劉宏新,王 盼,改廣偉,相斌斌
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基于五桿機(jī)構(gòu)的注射式免耕播種成穴軌跡分析與參數(shù)求解
劉宏新,王 盼,改廣偉,相斌斌
(東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)工程學(xué)院,哈爾濱,150030)
針對(duì)特殊軌跡要求進(jìn)行機(jī)構(gòu)分析與參數(shù)求解,為注射式免耕播種模式的實(shí)施奠定基礎(chǔ)。軌跡形成機(jī)構(gòu)基于五桿機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),在建立機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)學(xué)模型的基礎(chǔ)上,分析雙曲柄等速五桿機(jī)構(gòu)的存在條件及空間約束;給定成穴點(diǎn)相對(duì)軌跡的可行域,利用CATIA(computer aided three-dimensional interactive application)進(jìn)行參數(shù)化建模、運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真及軌跡繪制;運(yùn)用軌跡區(qū)域定位法,研究成穴器端點(diǎn)的區(qū)域軌跡分布特性;運(yùn)用數(shù)值循環(huán)比較法,研究參數(shù)對(duì)軌跡的影響規(guī)律,結(jié)合約束條件,求得對(duì)應(yīng)不同株距的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整參數(shù)與作業(yè)參數(shù)組合,可形成251.2~344.7 mm豎直方向的有效作業(yè)軌跡。樣機(jī)試驗(yàn)及高速影像分析表明,基于五桿的免耕播種軌跡形成機(jī)構(gòu)能夠在秸稈高度還田的情況下帶動(dòng)成穴器完成打穴作業(yè),能有效穿透秸稈并按要求成穴,刮帶現(xiàn)象少。研究也證實(shí)了軌跡區(qū)域定位與數(shù)值循環(huán)比較法相結(jié)合可有效提高五桿機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù)組合求解的效率,為實(shí)現(xiàn)大長(zhǎng)短軸比的類橢圓形軌跡的五桿機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù)的求解提供有效的方法。
農(nóng)業(yè)裝備;農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械;播種;免耕播種;注射式;五桿機(jī)構(gòu);軌跡區(qū)域定位;數(shù)值循環(huán)比較
為增強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力,保護(hù)性耕作在中國(guó)得到廣泛重視。保護(hù)性耕作采用免耕、少耕及殘留秸稈覆蓋地表的方式對(duì)農(nóng)田進(jìn)行播種,不僅可以降耗,減少作業(yè)成本,還有利于保水保墑,提高土壤肥力和抗旱能力[1-3]。免耕播種作為保護(hù)性耕作的四大內(nèi)容之一,是實(shí)施保護(hù)性耕作各項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)?,F(xiàn)有的免耕播種機(jī)為保證種子的順利下播,一種方法是采用圓盤切刀切斷秸稈(根茬),切開覆蓋層,開出縫隙,從而方便作業(yè)部件順利通過,這種方式顯然增加了功耗,同時(shí)對(duì)垂直載荷要求較大,當(dāng)破茬不完全時(shí),可能從土壤中帶出整個(gè)殘茬,影響播種質(zhì)量[4],并且對(duì)切割部件要求較高,當(dāng)秸稈量大時(shí)易發(fā)生纏繞堵塞。另一種方式是將秸稈層移除,清理出無覆蓋層的播種條帶,清秸覆秸的過程會(huì)消耗一定功耗,同時(shí)在土壤硬度小于18.2 kg/cm2,濕度小于35%的條件下,隨著切茬深度的增加,土壤擾動(dòng)量急劇增大,會(huì)揚(yáng)起土壤,引起環(huán)境污染[5-7]。
針對(duì)上述問題,提出一種注射式免耕精密播種方式,采用特定運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡成形機(jī)構(gòu)帶動(dòng)成穴器穿透地表覆蓋物(秸稈)進(jìn)行打穴播種,無需對(duì)秸稈殘茬進(jìn)行任何處理,對(duì)土壤擾動(dòng)小、作業(yè)工序少、功耗低、可靠性高、適應(yīng)性好。
