任思嘉,徐煥華,李明,郝斐然,馬增春,湯響林,梁乾德,譚洪玲,肖成榮,王宇光,高月
(1.廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,廣西南寧530021;2.軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院放射與輻射醫(yī)學(xué)研究所藥理毒理研究室,北京100850)
麥冬皂苷D′對(duì)大鼠心肌細(xì)胞H9c2的細(xì)胞毒性
任思嘉1,2,徐煥華2,李明2,郝斐然2,馬增春2,湯響林2,梁乾德2,譚洪玲2,肖成榮2,王宇光2,高月1,2
(1.廣西醫(yī)科大學(xué)藥學(xué)院,廣西南寧530021;2.軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院放射與輻射醫(yī)學(xué)研究所藥理毒理研究室,北京100850)
目的研究麥冬皂苷D′對(duì)大鼠心肌細(xì)胞H9c2的細(xì)胞毒性作用,初步探討其作用機(jī)制,為尋找其臨床安全使用劑量提供依據(jù)。方法麥冬皂苷D′0.1,1,5,10,20,25和50μmol?L-1作用于H9c2細(xì)胞24 h。MTS法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞存活率及其IC50;熒光顯微鏡觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化;高內(nèi)涵免疫熒光篩選檢測(cè)細(xì)胞核數(shù)目變化;流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)其活性氧生成、線粒體膜電位和細(xì)胞凋亡率。結(jié)果麥冬皂苷D′0.1,1,5,10,20,25和50μmol?L-1作用于H9c2細(xì)胞24 h后,細(xì)胞存活率分別為108.9%,106.3%,91.9%,61.0%,24.8%,24.7%和24.2%,IC50為9.9μmol·L-1;熒光顯微鏡檢測(cè)顯示細(xì)胞皺縮;高內(nèi)涵免疫熒光檢測(cè)顯示細(xì)胞核數(shù)目減少(P<0.05)。流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)顯示,麥冬皂苷D′0.1,1,5和10μmol·L-1顯著升高活性氧生成量(P<0.05),降低線粒體膜電位(P<0.05),升高細(xì)胞凋亡率(P<0.05)。結(jié)論麥冬皂苷D′對(duì)H9c2心肌細(xì)胞有明顯的細(xì)胞毒性作用,該作用可能與其激活細(xì)胞凋亡通路有關(guān)。
麥冬皂苷D′;H9c2細(xì)胞;毒性作用
麥冬(Ophiopogon japonicus Lf.Ker Gawl)具有養(yǎng)陰生津、潤(rùn)肺清心的功效[1]?,F(xiàn)代研究發(fā)現(xiàn),麥冬對(duì)于心律失常和心肌缺血等疾病都具有一定的療效[2-4]。常用麥冬的復(fù)方制劑,如由紅參和麥冬2味中藥配伍而成參麥注射液,是臨床常用的治療冠心病等心臟疾病的一線用藥[5-6]。使用高效液相色譜-質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用(HPLC-MS/MS)等方法測(cè)定參麥注射液成分發(fā)現(xiàn),其主要成分為人參皂苷和麥冬皂苷[7],其中麥冬皂苷具有廣泛的藥理作用,不僅能增加心肌收縮力,抑制心血管疾病進(jìn)程[8-9],同時(shí)對(duì)癌癥也有一定的抑制作用[10]。麥冬皂苷有效成分是麥冬皂苷D(ophiopogonin D,OPD)和麥冬皂苷D′(ophiopogonin D′,OPD′)[11]。賈誠(chéng)等[12]建立了利用高效液相色譜-蒸發(fā)光散射(HPLC-ELSD)檢測(cè)OPD和OPD′含量的方法,提出將具有多種藥理活性的OPD和OPD′作為麥冬藥材質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究對(duì)象,并把二者在麥冬藥材中的含量檢測(cè)定為麥冬質(zhì)量控制的1個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)室前期研究了參麥注射液中的OPD的藥物結(jié)構(gòu)和藥理作用[13-15]。研究顯示,OPD結(jié)構(gòu)含有五碳糖基、甲基五碳糖基和巖藻糖基各1個(gè),這種特殊結(jié)構(gòu)可使OPD通過誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞色素P450酶2J實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)Ca2+穩(wěn)態(tài)調(diào)控,從而抑制氧化應(yīng)激,減少心肌細(xì)胞凋亡[14]。同時(shí),OPD通過抑制c-Jun氨基末端激酶和細(xì)胞外調(diào)節(jié)蛋白激酶通路,降低活性氧(reative oxygen species,ROS),有效緩解由多柔比星(doxorubicin,DOX)引起的細(xì)胞自噬[15]。高濃度OPD也可通過阻滯乳腺癌細(xì)胞分裂周期,使細(xì)胞停滯在G0/M期,誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡[16]。而與OPD結(jié)構(gòu)相似的OPD′卻未見其藥理毒理相關(guān)研究報(bào)道。本實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究發(fā)現(xiàn),OPD結(jié)構(gòu)(圖1A)中含有巖藻糖取代基的部分在OPD′(圖1B)為葡萄糖取代基。為此,本研究探討OPD′對(duì)心肌H9c2細(xì)胞的毒性作用。
Fig.1 Structure ofophiopogonin D(OPD′,A)and OPD′(B).
