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頸椎前路術(shù)后吞咽困難的研究進(jìn)展

2017-06-01 11:08宋奇郭衛(wèi)春黃文俊邱波
中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2017年10期
關(guān)鍵詞:吞咽困難進(jìn)展

宋奇++郭衛(wèi)春++黃文俊++邱波

[摘要] 頸椎前路減壓手術(shù)是目前骨科常用的用于治療頸椎疾病的手術(shù)方式。一直用于治療各種頸椎疾病,如頸椎退行性病變、頸椎創(chuàng)傷、頸椎腫瘤、頸椎畸形,頸椎感染性病變等。雖然其較低的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率被認(rèn)為是安全有效的術(shù)式,但隨著手術(shù)病例的增加,其并發(fā)癥也越來越被臨床醫(yī)師所重視。本文回顧了頸椎前路手術(shù)術(shù)后吞咽困難這一并發(fā)癥的相關(guān)研究,并加以敘述。

[關(guān)鍵詞] 頸椎前路手術(shù);吞咽困難;頸椎疾??;進(jìn)展

[中圖分類號] R687.3 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)04(a)-0060-04

[Abstract] Anterior cervical decompression surgery is commonly used in the Department of orthopedics for the treatment of cervical diseases. It has been used for the treatment of various kinds of cervical diseases, such as cervical degenerative diseases, cervical trauma, cervical cancer, cervical deformity, cervical infectious diseases, etc.. Because of its lower incidence of complications, it was considered a safe and effective surgical procedure, however, with the increasing of surgical cases, the complications have attracted more and more attentions of clinicians. This paper reviewed the related researches about the complications of dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery.

[Key words] Anterior cervical spine surgery; Dysphagia; Cervical vertebrae diseases; Review

自20世紀(jì)50年代Smith Robinson入路用于頸椎前路手術(shù)開始[1],這種手術(shù)入路已經(jīng)普遍用于解決頸椎間盤退變引起的頸椎病。一般來說,這些手術(shù)能夠有效的恢復(fù)頸椎的功能、緩解疼痛以及降低頸椎病所帶來的主要并發(fā)癥[2]。但是,頸椎前路術(shù)后也會(huì)出現(xiàn)各種并發(fā)癥,包括吞咽困難、發(fā)音異常、硬膜破裂、食管損傷、血腫形成、椎動(dòng)脈出血、術(shù)后氣道受壓、脊髓損傷和固定材料移位等。其中吞咽困難是最常見的并發(fā)癥[3]。根據(jù)國外的相關(guān)研究顯示,頸椎前路術(shù)后早期吞咽困難的發(fā)生率高達(dá)69%[4]。因此,筆者回顧近年來關(guān)于頸椎前路術(shù)后吞咽困難的文獻(xiàn),就頸椎前路術(shù)后吞咽困難的研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行相關(guān)的綜述。

1 臨床表現(xiàn)

吞咽困難的準(zhǔn)確定義是吞咽過程的異常。根據(jù)其嚴(yán)重程度不同,吞咽困難可表現(xiàn)為:異物感或咽喉輕度疼痛、吞咽固體食物有困難、不能吞咽液體食物或吞咽時(shí)出現(xiàn)誤吸或咳嗽等。目前對于吞咽困難的定義和診斷缺乏統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

1.1 發(fā)病率及評估方法

根據(jù)以往文獻(xiàn)的報(bào)道,頸椎前路術(shù)后吞咽困難的發(fā)生率不是固定的,術(shù)后一周吞咽困難的發(fā)生率在1.7%~70%[5]。Smith-Hammond等[6]進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究,研究結(jié)果顯示平均術(shù)后2 d中45%出現(xiàn)吞咽困難。行頸椎前路椎間盤切除減壓植骨融合術(shù)(ACDF)患者術(shù)后1周內(nèi)吞咽困難發(fā)生率平均為33.1%,術(shù)后1、6、12、24個(gè)月發(fā)生率依次為53.2%、19.8%、16.8%、12.9%[7]。Scholz等[8]研究指出大多數(shù)患者吞咽困難在術(shù)后3個(gè)月時(shí)癥狀緩解,慢性吞咽困難發(fā)生率為3%~21%。Riley等[9]對454例患者回顧性隨訪研究,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后3、6、24個(gè)月吞咽困難發(fā)生率分別為29.8%、6.9%和6.6%。Lee等[10]對310例行頸椎前路手術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行前瞻性研究,術(shù)后1、6、24個(gè)月吞咽困難發(fā)生率分別為54%、18.6%、13.6%。