目前采用類似運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡及動(dòng)作過程的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械主要有插秧機(jī)、液態(tài)施肥機(jī)[8]和適用于覆膜的穴播機(jī)。插秧機(jī)分插機(jī)構(gòu)為保證秧苗的直立度,避免傷秧、倒秧及搭橋現(xiàn)象,較好的秧針相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡為“腰子形”或“海豚形”[9-10];現(xiàn)有的液態(tài)施肥機(jī)為達(dá)到溝痕寬度小,深度滿足不同作物需求的目的,其橢圓齒輪行星系扎穴機(jī)構(gòu)噴肥針的相對(duì)軌跡為“腰子形”[11-12];覆膜穴播機(jī)分為滾輪式和垂直插入式,在工作時(shí)需保證穴口的大小及深度,避免撕膜[13-17],其相對(duì)軌跡均為圓形。
但是,對(duì)于有秸稈殘茬覆蓋的復(fù)雜地表,成穴機(jī)構(gòu)需要在豎直方向具有大有效行程,以同時(shí)滿足能夠穿透足夠厚度的覆蓋物、避免刮帶、擾動(dòng)小等多種良好成穴條件,上述現(xiàn)有的機(jī)構(gòu)均不符合要求。因此,設(shè)計(jì)一種大有效行程專用軌跡形成機(jī)構(gòu)是實(shí)現(xiàn)注射式免耕播種的前提,同時(shí)為大行程類橢圓形相對(duì)軌跡成形機(jī)構(gòu)的參數(shù)求解探索一套行之有效的流程和方法。
1.1 成穴軌跡分析
成穴機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)可穿透較厚秸稈且不刮帶秸稈,其成穴器端點(diǎn)理想的絕對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡如圖1a所示,該軌跡由成穴器端點(diǎn)相對(duì)機(jī)架的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡與機(jī)具水平方向運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡的合成,本文將其定義為“門字形”軌跡。為滿足免耕的農(nóng)藝要求和作業(yè)環(huán)境,其有效行程(高度)1越大越好,且繞扣最大橫弦長(zhǎng)越小越好,為繞扣交點(diǎn)高度。
選擇類橢圓作為目標(biāo)相對(duì)軌跡,通過調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù),改變形成類橢圓的長(zhǎng)軸或短軸以滿足絕對(duì)軌跡參數(shù)要求。類橢圓相對(duì)軌跡及其絕對(duì)軌跡如圖1b所示。
1.2 機(jī)構(gòu)選擇
五桿是具有多自由度最簡(jiǎn)單的機(jī)構(gòu),機(jī)構(gòu)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,具有較多的尺寸和相位角參數(shù)、不同的驅(qū)動(dòng)方式及傳動(dòng)比,可實(shí)現(xiàn)豐富的曲線軌跡,因此采用五桿機(jī)構(gòu)作為成穴軌跡的形成機(jī)構(gòu)[18]。
對(duì)于五桿機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù)的求解,當(dāng)前主要采用解析法與軟件相結(jié)合的方法。馬良等由ADAMS(automatic dynamic analysis of mechanical systems)軟件建立參數(shù)化模型,尋求連架桿輸出軌跡的改變規(guī)律[19];方芳借助于計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)的方法,研制了齒輪五桿機(jī)構(gòu)的軌跡曲線生成系統(tǒng)[20];陶軍等經(jīng)過仿真和試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了圖解法與解析法相結(jié)合是確定齒輪五桿機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)定軌跡的有效方法[21]。
以上研究均為在給出五桿機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù)的前提下,研究軌跡的形成規(guī)律。但對(duì)于本文所面對(duì)的問題中,機(jī)構(gòu)的參數(shù)組合是要解決的首要問題。
