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腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)聯(lián)合膽總管切開(kāi)取石T管引流術(shù)治療膽囊并膽總管結(jié)石的效果分析

2017-05-15 01:08:56檀占海朱光輝陳建榮周聯(lián)明張吉發(fā)張學(xué)利單遠(yuǎn)洲
臨床肝膽病雜志 2017年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:探查膽總管膽道

檀占海, 朱光輝, 陳建榮, 周聯(lián)明, 楊 治, 張吉發(fā), 張學(xué)利, 單遠(yuǎn)洲

(上海市奉賢區(qū)中心醫(yī)院 普外科, 上海 201799)

腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)聯(lián)合膽總管切開(kāi)取石T管引流術(shù)治療膽囊并膽總管結(jié)石的效果分析

檀占海, 朱光輝, 陳建榮, 周聯(lián)明, 楊 治, 張吉發(fā), 張學(xué)利, 單遠(yuǎn)洲

(上海市奉賢區(qū)中心醫(yī)院 普外科, 上海 201799)

目的 探討腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)聯(lián)合膽總管切開(kāi)取石T管引流術(shù)(LC+LCHTD)在膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石治療中的應(yīng)用效果。方法 回顧性研究2013年1月-2016年1月在上海市奉賢區(qū)中心醫(yī)院行手術(shù)治療的膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石患者共117例,其中行LC+LCHTD(LC+LCHTD組)57例,同期行傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)放膽囊切除術(shù)聯(lián)合膽總管切開(kāi)取石T管引流術(shù)(OC+OCHTD組)的患者60例。比較2組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、手術(shù)出血量、住院時(shí)間、住院費(fèi)用和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,以及2組患者的術(shù)后相關(guān)生化指標(biāo)的變化。不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的測(cè)量值采用重復(fù)測(cè)量的方差分析,2組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。結(jié)果 LC+LCHTD組和OC+OCHTD組的手術(shù)時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);LC+LCHTD組患者的術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后禁食水時(shí)間和術(shù)后住院時(shí)間均明顯低于OC+LCHTD組(t值分別為11.765、2.978、5.876,P值均<0.05);LC+LCHTD組的術(shù)后24 h、3 d、7 d的疼痛VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于OC+OCHTD組(t值分別為2.403、3.205、2.032,P值均<0.05); LC+LCHTD組患者的總住院費(fèi)用顯著高于OC+OCHTD組(t=5.664,P<0.001)。LC+LCHTD組的總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率和Alb下降幅度低于OC+OCHTD組(χ2=4.173,t=10.766,P值均<0.05)。結(jié)論 LC+LCHTD在膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石中的應(yīng)用中,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥明顯減少,縮短了住院時(shí)間,加速術(shù)后康復(fù)。

膽總管結(jié)石; 膽囊切除術(shù), 腹腔鏡; 膽道鏡; 外科手術(shù), 微創(chuàng)性; 治療

膽囊結(jié)石和膽總管結(jié)石表現(xiàn)為反復(fù)發(fā)作腹痛、黃疸、發(fā)熱、納差、嘔吐等,并且可并發(fā)更嚴(yán)重的膽源性胰腺炎,甚至危及生命,臨床治療時(shí)機(jī)的選擇和治療方案非常重要[1]。傳統(tǒng)的開(kāi)腹膽囊切除術(shù)聯(lián)合膽總管切開(kāi)取石T管引流術(shù)(open cholecystectomy and open choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage, OC+OCHTD)是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的治療方式,已應(yīng)用于臨床數(shù)十年[2]。隨著微創(chuàng)外科理念的廣泛應(yīng)用,越來(lái)越多的醫(yī)生對(duì)腹腔鏡手術(shù)技巧的掌握更加的熟練,而且患者對(duì)于美觀、疼痛輕、恢復(fù)快等的“微創(chuàng)”需求也越來(lái)越多[3]。因此,本科近幾年來(lái)也逐步開(kāi)展腹腔鏡和膽道鏡聯(lián)合應(yīng)用治療膽囊結(jié)石合并膽總管結(jié)石的新技術(shù)。該術(shù)式具有獨(dú)特的臨床優(yōu)勢(shì),但其臨床療效和應(yīng)用過(guò)程中的相關(guān)問(wèn)題仍需要進(jìn)一步明確[4]。本研究通過(guò)回顧分析腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)聯(lián)合膽總管切開(kāi)取石T管引流術(shù)(laparoscopic cholecystectomy and laparoscopic choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage, LC+LCHTD)在膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石治療中的應(yīng)用,并以O(shè)C+OCHTD作為對(duì)比,總結(jié)其臨床應(yīng)用效果。