1.1 藥品、細(xì)胞、試劑和儀器
OPD′購(gòu)自上海一飛生物科技有限公司,用二甲亞砜分別配制為1和20 mmol?L-1母液保存于-20℃;H9c2心肌細(xì)胞購(gòu)自北京協(xié)和細(xì)胞庫中心;澳洲胎牛血清(fetalbovine serum,F(xiàn)BS)購(gòu)自GenStar康潤(rùn)生物科技有限公司;DMEM細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基、磷酸鹽緩沖液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)、青霉素、鏈霉素和胰蛋白酶購(gòu)自美國(guó)Gibco BRL公司;細(xì)胞核染料Hoechst 33342購(gòu)自美國(guó)Thermo Life公司;MTS細(xì)胞毒性檢測(cè)試劑盒購(gòu)自美國(guó)Promega公司;ROS和線粒體膜電位檢測(cè)試劑盒(JC-1)購(gòu)自碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所;AnnexinⅤ-FITC/PI細(xì)胞凋亡試劑盒購(gòu)自天津三箭生物技術(shù)股份有限公司。
FC500MCL型流式細(xì)胞儀,美國(guó)Beckman公司;Axiover200熒光分析顯微鏡,德國(guó)ZEISS公司;VICTOR X型多標(biāo)記酶標(biāo)儀,美國(guó)Perkin Elmer公司;Microfuge 22R型離心機(jī),美國(guó)Beckman公司;細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱和超凈臺(tái)等均來自軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院藥品器材供應(yīng)站。
1.2 H9c2心肌細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
大鼠心肌細(xì)胞H9c2為貼壁細(xì)胞,培養(yǎng)于含有10%FBS和雙抗的DMEM培養(yǎng)基中,置于5%CO2,37℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱,待細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)至約80%時(shí),用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,傳代。平均2~3 d傳代1次,取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期細(xì)胞進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)。
1.3 H9c2心肌細(xì)胞形態(tài)的觀察
將H9c2細(xì)胞接種于12孔板培養(yǎng)24 h,待細(xì)胞貼壁生長(zhǎng)至約80%后棄去培養(yǎng)基,用PBS洗去未貼壁細(xì)胞。將OPD′以不含血清、不含雙抗的DMEM稀釋并加入貼壁的H9c2細(xì)胞,OPD′終濃度為0.1,1,5,10,20,25和50μmol·L-1,培養(yǎng)24 h,在Axiover200熒光分析顯微鏡下觀察細(xì)胞形態(tài),并拍照。
1.4 MTS檢測(cè)H9c2細(xì)胞存活率
將H9c2細(xì)胞用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,一次性吸管輕輕吹打成單細(xì)胞懸液,均勻接種于96孔板,每孔150μL。待細(xì)胞貼壁生長(zhǎng)至約80%后棄去培養(yǎng)基,用PBS洗去未貼壁細(xì)胞。設(shè)細(xì)胞對(duì)照組和OPD′0.1,1,5,10,20,25和50μmol?L-1組,并設(shè)調(diào)零對(duì)照組。OPD′與H9c2細(xì)胞孵育24 h棄去培養(yǎng)上清,每孔加MTS 20μL和不含血清培養(yǎng)基100μL,將96孔板于37℃孵育0.5~1 h。用酶標(biāo)儀測(cè)定480 nm處吸光度值(A480nm),GraphPad Prism 5.0計(jì)算其IC50。細(xì)胞存活率(%)=(給藥組A480nm-調(diào)零組A480nm/細(xì)胞對(duì)照組A480nm-調(diào)零組A480nm)× 100%。
1.5 高內(nèi)涵免疫熒光篩選檢測(cè)細(xì)胞核數(shù)目面積
將H9c2細(xì)胞按照1.4處理,于培養(yǎng)箱中孵育24 h。用不含血清DMEM培養(yǎng)基將Hoechst 33342稀釋至5μmol·L-1,每孔加50μL,置37℃孵育0.5~1 h后,每孔加100μL預(yù)溫至室溫的含12%甲醛的PBS,室溫避光固定細(xì)胞20 min。棄去上清液,每孔200μL PBS清洗細(xì)胞3次,最終每孔加PBS 200μL,用高內(nèi)函分析系統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)熒光陽性細(xì)胞核數(shù)目,并計(jì)算細(xì)胞核面積。