研究方案為在建立數(shù)學(xué)模型的基礎(chǔ)上,給定成穴端點(diǎn)相對(duì)軌跡的可行域,結(jié)合CATIA機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)模塊、知識(shí)工程模塊與數(shù)字樣機(jī)模塊,對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行參數(shù)化建模、運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真及軌跡繪制,尋求區(qū)域軌跡特性,并研究各參數(shù)對(duì)軌跡的影響規(guī)律,結(jié)合目標(biāo)函數(shù)的取值范圍求解機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù),并給出求解流程及方法,以滿足穴式免耕播種的要求。
1.3 工作原理與結(jié)構(gòu)分析
由于安裝空間存在一定限制,同時(shí)需確保機(jī)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,因此合理的設(shè)計(jì)五桿機(jī)構(gòu)各參數(shù),使其在滿足軌跡要求的基礎(chǔ)上盡可能減小五桿機(jī)構(gòu)所占的安裝空間是實(shí)現(xiàn)成穴免耕播種的關(guān)鍵。
1.3.1 工作原理
五桿成穴機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖如圖2所示,為便于機(jī)構(gòu)的實(shí)際應(yīng)用,設(shè)置雙曲柄的傳動(dòng)比為1,即本文主要針對(duì)等速雙曲柄五桿機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行研究。BC桿與AE桿為原動(dòng)件,以相同轉(zhuǎn)速同向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),進(jìn)而帶動(dòng)連桿CD、DE轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),DF與連桿CD夾角固定并在其帶動(dòng)下進(jìn)行成穴。
1.3.2 結(jié)構(gòu)分析
以A點(diǎn)為坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn),水平方向?yàn)檩S,豎直方向?yàn)檩S,建立直角坐標(biāo)系,如圖2所示,此時(shí)AE桿處于水平方向。
本設(shè)計(jì)的五桿機(jī)構(gòu)屬于雙曲柄型,只有選取合適的尺寸參數(shù)才能使機(jī)構(gòu)形成完整封閉的連桿曲線。對(duì)于五桿機(jī)構(gòu),其各參數(shù)必須滿足一定的基本約束條件[22-27]。
1)雙曲柄存在條件
為使機(jī)構(gòu)可以整周運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),并且得到相應(yīng)軌跡,需要使兩曲柄同時(shí)滿足曲柄存在的條件。
BC成為曲柄的條件:
EA為曲柄的條件為:
(2)
兩桿同時(shí)為曲柄條件:
其中:
2)死點(diǎn)不存在條件
為避免死點(diǎn),在機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中,C、D、E三點(diǎn)應(yīng)始終構(gòu)成封閉三角形,須滿足以下條件:
3)最小傳動(dòng)角
傳動(dòng)角越大,對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)的傳力越有利。為保證機(jī)構(gòu)傳力性能良好,應(yīng)使最小傳動(dòng)角min≥40o,五桿機(jī)構(gòu)的傳動(dòng)角為兩連桿之間的銳角[18]。當(dāng)機(jī)構(gòu)處于最小傳動(dòng)角時(shí),可得:
2.1 空間約束
為保證機(jī)構(gòu)在整機(jī)安裝及作業(yè)時(shí)與其他機(jī)構(gòu)不發(fā)生干涉、碰撞,將機(jī)構(gòu)布置為空間結(jié)構(gòu),其空間限制如圖3所示。
1)1為機(jī)架高度。為保證作業(yè)時(shí)種子順利從種箱落入成穴機(jī)構(gòu),將種箱放置在機(jī)架上方,要求機(jī)構(gòu)所能達(dá)到的最高位置C'小于機(jī)架的高度,由圖3可知,機(jī)架高度需滿足如下公式
1=+5+1+(6)
式中為機(jī)構(gòu)最高點(diǎn)位置距離機(jī)架的高度,mm。
2)為A點(diǎn)距離地面的高度。為保證機(jī)具具有良好的通過性,要求
≥4+1(7)
式中1為秸稈殘茬高度,mm。
3)3為播種深度。本文針對(duì)不同農(nóng)作物,播深取值范圍為30~50 mm[28]。
4)為成穴端點(diǎn)F與A點(diǎn)的初始水平距離。在成穴過程中,要求該值在一定范圍內(nèi)越小越好。在1、4長(zhǎng)度不變的情況下,可通過調(diào)節(jié)2和3的長(zhǎng)度使兩連桿間的夾角變大以減小。
根據(jù)市場(chǎng)上一般播種機(jī)機(jī)架的高度,設(shè)定本文機(jī)架高度1=820 mm,依據(jù)田間秸稈殘茬的平均高度[29],取1≤300 mm,0<<10 mm,結(jié)合基本約束條件并分析可得如下公式