1 資料與方法

1.1 研究對(duì)象 回顧性分析2013年1月-2016年1月因膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石行手術(shù)治療的患者117例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)術(shù)前行腹部B 超或磁共振胰膽管造影(MRCP)確診為膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石;(2)術(shù)前MRCP檢查膽總管直徑≥0.8 cm,膽總管結(jié)石直徑≤1.5 cm,結(jié)石數(shù)量≤5[5];(3)行LC+LCHTD或OC+OCHTD;(4)簽署手術(shù)知情同意書(shū)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并急性化膿性膽管炎、壞疽性膽囊炎、重癥膽管炎、重度萎縮性膽囊炎的患者;(2)伴有 Mirrizzi 綜合征者;(3)嚴(yán)重心肺功能障礙不能耐受手術(shù)者;(4)肝內(nèi)膽管結(jié)石患者;(5)合并惡性腫瘤患者;(6)合并嚴(yán)重凝血功能障礙的患者。其中行LC+LCHTD的患者57例,行OC+OCHTD的患者60例。

1.2 手術(shù)方法及術(shù)后處理

1.2.1 LC+LCHTD手術(shù)方式 氣管插管全麻后,患者取頭高腳低左傾30°體位,取臍孔、劍突下、右肋緣下、右腋前線4處穿刺位置建立腔鏡通道,鏡下進(jìn)腹后先對(duì)腹部進(jìn)行探查,電鉤分離黏連后解剖膽囊三角,分別用可吸收夾夾閉離斷膽囊管、膽囊動(dòng)脈后,順行切除膽囊后裝入標(biāo)本袋取出。winslow孔填塞小紗布,沿肝十二指腸韌帶外緣顯露膽總管下段,于其前壁做一2 cm切口引流膽汁,利用纖維膽道鏡從劍突下穿刺孔進(jìn)入膽總管進(jìn)行探查,以網(wǎng)籃取出膽總管的結(jié)石,困難的結(jié)石可以通過(guò)鉗夾、激光粉碎等方法小心取出。再次探查膽道確認(rèn)結(jié)石是否殘留,通過(guò)生理鹽水沖洗干凈,留置T管自中上腹穿刺孔引出,膽總管切口于鏡下用4-0可吸收線間斷縫合,T管注水檢查膽總管是否縫合緊密,winslow孔放置負(fù)壓引流自右上腹引出,逐層縫合關(guān)腹。

1.2.2 OC+OCHTD手術(shù)方式 取右上腹經(jīng)腹直肌切口或右肋緣下斜切口進(jìn)入腹腔,進(jìn)腹后先對(duì)膽囊及膽總管進(jìn)行探查。采用順行法或逆行法將膽囊切除,結(jié)扎膽囊管、膽囊動(dòng)脈后切除膽囊。膽總管下段前壁穿刺抽出膽汁后切開(kāi)約2 cm,以膽道鏡注水探查左右肝管及肝內(nèi)分支膽管、遠(yuǎn)端膽總管,觀察取出殘余結(jié)石。根據(jù)膽總管直徑選擇合適T管,間斷縫合膽總管切口,注水監(jiān)測(cè)膽總管無(wú)泄露后固定T管,沖洗腹腔、winslow孔放置負(fù)壓引流自右上腹引出,逐層縫合關(guān)腹。1.2.3 術(shù)后措施 所有患者術(shù)后常規(guī)護(hù)理,根據(jù)病情拔除右上腹的負(fù)壓引流管,常規(guī)應(yīng)用抗生素及保肝藥物,術(shù)后4~6周常規(guī)行膽道鏡探查,判斷結(jié)石是否殘留。

1.3 評(píng)價(jià)方法比較 LC+LCHTD組與OC+OCHTD組的一般臨床資料,其中包括性別、年齡、BMI、急診手術(shù)比例、合并高血壓、糖尿病患者比例。比較2組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后禁食水時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間、住院費(fèi)用,術(shù)后24 h、3 d、7 d的疼痛VAS評(píng)分,是否有結(jié)石殘留,術(shù)后半年通過(guò)MRI復(fù)查是否復(fù)發(fā)。記錄2組術(shù)前術(shù)后的生化指標(biāo),包括WBC、TBil、Alb,對(duì)手術(shù)前后各指標(biāo)的變化幅度進(jìn)行比較。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 一般資料 2組患者的男女比例、年齡、BMI、急診手術(shù)比例、合并高血壓和糖尿病比例比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均>0.05),具有可比性(表1)。2.2 2組患者臨床指標(biāo)比較 LC+LCHTD組患者的術(shù)中出血量、術(shù)后禁食水時(shí)間和住院時(shí)間均低于OC+OCHTD組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值均<0.05);而住院費(fèi)用高于OC+OCHTD組,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)(表2)。LC+LCHTD組患者術(shù)后24 h、3 d、7 d的疼痛VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于OC+OCHTD組(4.3±1.9 vs 5.1±1.7,t=2.403,P=0.018;2.6±1.3 vs 3.5±1.7,t=3.205,P=0.002;1.4±0.9 vs 1.8±1.2,t=2.032,P=0.045)。

