈給予0.5 mg阿托品后癥狀緩解,所以臨床應(yīng)用右美托咪定時需監(jiān)測血壓及心率,注意防范心動過緩等不良反應(yīng)。
手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷刺激以及術(shù)后疼痛引起的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)會造成血糖升高[13],患者需要保持適度的應(yīng)激去應(yīng)對手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷和內(nèi)外環(huán)境的變化,但是過度的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)不利于機體免疫系統(tǒng)功能[14]。C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reac?tion protein,CRP)是一種機體受到感染或組織損傷時血漿中的急性時相反應(yīng)蛋白,炎癥反應(yīng)可導(dǎo)致炎性遞質(zhì)和致痛物質(zhì)的釋放,這些物質(zhì)可直接致痛或增強中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對傷害性刺激的敏感性,術(shù)后過度炎癥反應(yīng)不利于患者傷口愈合和身體恢復(fù)。既往研究表明右美托咪定和氟比洛芬酯能夠有效抑制機體過度應(yīng)激[15-16]。A組術(shù)后血糖和CRP明顯低于B、C組,且B組低于C組,說明右美托咪定、氟比洛芬酯聯(lián)合舒芬太尼的多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方案能夠保持適度的應(yīng)激狀態(tài),抑制炎癥反應(yīng)。
綜上所述,右美托咪定能夠增強氟比洛芬酯多模式鎮(zhèn)痛方案的鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛效果,減少阿片類藥物使用量,保持適度應(yīng)激,抑制炎癥反應(yīng)且不增加不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率。右美托咪定、氟比洛芬酯聯(lián)合舒芬太尼的多模式鎮(zhèn)痛用于直腸癌根治術(shù)腫瘤患者具有一定可行性。
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(2016-07-21收稿)
(2017-03-13修回)
(編輯:武斌 校對:楊紅欣)
Influence of dexmedetomidine on the multimodal analgesic effect of flurbiprofen axetil
Xue HAN,Ling LIU,Guanghua ZHANG
Department of Anesthesia,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin 300060,China
Guanghua ZHANG;E-mail:zghttyyyy@hotmail.com
Objective:To observe the influence of dexmedetomidine on the multimodal analgesic effect of flurbiprofen axetil on patients subjected to radical resection of rectal carcinoma.Methods:Ninety patients who underwent abdominal resection of rectal carcinoma were selected and randomly divided into three groups(30 patients in each group).The patients in groups A and B were intravenously injected with flurbiprofen axetil 30 min before operation to achieve preemptive analgesia,while the patients in group C were pretreated with 2 mL lipid emulsion through intravenous injection.Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia pump was prepared as follows:flurbiprofen axetil+dexmedetomidine+sufentanil for group A;flurbiprofen axetil+sufentanil for group B;and sufentanil+10 mL lipid emulsion for group C.The three groups were added with saline to obtain the final volume of 100 mL.The flow rate of the analgesic pump was 1 mL/h with single press amount of 1 mL and lock time of 15 min.Visual analog scale(VAS)while coughing and Ramsay sedation scores were recorded at 4 h(T1),8 h(T2),12 h(T3),24 h(T4),and 48 h(T5)after operation.The effective press times and dosage of sufentanil were recorded for 24 h after operation,blood glucose level 30 min before and after operation,and C-reactive protein(CRP)48 h before and after operation were also monitored.The number of patients with enhanced analgesia and adverse reactions,such as nausea and vomiting,dizziness,headache,itchy skin,urinary retention,respiratory depression,and bradycardia,was recorded for 48 h after operation.Results:Ramsay sedation scores of group A at T1 and T2 were higher than those of groups B and C. The VAS scores at T1,T2,and T3 while coughing,effective pumping time of the analgesic pump,post-operational blood glucose level, sufentanil consumption,and CRP of group A were lower than those of groups B and C(P<0.05).The number of adverse reactions in group A was not significantly different from that in group B.By comparison,this parameter was significantly lower than that in group C (P<0.05).The enhanced analgesia did not also significantly differ among the three groups.Conclusion:Dexmedetomidine combined with flurbiprofen axetil can induce multimodal analgesia,enhance analgesic effects,and reduce stress and inflammatory responses without the risk of increasing the incidence of adverse reactions.
dexmedetomidine,flurbiprofen axetil,multimodal analgesia,preemptive analgesia
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.06.855
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院麻醉科,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市腫瘤防治重點實驗室,天津市惡性腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心(天津市300060)
張廣華 zghttyyyy@hotmail.com
韓雪 專業(yè)方向為麻醉學(xué)臨床研究,圍手術(shù)期安全與鎮(zhèn)痛。
E-mail:hhhhhxue163@163.com