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血栓抽吸聯(lián)合冠脈內(nèi)給予尼可地爾對(duì)急性心肌梗死急診PCI術(shù)后無(wú)復(fù)流的影響

2017-05-17 20:45吳君鄧根群
中國(guó)當(dāng)代醫(yī)藥 2017年7期
關(guān)鍵詞:尼可地爾急性心肌梗死

吳君+鄧根群

[摘要]目的 探討血栓抽吸聯(lián)合冠脈內(nèi)給予尼可地爾對(duì)急性心肌梗死急診PCI無(wú)復(fù)流的影響與安全性。方法 選取2014年12月~2015年12月我院收治的IRA術(shù)前TIMI≤1級(jí)的120例急性ST段抬高心肌梗死行急診PCI患者,按病歷號(hào)隨機(jī)分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,各60例,兩組手術(shù)方法相同,出現(xiàn)無(wú)復(fù)流現(xiàn)象后分別經(jīng)冠脈給予尼可地爾和硝酸甘油。比較兩組注射藥物后TIMI血流分級(jí)、TMPG分級(jí)、心電圖ST段回落、住院期間的主要心血管事件。結(jié)果 觀察組TIMI血流分級(jí)、TMPG分級(jí)優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組心電圖ST段回落率高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。觀察組住院期間的主要不良心血管事件(MACE)發(fā)生率低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 AMI行急診PCI血栓抽吸聯(lián)合冠脈內(nèi)給予尼可地爾可改善冠脈血流和梗死區(qū)的心肌再灌注,改善近期預(yù)后,安全有效。

[關(guān)鍵詞]急性心肌梗死;經(jīng)皮冠脈介入治療;血栓抽吸;尼可地爾

[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R541.4 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2017)03(a)-0060-04

[Abstract]Objective To investigate the effect and security of thrombus aspiration associated with Nicorandil in coronary on no-reflow of acute myocardial infarction after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods 120 patients in our hospital from December 2014 to December 2015,with emergency PCI for ST elevation myocardial infarction,preoperative infarction related artery (IRA) thrombolysis in myocardial infarction(TIMI)≤grade 1,were randomly divided into nicorandil group and control group according to the medical record number,each group had 60 patients.Two group did the same operation.When no-reflow after PCI appeared,intracoronary Nicorandil or Nitroglycerin was administered in each group separately.At the end of PCI,TIMI grade and TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) were observed in the two groups,ST-segment down of ECG and the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during hospitalization were compared between two groups.Results The proportion of with TIMI grade and TMPG grade of the nicorandil group was significantly better than that of the control group(P<0.05).The incidence rate of ST-segment down of the nicorandil group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05).The incidence rate of MACE in the nicorandil group was significantly lower than that in the control group before discharge (P<0.05).Conclusion The therapy of thrombus aspiration associated with Nicorandil in coronary for no-reflow of acute myocardial infarction after emergency PCI can improve coronary blood flow and myocardial reperfusion in infarct area,improve short-term prognosis and is safe and effective.

[Key words]Acute myocardial infarction;Percutaneous coronary intervention;Thrombus aspiration;Nicorandil

目前,直接經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)可盡早、充分、持續(xù)開(kāi)通梗塞相關(guān)動(dòng)脈,減少梗死心肌面積,改善左室功能,并降低主要不良心血管事件(MACE),已成為急性心肌梗死治療的主要手段。盡管PCI在各級(jí)醫(yī)院被廣泛應(yīng)用,但仍有部分患者術(shù)后心功能會(huì)繼續(xù)惡化,猝死、心力衰竭等心血管事件高發(fā)。其原因認(rèn)為與缺血再灌注損傷、無(wú)復(fù)流等有關(guān),大量研究顯示,術(shù)后冠狀動(dòng)脈無(wú)復(fù)流及慢血流提示心肌水平灌注不足,與心源性死亡、惡性心律失常、心臟機(jī)械并發(fā)癥、充血性心力衰竭等有直接關(guān)聯(lián)[1-4]。無(wú)復(fù)流的機(jī)制與冠脈微血管損傷有關(guān),始于缺血時(shí),而在再灌注時(shí),中性粒細(xì)胞和血小板進(jìn)入微循環(huán)釋放自由基造成組織和內(nèi)皮損傷,釋放的各種縮血管物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致的遠(yuǎn)端微血管痙攣是其重要原因。新型ATP敏感型K+通道開(kāi)放劑尼可地爾,能擴(kuò)張冠狀動(dòng)脈,減少梗死面積,減少冠脈結(jié)扎后再灌注心律失常的發(fā)生。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)其可抑制氧自由基和調(diào)控中性粒細(xì)胞活性,具有缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)、降低無(wú)復(fù)流發(fā)生率等作用,可有效減輕PCI后再灌注損傷[5-8]。但關(guān)于尼可地爾在直接PCI術(shù)后的臨床應(yīng)用效果,尚缺乏大規(guī)模的臨床研究證實(shí)。本研究旨在探討急性心肌梗死行PCI治療患者在常規(guī)血栓抽吸基礎(chǔ)上,應(yīng)用尼可地爾可否進(jìn)一步改善術(shù)后無(wú)復(fù)流及近期臨床效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