2.3 2組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較 LC+LCHTD組出現(xiàn)術(shù)后出血、膽漏、結(jié)石殘留和結(jié)石復(fù)發(fā)各1例,總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為7.0%,而OC+OCHTD組的總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率為20.0%,2組總發(fā)生率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(χ2=4.173,P=0.041)(表3)。

2.4 2組患者手術(shù)前后生化指標(biāo)變化幅度比較 2組患者的WBC[(3.7±3.2)×109/L vs (3.8±2.9)×109/L]和TBil(27.8±10.5) μmol/L vs (27.2±13.4) μmol/L]下降幅度比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t值分別為0.209、0.269,P值均>0.05);而LC+LCHTD組的Alb水平下降幅度低于OC+OCHTD[(5.1±1.3) g/L vs (7.9±1.5) g/L],差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=10.766,P<0.001)。

3 討論

膽總管結(jié)石會(huì)導(dǎo)致膽汁排出梗阻,使患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的并發(fā)癥[6]。傳統(tǒng)的手術(shù)方式雖然能在直視下了解病變,但手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷較大,而且手術(shù)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高[7]。隨著腔鏡技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,至LC+LCHTD的出現(xiàn),新的微創(chuàng)手術(shù)表現(xiàn)出了手術(shù)時(shí)間較短、疤痕小、恢復(fù)快、黏連形成少、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低、結(jié)石清除率與傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)腹手術(shù)相同等多種優(yōu)勢(shì)[8-9]。

本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在臨床指標(biāo)方面,2組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間比較無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,表明經(jīng)過(guò)一定的學(xué)習(xí)曲線后,大部分醫(yī)師在腔鏡下的操作可以非常熟練,而且鏡頭的放大作用使解剖的觀察更加細(xì)致,操作更加順暢[10]。LC+LCHTD組患者的術(shù)中出血量和術(shù)后禁食水時(shí)間均少于OC+OCHTD組,這表明雙鏡下操作可以減少手術(shù)的創(chuàng)傷和出血,對(duì)胃腸道的干擾也比較小,這與Shelat等[11]研究相符。術(shù)后住院時(shí)間方面,LC+LCHTD組顯著少于OC+OCHTD組,表明了微創(chuàng)手術(shù)方式縮短了患者的康復(fù)過(guò)程,更早達(dá)到了出院的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[12]。雖然LC+LCHTD組的總住院費(fèi)用高于OC+OCHTD,但隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的提高和醫(yī)保的覆蓋,LC+LCHTD會(huì)逐漸顯示其衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的優(yōu)勢(shì)[13]。LC+LCHTD組患者術(shù)后24 h、3 d、7 d的疼痛VAS評(píng)分均顯著低于OC+OCHTD組,這表明微創(chuàng)手術(shù)可以大大減少患者術(shù)后的疼痛,與國(guó)內(nèi)外研究[2,14]結(jié)果一致。

表1 2組患者一般資料比較

表2 2組患者住院資料比較

表3 2組患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥比較[例(%)]

研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),LC+LCHTD組患者的總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率低于OC+OCHTD組,原因主要是鏡下的精細(xì)操作使得觀察更加仔細(xì),特別是對(duì)于肥胖、膽囊深陷在膽囊床的患者在開(kāi)腹手術(shù)中難以顯露的部位,雙鏡下更具有優(yōu)勢(shì)[15]。術(shù)后出血的原因有可能是膽道出血,需要注意的是術(shù)中纖維膽道鏡反復(fù)多次對(duì)膽總管進(jìn)行取石,可導(dǎo)致膽總管黏膜損傷。對(duì)于術(shù)后膽漏,膽總管切開(kāi)放置 T 管處縫合不嚴(yán)密及 T 管拔除時(shí)間較早均是引起術(shù)后膽漏重要原因。由于膽管狹窄,解剖膽總管的過(guò)程中電灼容易損傷管壁,術(shù)后疤痕攣縮導(dǎo)致膽總管變形,管腔狹窄;其次,放置 T 型管時(shí)膽總管壁縫合過(guò)多。所以解剖膽總管時(shí)手法要輕柔、準(zhǔn)確,盡量少用電鉤操作,避免和減少膽管狹窄的形成。2組患者的WBC和TBil的變化幅度沒(méi)有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異,但Alb下降幅度減少,表明LC+LCHTD手術(shù)的創(chuàng)傷更小,應(yīng)激反應(yīng)小、蛋白流失少,促進(jìn)了術(shù)后患者的恢復(fù)。因此,LC+LCHTD具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):(1)手術(shù)視野得到有效放大,與傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)腹手術(shù)的視野小相比具有更大的優(yōu)勢(shì),通過(guò)多角度和高亮度的觀察,能夠清楚地探查到整個(gè)腹腔內(nèi)的情況,還能在直視下通過(guò)吸引器徹底清除腹腔內(nèi)液體,有利于手術(shù)的局部精細(xì)操作和整體把握;(2)對(duì)癥狀不典型的患者避免了開(kāi)腹手術(shù)中探查切口遠(yuǎn)離病變部位,延長(zhǎng)手術(shù)切口的可能,減少了外界直接接觸,也避免了手套及紗布對(duì)異物的刺激,因此該術(shù)式對(duì)胃腸道的干擾也大大減小,使術(shù)后疼痛減輕,患者能夠早期下床活動(dòng),胃腸功能恢復(fù)快,早期日常進(jìn)食;(3)腹部切口小,不留明顯疤痕,完美地解決了傳統(tǒng)開(kāi)腹手術(shù)對(duì)患者腹壁的創(chuàng)傷大、術(shù)野暴露差、術(shù)后切口難愈合、影響美觀等問(wèn)題;(4)術(shù)后并發(fā)癥少,能早期下床活動(dòng),一般無(wú)切口感染、腸黏連、下肢深靜脈血栓形成等并發(fā)癥發(fā)生;(5)手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷小,恢復(fù)快,明細(xì)縮短了住院時(shí)間。雖然雙鏡聯(lián)合技術(shù)療效確切,但該術(shù)式對(duì)術(shù)者技術(shù)要求較高,因此醫(yī)生進(jìn)行該手術(shù)時(shí)仍需要做好術(shù)前評(píng)估。