(9)
5)1、2為F點(diǎn)相對(duì)軌跡可行域的長(zhǎng)度與高度。
2=+3(10)
2.2 參數(shù)化建模
零件參數(shù)化建模是指將零件模型中的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)變量化,通過參數(shù)的修改使零件模型產(chǎn)生特征聯(lián)動(dòng),實(shí)現(xiàn)幾何模型的修改[30]。
利用CATIA機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)模塊,對(duì)成穴機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行建模與約束創(chuàng)建[31]。對(duì)于該機(jī)構(gòu),需要求解滿足要求的參數(shù)組合,即五桿各桿件長(zhǎng)度及曲柄的初始相位角。利用知識(shí)工程模塊,對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì),分別在零件和裝配體中對(duì)各零件進(jìn)行參數(shù)化,并將各參數(shù)進(jìn)行發(fā)布,建立同一參數(shù)在零件和裝配體中的關(guān)聯(lián)性,便于直接在裝配體結(jié)構(gòu)樹中更改相應(yīng)參數(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)構(gòu)的快速改變與更新。為方便研究參數(shù)對(duì)軌跡的影響規(guī)律,在建模時(shí),以直線代替各桿件,利用CATIA數(shù)字樣機(jī)模塊對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真與軌跡繪制[32]。
據(jù)參考文獻(xiàn)[33-35]可知,1與4、2與3兩組數(shù)值的簡(jiǎn)諧波分別相似,同時(shí)改變組內(nèi)數(shù)值大小,對(duì)軌跡的形狀無明顯影響,只會(huì)改變軌跡的大小和位置。
根據(jù)可實(shí)現(xiàn)類橢圓形四桿機(jī)構(gòu)的參數(shù)[35]及上述約束條件初定五桿成穴機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù)值為:1=130 mm,2=200 mm,3=200 mm,4=130 mm,5=207 mm,6=500 mm,3=150°,機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù)化模型如圖4所示。
圖4中,“BC桿”、“EA桿”為曲柄,“CD桿”、“DE桿”為連桿,“ganding5”、“ganding6”及“ganding7”分別為輔助點(diǎn)1、2和輔助線,用于輔助五桿機(jī)構(gòu)沿水平方向的直線運(yùn)動(dòng);“ganding5”與“ganding6”分別為一點(diǎn)。
其中,BC桿分別與輔助點(diǎn)1和CD桿旋轉(zhuǎn)接合,EA桿分別與輔助點(diǎn)2和DE桿旋轉(zhuǎn)接合,CD桿和EA桿旋轉(zhuǎn)接合,輔助點(diǎn)1、2分別和輔助線棱形接合(棱形接合為移動(dòng)副),設(shè)定輔助點(diǎn)1、輔助點(diǎn)2與曲柄BC、EA之間的旋轉(zhuǎn)結(jié)合以及與“輔助線”的棱形結(jié)合為驅(qū)動(dòng)命令,將“輔助線”設(shè)定為固定零件。并通過“公式”命令建立驅(qū)動(dòng)命令的法線,便于使用法則曲線進(jìn)行模擬。
2.3 軌跡區(qū)域定位
篇章格律論是對(duì)Halliday銜接理論的補(bǔ)充與延展,它將Halliday等從語法角度提出的句子層面以上非結(jié)構(gòu)性銜接理論補(bǔ)充、擴(kuò)展至超越小句的語篇層面,關(guān)注語篇的旋律,為我們從結(jié)構(gòu)上對(duì)語篇銜接進(jìn)行分析提供了新的有效手段。
通過模擬仿真發(fā)現(xiàn),在其他參數(shù)不變的前提下,當(dāng)DF與CD的夾角3取值不同時(shí),軌跡的形狀、大小及位置都會(huì)發(fā)生改變,區(qū)域內(nèi)各位置軌跡特性如圖5所示。
根據(jù)軌跡長(zhǎng)軸與水平方向的夾角,將軌跡分為3個(gè)區(qū)域。以區(qū)域2中軌跡為基準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行分析,區(qū)域1中軌跡向左傾斜,且長(zhǎng)軸與短軸比值較小,另結(jié)合實(shí)際成穴位置,區(qū)域1中的軌跡不符合要求;區(qū)域2中軌跡長(zhǎng)軸方向與水平方向近似垂直,且長(zhǎng)軸與短軸比值較大;區(qū)域3中軌跡向右傾斜,整體呈縮小趨勢(shì)。