1.6 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)活性氧含量
取對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的H9c2細(xì)胞,接種于6孔板培養(yǎng),待細(xì)胞貼壁生長(zhǎng)后,棄去含血清的培養(yǎng)液,用PBS洗去未貼壁細(xì)胞。設(shè)細(xì)胞對(duì)照組和OPD′0.1,1,5和10μmol?L-1組,同時(shí)增加試劑盒中Rosup試劑為陽性對(duì)照組,置5%CO2,37℃恒溫培養(yǎng)箱中孵育24 h。按照ROS檢測(cè)試劑盒說明書操作,流式細(xì)胞儀進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。其激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)為485 nm,發(fā)射光波長(zhǎng)為530 nm,測(cè)定熒光強(qiáng)度。
1.7 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)線粒體膜電位
將H9c2細(xì)胞按照1.6處理,于培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h。按照線粒體膜電位檢測(cè)試劑盒(JC-1)說明書操作,流式細(xì)胞儀進(jìn)行檢測(cè),其激發(fā)波長(zhǎng)為525 nm,發(fā)射光波長(zhǎng)為595 nm,測(cè)定熒光強(qiáng)度。
1.8 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡
將H9c2細(xì)胞按照1.6處理,于培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)24 h。按照Annexin V-FITC/PI細(xì)胞凋亡檢測(cè)試劑盒說明書操作,用流式細(xì)胞儀進(jìn)行定量分析。
1.9 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)用x±s表示,計(jì)量資料組間比較采用單因素方差分析,統(tǒng)計(jì)分析軟件使用GraphPad Prism 5.0,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 麥冬皂苷D′對(duì)H9c2細(xì)胞形態(tài)的影響
熒光顯微鏡下觀察顯示,細(xì)胞對(duì)照組(圖2A)細(xì)胞形態(tài)正常,呈梭長(zhǎng)形,且細(xì)胞密度大,細(xì)胞貼壁性良好;OPD′0.1和1μmol?L-1組(圖2B,2C)細(xì)胞形態(tài)正常;5和10μmol?L-1組(圖2D,2E)細(xì)胞形態(tài)皺縮,體積減??;20,25和50μmol?L-1組(圖2F,2G和2H)細(xì)胞完全皺縮,細(xì)胞形態(tài)模糊,出現(xiàn)壞死細(xì)胞;DMSO溶劑對(duì)照組(圖2I)細(xì)胞形態(tài)無明顯變化。
Fig.2 Effect of OPD′on H9c2 cell morphology(ⅹ200). The cells were cultured with OPD′for 24 h.A:cell control;BH:OPD′0.1,1,5,10,20,25 and 50μmol?L-1,respectively;I:DMSO solventcontrol.The arrows show injured cells.
2.2 麥冬皂苷D′對(duì)H9c2細(xì)胞存活率的影響
MTS細(xì)胞毒性檢測(cè)分析結(jié)果(圖3)顯示,隨著OPD′濃度的增加,H9c2細(xì)胞存活率逐漸降低,提示細(xì)胞有不同程度的損傷。OPD′對(duì)細(xì)胞存活的抑制作用具有一定的量效關(guān)系(R2=0.994,P<0.05)。GraphPad Prism 5.0計(jì)算其IC50為9.9μmol?L-1,當(dāng)OPD′濃度高于20μmol?L-1,H9c2細(xì)胞存活率低于20%。
Fig.3 Effect of OPD′on cell viability of H9c2 cells by MTS assay.The cells were cultured with OPD′for 24 h.Cellviabil?ity(%)=(A480nmofdrug group-A480nmof zero group)/(A480nmof cell controlgroup-A480nmofzero group)ⅹ100%.x±s,n=3.**P<0.01,compared with cellcontrolgroup.