1對(duì)象與方法

1.1研究對(duì)象

選擇2014年12月~2015年12月我院收治的120例急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者,發(fā)病24 h內(nèi)仍有心肌缺血表現(xiàn)。行急診冠脈造影,梗死相關(guān)動(dòng)脈(IRA)術(shù)前心肌梗死溶栓(TIMI)≤1級(jí)。其中男70例,女50例,按病歷號(hào)隨機(jī)分為觀察組和對(duì)照組,各60例。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):胸痛≥30 min持續(xù)緩解;心電圖成組導(dǎo)聯(lián)ST段抬高,在肢導(dǎo)≥0.1 mV,胸導(dǎo)≥0.2 mV。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):近期內(nèi)臟活動(dòng)性出血、顱內(nèi)出血、嚴(yán)重肝腎功能不全、心源性休克及凝血功能障礙患者。兩組入選基線資料具有可比性。觀察組中,男性34例,女性26例,年齡(54.0±11.3)歲,對(duì)照組中,男性36例,女性24例,年齡(59.0±10.3)歲,兩組性別及年齡比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P1=0.92,P2=0.48,P>0.05)。觀察組中,吸煙20例,高血壓病23例,糖尿病17例,對(duì)照組中,吸煙22例,高血壓病21例,糖尿病16例,三項(xiàng)危險(xiǎn)因素差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P1=0.67,P2=0.89,P3=0.97,P>0.05)。觀察組PCI術(shù)部位左前降支31例,左回旋支13例,右冠狀動(dòng)脈16例,對(duì)照組PCI術(shù)部位左前降支33例,左回旋支12例,右冠狀動(dòng)脈15例,支架部位差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P1=0.68,P2=0.97,P3=0.56,P>0.05)。觀察組植入支架(1.2±0.1)個(gè),平均住院日(8.1±2.2)d,對(duì)照組植入支架(1.2±0.2)個(gè),平均住院日(7.4±2.4)d,支架個(gè)數(shù)及平均住院日差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P1=0.56,P2=0.18,P>0.05)。

1.2方法

兩組患者入選后立即口服阿司匹林(嚼服)及氯吡格雷300 mg,常規(guī)肝素100 U/kg經(jīng)動(dòng)脈鞘內(nèi)注射,常規(guī)按公斤體重使用替羅非班。

1.2.1觀察組 先行血栓抽吸至少2次后依據(jù)IRA殘余狹窄程度行球囊擴(kuò)張后置入支架或直接置入支架,出現(xiàn)無(wú)復(fù)流者冠脈內(nèi)給予尼可地爾(北京四環(huán)科寶制藥有限公司,批準(zhǔn)文號(hào):國(guó)藥準(zhǔn)字H20120069)0.06 mg/kg,隨后給予12 mg/h至術(shù)后12 h。

1.2.2對(duì)照組 常規(guī)方法行球囊擴(kuò)張后支架置入,出現(xiàn)無(wú)復(fù)流者冠脈內(nèi)硝酸甘油200 μg/次,最大劑量依據(jù)術(shù)中血壓情況而定。

兩組的術(shù)后低分子肝素5~7 d皮下注射5~7 d。

1.3無(wú)復(fù)流評(píng)價(jià)

①分級(jí)。TIMI 0級(jí):閉塞動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)端完全無(wú)血流;TIMI 1級(jí):僅有少量對(duì)比劑通過(guò)閉塞血管,血管床充盈不完全;TIMI 2級(jí):對(duì)比劑能完全充盈冠狀動(dòng)脈遠(yuǎn)端,但需>3個(gè)心動(dòng)周期;TIMI 3級(jí):3個(gè)心動(dòng)周期內(nèi)可以完全再灌注。②TIMI心肌灌注(TMPG)分級(jí):0級(jí)為心肌完全無(wú)充盈及滯留;1級(jí)為有少量緩慢灌注,但不能自微血管排空,下一體位造影仍存在;2級(jí)為造影劑造影劑充盈延遲;滯留2~3個(gè)心動(dòng)周期仍存在;3級(jí)為正常充盈微血管,2~3個(gè)心動(dòng)周期完全排空。③無(wú)復(fù)流診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):術(shù)后TIMI血流<3級(jí),或盡管3級(jí),心肌呈色為0或1級(jí),或術(shù)后4 h ST段回落率仍<70%[3]。④心電圖分析:術(shù)前和術(shù)后1 h心電圖ST段測(cè)量以PR段為等電位線,測(cè)量QRS波后80 ms處ST段距基線。ST段抬高總和回落百分比≥70%為完全回落,31%~69%為部分回落,≤30%為無(wú)回落。⑤住院期間主要心血管不良事件。

1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件包對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行處理,計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料用百分率(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2結(jié)果

2.1術(shù)后即刻冠脈血流

兩組患者手術(shù)成功率均為100%,觀察組TIMI血流分級(jí)和TMPG 分級(jí)均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)(表1)。