為方便調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù)且滿足“3.1”中軌跡可行域的要求,選定區(qū)域2中的軌跡特性為目標(biāo)。
理論條件下3只需滿足五桿成穴機(jī)構(gòu)軌跡在區(qū)域2即可,但由于成穴機(jī)構(gòu)需在有秸稈殘茬覆蓋的地表進(jìn)行成穴,3不同,機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)秸稈殘茬穿透能力和擾動(dòng)情況不同,因此3的取值規(guī)律需根據(jù)后文的實(shí)際試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行確定。
2.4 相對(duì)軌跡的變化規(guī)律分析
2.4.1 桿件長(zhǎng)度對(duì)相對(duì)軌跡的影響規(guī)律
1與4、2與3兩組數(shù)值的簡(jiǎn)諧波分別相似,因此可通過控制三組桿件長(zhǎng)度參數(shù)(1與4、2與3和5)觀察桿件長(zhǎng)度對(duì)相對(duì)軌跡的影響規(guī)律,表1為3組桿件長(zhǎng)度參數(shù)分別變化時(shí)相對(duì)軌跡參數(shù),圖6為3組桿件長(zhǎng)度參數(shù)分別變化時(shí)相對(duì)軌跡參數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng)的位置關(guān)系。
綜上所述,可得出以下規(guī)律:
1)在1=4的前提下,同步改變其大小,軌跡中心點(diǎn)不變,軌跡大小隨1增大(減?。┒龃螅p小);
2)在2=3的前提下,同步改變其大小,軌跡中心點(diǎn)隨2增大(減小)而斜向上(斜向下)偏移,軌跡大小隨2增大(減小)而增大(減?。?/p>
3)只改變5,軌跡中心點(diǎn)隨5增大(減?。┒蛳拢ㄏ蛏希┢?,軌跡大小變化無特定規(guī)律。
表1 三組桿件長(zhǎng)度變化時(shí)相對(duì)軌跡參數(shù)
注(Note):6=500 mm,3=150°,1=-26°,2=0°。
注:圖中標(biāo)號(hào)1~15所指軌跡與表1中序號(hào)1~15的軌跡參數(shù)分別對(duì)應(yīng)。
2.4.2 曲柄初始角度對(duì)相對(duì)軌跡的影響規(guī)律
由于角度參數(shù)1對(duì)軌跡形狀有較大影響,只給出1取不同值時(shí)各參數(shù)下軌跡的形狀及位置關(guān)系,如圖7所示??煽闯?,角度對(duì)軌跡的形狀有較大影響,但無特定規(guī)律。角度參數(shù)2與1對(duì)軌跡的影響類似。
條件約束及參數(shù)求解流程如圖8所示,圖中虛線框所示為數(shù)值循環(huán)比較法求解的過程。
根據(jù)參數(shù)求解流程圖,結(jié)合穴式播種的一般速度范圍并充分考慮較高作業(yè)速度的要求,在3~8 km/h范圍內(nèi)[28],求得對(duì)應(yīng)不同株距且滿足軌跡要求的機(jī)構(gòu)調(diào)整參數(shù)及作業(yè)參數(shù)如表2所示。
根據(jù)對(duì)應(yīng)不同株距的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整參數(shù)與作業(yè)參數(shù)組合,可形成251.2~344.7 mm豎直方向的有效作業(yè)軌跡。有效作業(yè)軌跡參數(shù)即有效高度以及繞扣最大橫弦值,如表3所示,滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求。
圖8 五桿機(jī)構(gòu)條件約束關(guān)系及參數(shù)求解流程
表2 對(duì)應(yīng)不同株距的機(jī)構(gòu)調(diào)整參數(shù)及作業(yè)參數(shù)表
注:小株距對(duì)應(yīng)其他參數(shù):2=150 mm,3=180 mm,4=130 mm,5=180 mm,1=-12°,2=0°,6=500 mm;大株距對(duì)應(yīng)其他參數(shù):2=150 mm,3=180 mm,4=153 mm,5=180 mm,1=-12°,2=0°,6=500 mm;“-”不滿足行走速度要求。
Note: Small planting distance corresponding to the other parameters:2=150 mm,3=180 mm,4=130 mm,5=180 mm,1=-12°,2=0°,6=500 mm; Large planting distance corresponding to the other parameters:2=150 mm,3=180 mm,4=153 mm,5=180 mm,1=-12°,2=0°,6=500 mm; “-”did not meet the requirements of travel speed.