因本研究病例數(shù)較少,同時(shí)為回顧性研究,對(duì)于LC+LCHTD的應(yīng)用經(jīng)驗(yàn)仍需要進(jìn)一步加大樣本量進(jìn)行研究。

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引證本文:TAN ZH, ZHU GH, CHEN JR, et al. Clinical effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with laparoscopic choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage in treatment of gallbladder and common bile duct stones[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(5): 883-887. (in Chinese) 檀占海, 朱光輝, 陳建榮, 等. 腹腔鏡膽囊切除術(shù)聯(lián)合膽總管切開(kāi)取石T管引流術(shù)治療膽囊合并膽總管結(jié)石的效果分析[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2017, 33(5): 883-887.

(本文編輯:王 瑩)

Clinical effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with laparoscopic choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage in treatment of gallbladder and common bile duct stones

TANZhanhai,ZHUGuanghui,CHENJianrong,etal.

(DepartmentofGeneralSurgery,TheCentralHospitalofFengxianDistrict,Shanghai201799,China)

Objectives To investigate the clinical effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) combined with laparoscopic choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage (LCHTD) in the treatment of gallbladder and common bile duct stones. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 117 patients with gallbladder and common bile duct stones who underwent surgical treatment in The Central Hospital of Fengxian District from January 2013 to January 2016, and among these patients, 57 underwent LC+LCHTD (LC+LCHTD group) and 60 underwent open cholecystectomy (OC) combined with open choledocholithotomy T-tube drainage (OCHTD) (OC+OCHTD group). The time of operation, intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, hospital costs, and incidence of postoperative complications were compared between the two groups, as well as the changes in related biochemical parameters after surgery. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used for comparison of values measured at different time points, thet-test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results There was no significant difference in the time of operation between the LC+LCHTD group and the OC+OCHTD group (P>0.05). Compared with the OC+OCHTD group, the LC+LCHTD group had significantly lower intraoperative blood loss, postoperative fasting time, and length of postoperative hospital stay (t=11.765, 2.978, and 5.876, allP<0.05), a significantly lower visual analogue scale pain score at 24 hours and 3 and 7 days after surgery (t=2.403, 3.205, and 2.032, allP<0.05), and significantly higher total hospital costs (t=5.664,P<0.001). The LC+LCHTD group had a significantly lower incidence rate of total complications than the OC+OCHTD group (χ2=4.173,P<0.05), and the OC+OCHTD group had a significantly greater reduction in albumin than the LC+LCHTD group (t=10.766,P<0.05). Conclusion In the treatment gallbladder and common bile duct stones, the patients treated with LC+LCHTD have less surgical trauma and postoperative complications, a shorter length of hospital stay, and faster postoperative rehabilitation, compared with those treated with OC+OCHTD.

choledocholithiasis; cholecystectomy, laparoscopic; choledochoscopy; surgical procedures, minimally invasive; therapy

10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.05.018

2016-10-09;

2016-12-09。

檀占海(1979-),男 ,主治醫(yī)師,主要從事肝膽疾病的研究。

單遠(yuǎn)洲,電子信箱:shanyuanzhouxx@163.com。

R657.42

A

1001-5256(2017)05-0883-05

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