2.2心電圖ST段回落率

觀察組術(shù)后1 h心電圖ST段完全回落54例,部分回落4例,無(wú)回落2例,對(duì)照組分別為47、3、10例觀察組PCI術(shù)后ST段回落率高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。

2.3 PCI后MACE及安全性

觀察組發(fā)生1例再梗死,2例心衰,1例梗塞后心絞痛,1例死亡,對(duì)照組發(fā)生3例再梗死,8例心衰,4例梗塞后心絞痛,3例死亡,兩組MACE發(fā)生率比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者出血事件多為齒齦出血、鼻出血、肉眼血尿、皮膚及黏膜淤斑、穿刺部位出血等。

3討論

尼可地爾是首個(gè)臨床應(yīng)用作用于平滑肌的ATP敏感型K+通道開(kāi)放劑,可同時(shí)激活鳥(niǎo)苷酸環(huán)化酶,升高細(xì)胞內(nèi)環(huán)磷酸鳥(niǎo)苷,降低細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣濃度,也具有硝酸酯類(lèi)血管平滑肌松弛作用??捎行U(kuò)張正常冠脈和狹窄冠脈,增加冠脈血流,解除冠脈痙攣而被用于治療冠心病心絞痛[9-14]。研究顯示,心肌缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)對(duì)于縮小心肌梗死面積和減輕惡性心律失常具有重要意義[15]。在局部心肌缺血預(yù)處理和心臟保護(hù)作用中起主導(dǎo)作用的是線粒體ATP敏感性鉀通道,因而尼可地爾用于心肌梗死治療時(shí)兼具有減少冠狀動(dòng)脈無(wú)復(fù)流的產(chǎn)生和缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)的作用[16-19],從而改善心功能。在急性心肌梗死PCI的研究中日益受到關(guān)注。心肌組織無(wú)復(fù)流可導(dǎo)致心肌壞死、梗塞延展、心室重構(gòu)以及惡性心律失常發(fā)生。在當(dāng)今PCI時(shí)代,單純冠脈再通在多數(shù)介入中心已可以順利完成,進(jìn)一步改善預(yù)后。微血管灌注日益受到重視。圍手術(shù)期應(yīng)用尼可地爾能改善無(wú)復(fù)流,減少再惡性心律失常的發(fā)生,降低再灌注損傷,從而有效改善左心室功能,降低心源性死亡和因心力衰竭的住院天數(shù)。無(wú)復(fù)流/慢復(fù)流主要與急性心肌梗死PCI術(shù)中動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性微血栓致使遠(yuǎn)端微血管缺血以及血管內(nèi)皮功能紊亂,再灌注時(shí)大量中性粒細(xì)胞及血小板進(jìn)入微循環(huán)堵塞微血管,釋放的各種縮血管物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致的遠(yuǎn)端微血管痙攣等有關(guān)[20-26]。

本研究采用術(shù)中冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)和圍術(shù)期靜脈短期給藥,觀察尼可地爾對(duì)心肌缺血再灌注的保護(hù)效應(yīng),選取無(wú)復(fù)流現(xiàn)象作為觀察指標(biāo),PCI術(shù)后心電圖ST段回落及住院期間MACE為近期預(yù)后觀察目標(biāo)。結(jié)果尼可地爾組TIMI血流分級(jí)、TMPG分級(jí)、心電圖ST段回落、住院期間的MACE發(fā)生率優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(P<0.05),顯示尼可地爾能減輕心臟缺血再灌注損傷,改善急性心梗PCI術(shù)后冠狀動(dòng)脈血流再灌注。這些作用可能與尼可地爾通過(guò)開(kāi)放線粒體膜上的ATP敏感性鉀通道,保護(hù)心肌細(xì)胞減少鈣內(nèi)流,促進(jìn)線粒體呼吸和能量生成,模擬缺血預(yù)適應(yīng)以及抑制過(guò)氧化產(chǎn)物形成有關(guān)[27-28]。同時(shí)尼可地爾本身具有硝酸酯類(lèi)的擴(kuò)張冠狀動(dòng)脈及擴(kuò)張靜脈作用,增加冠狀動(dòng)脈血流以減輕心臟負(fù)荷。

本研究顯示,AMI急診PCI患者尤其是血栓負(fù)荷重的患者常規(guī)采用血栓抽吸,在應(yīng)用替羅非班基礎(chǔ)上應(yīng)用尼可地爾可改善冠脈血流,增加心肌灌注,還可改善近期預(yù)后,減少并預(yù)防無(wú)復(fù)流的發(fā)生。但是由于本研究樣本量偏少,結(jié)果可能存在一定的偏倚。在當(dāng)今PCI時(shí)代,仍需要更多大規(guī)模臨床試驗(yàn)來(lái)進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證尼可地爾作為輔助藥物對(duì)行急診PCI 的急性ST 段抬高型心肌梗死患者預(yù)后的影響。

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(收稿日期:2017-01-11 本文編輯:方菊花)

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