表3 對(duì)應(yīng)不同株距機(jī)構(gòu)有效作業(yè)軌跡參數(shù)
3.1 試制裝置
三維模型及試驗(yàn)樣機(jī)如圖9所示。其中虛線DF與連桿CD夾角3直接影響成穴器安裝位置,故此處定義DF與連桿CD夾角3為成穴器安裝角。
圖9c為成穴器7具體結(jié)構(gòu),其中錐體均分為3塊(其中一塊進(jìn)行透明化處理方便說明),錐體外表面設(shè)有滑道,內(nèi)側(cè)均有斜凹槽,可與成穴器套筒末端內(nèi)表面固定滑塊相配合,且與空心排種桿通過拉桿鉸接,未投種時(shí)3塊錐體處于成穴器套筒最下端,錐體封閉,成穴器工作時(shí),在扎入土壤最底部時(shí)空心排種桿上升,同時(shí)拉桿拉動(dòng)3塊錐體分別沿著成穴器套筒末端內(nèi)側(cè)固定滑塊相對(duì)成穴器套筒向上運(yùn)動(dòng),錐體開啟,完成投種。成穴器保持投種口打開狀態(tài)直至完全從土壤及秸稈中拔出后關(guān)閉并進(jìn)入下一循環(huán),避免土塊及秸稈夾在錐體塊中。成穴器外套直徑為30 mm,底部成穴錐角為33°。
1. 曲柄BC 2. 連桿CD 3. 連桿DE 4. 曲柄AE 5. DF 6. 調(diào)整桿系7. 成穴器8. 行走臺(tái)架9. 拉桿10. 空心排種桿11. 錐體塊12. 成穴器套筒13. 滑道
3.2 儀器設(shè)備與方案
3.2.1 試驗(yàn)儀器設(shè)備
使用的儀器設(shè)備及參數(shù)設(shè)置:自制土槽;美國(guó)約克科技有限公司Phantomv5.1高速攝影機(jī)(幀速為1 000幀/s,曝光時(shí)間為823s,分辨率為:1 024×1 024 pixel);電腦;變頻柜等。
3.2.2 測(cè)試方案
1)試驗(yàn)條件
為模擬田間秸稈覆蓋,本試驗(yàn)采用玉米散秸稈,受試驗(yàn)條件限制秸稈覆蓋長(zhǎng)度為3 m,模擬田間情況粉碎秸稈,短秸稈(長(zhǎng)度小于5 cm)與長(zhǎng)秸稈(長(zhǎng)度大于5 cm)量比為1:3。為檢驗(yàn)極限狀態(tài)時(shí)機(jī)構(gòu)的作業(yè)能力,秸稈平均厚度為15 cm,最大厚度20 cm,覆蓋量為3.3 kg/m2,(注:一般保護(hù)性耕作覆蓋量最大為1.81 kg/m2。)為模擬秸稈殘茬在田間遺留狀態(tài),秸稈采用部分平散鋪在土層表面,部分扎入土層。
2)試驗(yàn)方法
將行走臺(tái)架放置于土槽上方,并將試驗(yàn)樣機(jī)固定在行走臺(tái)架上,即樣機(jī)可隨行走臺(tái)架同步向前運(yùn)動(dòng),完成穿透秸稈及成穴工序。
首先調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)的高度以確保成穴器穿透秸稈后可以形成深度為5 cm的穴孔,繼而調(diào)整旋轉(zhuǎn)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速,待機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)后開始行走作業(yè)。
高速攝像機(jī)拍攝五桿成穴機(jī)構(gòu)相同株距不同成穴器安裝角3時(shí)成穴器穿透秸稈進(jìn)行打穴乃至移出秸稈的整個(gè)過程,對(duì)不同株距分別試驗(yàn),并對(duì)各組試驗(yàn)成像圖片進(jìn)行觀察分析。以成穴器最初扎入秸稈相對(duì)豎直面角度和其直至最底端相對(duì)豎直面的角度變化衡量穿透能力,角度變化范圍越小穿透能力越好,以成穴器扎入秸稈直至最底端乃至移出秸稈整個(gè)過程中對(duì)秸稈的刮帶、擾動(dòng)和挑起現(xiàn)象判斷擾動(dòng)情況,越小越好。
3.3 影像分析
選取120 mm株距,成穴器安裝角3為110°、134°、158°時(shí)試驗(yàn)截圖,如圖10所示,觀察成穴器對(duì)秸稈的穿透能力和擾動(dòng)情況。
當(dāng)成穴器安裝角3為110°時(shí),如圖10a,成穴器向內(nèi)斜插入秸稈中,在此過程中,秸稈的擾動(dòng)較小,成穴過程穿透秸稈能力較強(qiáng),但成穴器在最低點(diǎn)時(shí),由于從入土到出土角度的改變,使得成穴器在最低點(diǎn)對(duì)秸稈有擾動(dòng)過程,且從最低點(diǎn)至離開秸稈過程中,將秸稈向前推動(dòng),且在離開秸稈表面時(shí),將秸稈向外挑起,對(duì)秸稈的擾動(dòng)較大;當(dāng)安裝角3為134o時(shí),如圖10b,成穴器稍向外斜插入秸稈中,在此過程中,對(duì)秸稈的穿透能力強(qiáng),成穴器在最低點(diǎn)時(shí),對(duì)秸稈擾動(dòng)程度比110°時(shí)小,且從最低點(diǎn)至離開秸稈過程中,對(duì)秸稈的擾動(dòng)較小,離開秸稈表面時(shí),對(duì)秸稈的挑動(dòng)程度?。划?dāng)安裝角3為158°時(shí),如圖10c,成穴器在五桿機(jī)構(gòu)的帶動(dòng)下壓入秸稈中,對(duì)秸稈穿透能力較差,離開秸稈時(shí),由于是壓入的方式進(jìn)入秸稈中,故上行時(shí)無明顯挑起秸稈現(xiàn)象。
在試驗(yàn)中,由于秸稈的作用及土壤的回落等情況,無法精確得到穴孔的狀態(tài),因此,根據(jù)圖9a創(chuàng)建的三維模型,采用CATIA運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真模塊,各桿件之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)副參見表1,模擬五桿成穴機(jī)構(gòu)針對(duì)三種成穴器安裝角分別在無秸稈覆蓋情況工作時(shí),所形成的穴口,各穴口截面如圖11所示。
由圖11可以得出,隨著成穴器安裝角3增大,穴口長(zhǎng)度依次增大,其中,安裝角3為158°時(shí)穴口斜度較小,無法保證種子落在最低點(diǎn),不能保證播深的一致性。綜合考慮在株距120 mm條件下,機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)應(yīng)不同成穴器安裝角時(shí)對(duì)秸稈的穿透情況、出土?xí)r對(duì)秸稈的擾動(dòng)程度以及所成穴口的長(zhǎng)度,角度為134°時(shí)的機(jī)構(gòu)符合最佳成穴的要求。
通過以上方法獲得在不同株距下滿足五桿成穴機(jī)構(gòu)最佳成穴要求的成穴器安裝角,如表4所示。