2.3 麥冬皂苷D′對(duì)H9c2細(xì)胞毒性作用
高內(nèi)涵免疫熒光篩選檢測(cè)分析結(jié)果(圖4)顯示,與細(xì)胞對(duì)照組比較,OPD′0.1,1和5μmol?L-1組細(xì)胞核數(shù)目和形態(tài)未見明顯改變;OPD′10,20,25和50μmol?L-1組細(xì)胞核數(shù)目明顯減少,且細(xì)胞核面積減?。≒<0.05),進(jìn)一步提示細(xì)胞發(fā)生皺縮。
2.4 麥冬皂苷D′對(duì)H9c2細(xì)胞ROS水平的影響
流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)OPD′對(duì)H9c2細(xì)胞ROS含量的影響。由表1顯示,與細(xì)胞對(duì)照組相比,OPD′0.1和1μmol?L-1組ROS含量無明顯變化,5和10μmol·L-1組ROS含量升高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。
Tab.1 Effect of OPD′on reactive oxygen species(ROS)release in H9c2 cells
2.5 麥冬皂苷D′對(duì)H9c2細(xì)胞線粒體膜電位的影響
流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)OPD′對(duì)H9c2細(xì)胞線粒體膜電位的影響。由表2所示,與細(xì)胞對(duì)照組相比,OPD′0.1,1,5和10μmol?L-1組細(xì)胞線粒體膜電位下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),OPD′10μmol?L-1組線粒體膜電位下降最為顯著(P<0.01)。
Fig.4 Effect of OPD′on H9c2 cell nucleus number and nucleus area observed by high content immune fluores?cence screening(×20).The cells were cultured with OPD′for 24 h.B and C were the quantitative results of A.x±s,n=3.*P<0.05,**P<0.01,compared with cellcontrol(0)group.
Tab.2 Effect of OPD′on mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP)of H9c2 cells
2.6 麥冬皂苷D′對(duì)H9c2細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測(cè)OPD′對(duì)H9c2細(xì)胞凋亡的影響。由表3和圖5所示,與細(xì)胞對(duì)照組相比,OPD′5和10μmol?L-1組細(xì)胞早期凋亡率升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),提示OPD′可能誘導(dǎo)H9c2細(xì)胞凋亡。
Tab.3 Effect of OPD′on apoptosis of H9c2 cells
Fig.5 Effect of OPD′on apoptosis of H9c2 cells.The cells were cultured with OPD′for 24 h.
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)OPD′濃度>5μmol?L-1時(shí),使H9c2細(xì)胞形態(tài)發(fā)生皺縮,細(xì)胞存活率顯著下降,細(xì)胞核數(shù)目減少,ROS含量升高,線粒體膜電位下降,細(xì)胞凋亡率升高,并且呈濃度依賴性,提示OPD′對(duì)H9c2細(xì)胞有明顯的毒性作用,且這種毒性作用可能通過激活細(xì)胞凋亡通路來實(shí)現(xiàn)。ROS包括氧自由基、過氧化氫及下游產(chǎn)物氧化物等,可調(diào)節(jié)多種生理病理過程[17],是常見的細(xì)胞凋亡通路影響因素。研究報(bào)道,抑制ROS引起的線粒體氧化應(yīng)激可有效降低細(xì)胞凋亡率[18]。細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS含量不同,細(xì)胞接收到的相關(guān)信號(hào)也不同[19]。當(dāng)細(xì)胞受到外源性毒物刺激時(shí),細(xì)胞內(nèi)ROS含量突增,誘發(fā)氧化應(yīng)激或者內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激,相關(guān)通路開放,凋亡因子被激活,細(xì)胞DNA破損,細(xì)胞凋亡發(fā)生[20]。線粒體膜電位是細(xì)胞凋亡早期的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。在特定信號(hào)的刺激下,細(xì)胞線粒體膜電位丟失,線粒體的通透性發(fā)生變化,一些與細(xì)胞凋亡相關(guān)的因子會(huì)從線粒體釋放至細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,從而會(huì)影響線粒體的正常功能[21]。本研究結(jié)果表明,OPD′可能通過升高H9c2細(xì)胞ROS水平接收相關(guān)信號(hào)。
盡管對(duì)麥冬的化學(xué)成分和藥理作用的研究較廣泛,但多集中于研究其粗提物的藥理活性,對(duì)其單體化合物的研究較少。OPD′和OPD結(jié)構(gòu)相似,僅表現(xiàn)在糖基側(cè)鏈取代不同,但是二者的藥理活性截然相反。OPD側(cè)鏈取代基有巖藻糖[16],可誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞色素P450酶2J減少心肌細(xì)胞凋亡[14],有效緩解多柔比星引起的細(xì)胞自噬[22],誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌細(xì)胞凋亡[23]。OPD′在相同取代基位置糖基側(cè)鏈為葡萄糖[18]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),OPD′對(duì)H9c2細(xì)胞有明顯的細(xì)胞毒性作用,提示參麥注射液的不良反應(yīng)可能與OPD′的含量有關(guān)?,F(xiàn)有研究表明,OPD′在大鼠體內(nèi)被大腸桿菌代謝為薯蕷皂苷[24],且OPD′經(jīng)4℃、反復(fù)凍融以及-70℃長(zhǎng)期冷凍未見分解變質(zhì),并且于體內(nèi)未見蓄積現(xiàn)象[25]。提示OPD′在參麥注射液中含量雖少,但其穩(wěn)定性較好。