表4 不同株距下五桿成穴機(jī)構(gòu)最佳成穴器安裝角
1)實(shí)現(xiàn)不對(duì)秸稈殘茬進(jìn)行任何處理的注射式免耕精密播種的基礎(chǔ)條件是具有大豎直行程及幅寬可調(diào)的“門字形”軌跡成形機(jī)構(gòu)。
2)軌跡區(qū)域定位結(jié)合數(shù)值循環(huán)比較可有效提高五桿機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù)化求解效率。針對(duì)不同作物進(jìn)行工程應(yīng)用時(shí),機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)及調(diào)整參數(shù)以上曲柄長(zhǎng)度為主,下曲柄長(zhǎng)度和成穴器安裝角為輔進(jìn)行。對(duì)應(yīng)不同株距的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整參數(shù)與作業(yè)參數(shù)組合,可形成251.2~344.7 mm范圍內(nèi)豎直方向的有效作業(yè)軌跡。
3)對(duì)于不同株距的作業(yè)要求,可通過調(diào)整成穴器安裝角度進(jìn)行適應(yīng),其對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系為:株距60、80、100、120、140、290、310、330、350、370 mm,安裝角分別為128°、128°、134°、134°、134°、128°、128°、128°、128°、122°。
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Analysis and parameter solution of injection type no-till seeding into hole trajectory based on five-bar mechanism
Liu Hongxin, Wang Pan, Gai Guangwei, Xiang Binbin
(150030)
No-tillage seeder mainly uses the 2 ways of cutting and removing the straw to ensure seeding smoothly by now, and thus there are many problems: Higher power, environment pollution, twining and blocking of straw, and so on. To this end, a mechanism based on the special trajectory requirements was developed to enable the soil opener to penetrate into the surface without any treatment of the surface covering, which could lay substantial foundation for the implementation of injection-free no-tillage planting pattern. First of all, the analysis of mechanism aimed at the special trajectory was carried out and the five-bar mechanism was confirmed as the formation mechanism of trajectory. Moreover, the mathematical model of five-bar mechanism was set up, and the basic existence conditions and spatial constraints of double-crank and uniform five-bar mechanism were analyzed on the basis of the model. Given the feasible region of relative trajectory of the cavitation endpoint, and combined with the mechanical design module and knowledge engineering module of CATIA (computer aided three-dimensional interactive application) software, the parametric model was set up, the movement was simulated and the trajectory for five-bar mechanism was drawn. Subsequently, the distribution characteristics of region trajectory of cavitation endpoint were researched by the method of region localization of trajectory; the influence of the parameters on the trajectory was researched by the method of numerical cycle and comparison, and combined with the constrain conditions, the combination of structural parameters and operation parameters was obtained corresponding to different distance; on the above condition, the effective operation trajectory at the vertical direction changed from 251.2 to 344.7 mm. In May, 2016, the experiments were carried out with the prototype in the Soil Laboratory of the College of Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University. The conditions were set as follows: The length of mulching straw was 3 m and the average thickness of straw was 15 cm. In order to simulate the actual working condition in the field, the straw was scattered on the soil surface, and part of straw was stuck in the soil layer. The whole process that the soil opener device perforated through the straw until the straw was removed completely was shot by high-speed camera with the same planting spacing under different setting angle of soil opener of five-bar mechanism; the experiments were also conducted on different plant spacing respectively, and then the experimental images were observed and analyzed. Combined with the motion simulation of CATIA, the soil opener setting angle of five-bar cavitation mechanism was obtained, which could meet the requirement for the best hole-forming points. The angles were 128°, 128°, 134°, 134°, 134°, 128°, 128°, 128°, 128°and 122°respectively corresponding to the spacing of 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 290, 310, 330, 350, and 370 mm. Research showed that the formation mechanism of trajectory in the process of no-tillage seeding based on the five-bar mechanism could drive cavitation device to complete the operation under the condition of straw returning drastically, and perforate through the straw effectively and form cavitation as required, with fewer scraping phenomena. It is confirmed that the region localization of trajectory can improve the solution efficiency of parameters combination of the five-bar mechanism, and also provide the effective method of solving the parameters of five-bar mechanism according to the ratio of long axis to short axis of similar ellipse trajectory.
agriculture equipment; agricultural machinery; seeding; no-tillage seeding; injection type; five-bar mechanism; trajectory region localization; numerical cycle comparison
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.08.003
S223.2+3
A
1002-6819(2017)-08-0021-09
2016-08-01
2017-03-02
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(51275086);公益性行業(yè)科研專項(xiàng)(201303011)。
劉宏新,男,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)檗r(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)與裝備、數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)與數(shù)字資源管理、車輛工程。哈爾濱 東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)工程學(xué)院,150030。Email:Lcc98@neau.edu.cn
劉宏新,王 盼,改廣偉,相斌斌.基于五桿機(jī)構(gòu)的注射式免耕播種成穴軌跡分析與參數(shù)求解[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2017,33(8):21-29. doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.08.003 http://www.tcsae.org
Liu Hongxin, Wang Pan, Gai Guangwei, Xiang Binbin. Analysis and parameter solution of injection type no-till seeding into hole trajectory based on five-bar mechanism[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2017, 33(8): 21-29. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2017.08.003 http://www.tcsae.org