藥物分子結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊性會(huì)引發(fā)藥物特質(zhì)性毒性反應(yīng)[26]。結(jié)構(gòu)相似的藥物,由于其內(nèi)部取代基或取代位置不同而導(dǎo)致的藥物藥理活性不同屢見報(bào)道。如柴胡皂苷a具有抗炎和保肝等作用,而與其結(jié)構(gòu)相似的柴胡皂苷b2卻對(duì)肝有毒性作用[27]。布洛芬和異丁芬酸結(jié)構(gòu)非常相似,布洛芬安全性良好而異丁芬酸卻因肝毒性撤市[28]。針對(duì)這種情況,通常采取優(yōu)化藥物結(jié)構(gòu)的方式來降低藥物毒性。目前,本實(shí)驗(yàn)室已針對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)相似而藥理活性截然相反的OPD和OPD′開展了一系列研究,探究了二者對(duì)心肌細(xì)胞的作用,但是對(duì)于OPD′作用機(jī)制和毒效轉(zhuǎn)化等尚不清楚,待深入研究。
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Cytotoxicity of ophiopogonin D′for rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes
REN Si-jia1,2,XU Huan-hua2,LIMing2,HAO Fei-ran2,MA Zeng-chun2,TANGXiang-lin2,LIANGQian-de2, TAN Hong-ling2,XIAO Cheng-rong2,WANG Yu-guang2,GAO Yue1,2
(1.SchoolofPharmacy,GuangxiMedicalUniversity,Nanning 530021,China;2.Departmentof Pharmacology and Toxicology,Institute of Radiation Medicine,Academy of Military MedicalSciences,Beijing 100850,China)
OBJECTIVETo study the cardiotoxicity ofophiopogonin D′(OPD′)for rat H9c2 cardio?myocytes.METHODSH9c2 cells were exposed to OPD′0.1,1,5,10,20,25 and 50μmol?L-1for 24 h. Cellviability was examined by MTS assay,and the morphologicalchanges in H9c2 cells were quanti?fied.The cell nucleus injury was examined by high content immune fluorescence screening and the morphological changes were observed under a fluorescence microscope.After treatment with OPD′0.1,1,5 and 10μmol?L-1for 24 h,the effect on reactive oxygen species(ROS),mitochondrialmem?brane potential(MMP)and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry.RESULTSThe viability was sig?nificantly reduced following exposure to OPD′0.1,1,5,10,20,25 and 50μmol?L-1(P<0.05,P<0.01). The IC50value was 9.9μmol?L-1and cellshrinkage and apoptosis occurred.The levels of ROS and apoptosis rate of H9c2 cells were significantly increased after exposure to OPD′0.1,1,5 and 10μmol?L-1for 24 h(P<0.05,P<0.01)and MMP markedly declined(P<0.05,P<0.01).CONCLUSIONOPD′has significentcytotoxicity on H9c2 cells.Itmay be related to inducing apopotsis pathways.
ophiopogonin D′;H9c2 cells;toxic actions
WANG Yu-guang,Tel:(010)66932201,E-mail:wangyg@bmi.ac.cn;GAO Yue,Tel:(010)66931312, E-mail:gaoyue@nic.bmi.ac.cn
R285.1
:A
:1000-3002-(2017)04-0325-07
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.04.005
Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81630102);National Natural Science Foundation of China(81673633);and National Key Basic Research and Development Program("973") (2012CB518402)
2016-12-01接受日期:2017-03-21)
(本文編輯:?jiǎn)毯纾?/p>
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81630102);國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81673633);國(guó)家重點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃(“973”)資助項(xiàng)目(2012CB518402)
任思嘉,女,碩士研究生,主要從事藥理學(xué)研究,Tel:(010)66932318,E-mail:rensijia790651896@163.com;王宇光,男,副研究員,主要從事分子藥理學(xué)研究;高月,女,研究員,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事中藥藥理與毒理學(xué)研究。
王宇光,E-mail:wangyg@bmi.ac.cn,Tel:(010)66932201;高月,E-mail:gaoyue@nic.bmi.ac.cn,Tel:(010)66931312