有研究[11]指出ACDF術(shù)后吞咽困難的真實(shí)發(fā)生率是不確定的。吞咽困難在頸椎前路術(shù)后發(fā)生率的不確定,是吞咽困難的定義不清晰以及評估方法存在較大差異所導(dǎo)致的。Edwards等[12]指出許多頸椎前路術(shù)后吞咽困難的癥狀并未在病歷資料中記載。許多研究指出患者報(bào)告的方式被認(rèn)為是一種更為可靠、可信的方法[7]。

目前常用的評分系統(tǒng)有Bazaz評分系統(tǒng)[13]、改良Bazaz吞咽困難評分[14]、世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)吞咽困難評[15]、DDI評分(Dysphagia Disability Index)[16]頸椎術(shù)后吞咽困難自我問卷調(diào)查[9]、椎前軟組織腫脹指數(shù)[17]、改良JOA評分[18]、吞咽困難數(shù)字評定量表[19]、頸椎側(cè)位X線檢查[20]等。

Bazaz評分系統(tǒng)(患者臨床癥狀自我評估)是目前應(yīng)用最廣的一種方法[13]。Bazaz評分系統(tǒng)將吞咽困難分為4級:無、輕、中、重。輕表示進(jìn)食固體食物時(shí)偶有困難;中表示進(jìn)食某些固體食物時(shí)常有吞咽困難,而進(jìn)食流食時(shí)偶有吞咽困難;重表示進(jìn)食大多數(shù)固體食物常有吞咽困難,而進(jìn)食流食時(shí)偶有吞咽困難。Bazaz評分應(yīng)用較多,但是該評分未進(jìn)行有效性和可靠性的驗(yàn)證。

改良Bazaz吞咽困難評分系統(tǒng)主要是在感覺方面更具體,如輕表示有異物感或者疼痛感,中表示對固體食物吞咽困難;而重則表示對液體食物的不能吞咽,甚至出現(xiàn)誤吸或者嗆咳。

DDI評分從生理、功能,情感3個(gè)方面對患者的心理負(fù)擔(dān)、進(jìn)食時(shí)間、食欲、發(fā)生頻率等多個(gè)方面進(jìn)行評估,略為復(fù)雜。

2 發(fā)病原因

目前頸椎前路術(shù)后吞咽困難的具體機(jī)制不明確,可能存在的危險(xiǎn)因素包括如下:年齡、性別、全麻插管、術(shù)中軟組織牽拉、手術(shù)時(shí)間、手術(shù)節(jié)段數(shù)量、手術(shù)翻修、材料選擇、嚴(yán)重頸部疼痛、鋼板厚度、吸煙等。有研究指出頸椎生理及解剖結(jié)構(gòu)伴隨著年齡增加而發(fā)生改變[20],且易出現(xiàn)吞咽困難[21]。Smith-Hammond等[6]研究指出60歲以上的患者吞咽困難概率大于60歲以下患者。Kalb等[16]對249例頸椎前路患者進(jìn)行術(shù)后隨訪,出現(xiàn)和未出現(xiàn)吞咽困難的平均年齡是55歲和50歲,前者年齡大于后者。盡管如此,許多研究者認(rèn)為年齡與吞咽困難無關(guān)[22-23]。頸椎術(shù)后吞咽困難發(fā)生率存在性別差異。Bazaz等[13]報(bào)道,在術(shù)后第6個(gè)月隨訪中,女性明顯高于男性(P = 0.023)。Lee等[10]對頸椎前路患者術(shù)后第6、12、24個(gè)月隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn),女性吞咽困難的發(fā)生率是男性的兩倍。Papavero等[14]研究表明ACDF術(shù)后患者49.3%抱怨吞咽障礙,其中女性占67.4%、男性占36.2%,但是研究認(rèn)為術(shù)后吞咽困難與性別之間的聯(lián)系無法解釋。最新的一項(xiàng)研究[24]中表明,年齡(>50歲和<50歲)與術(shù)后吞咽困難的發(fā)生無關(guān)聯(lián)。Rihn等[23]進(jìn)行前瞻性研究,認(rèn)為研究組和對照組術(shù)后發(fā)生率存在的差異性的原因在于頸椎手術(shù)本身,而不是潛在因素如全麻氣管插管。Smith-Hammond等[6]對頸椎前路、后路、腰椎后路三種手術(shù)方式進(jìn)行對比,研究結(jié)果指出吞咽困難與全麻氣管插管無相關(guān)聯(lián)。目前大多數(shù)學(xué)者比較贊成的觀點(diǎn)是:手術(shù)時(shí)間與術(shù)后吞咽困難的發(fā)生概率正相關(guān)[25]。Rihn等[23]的一項(xiàng)前瞻性研究結(jié)果表明術(shù)后12周吞咽困難的嚴(yán)重程度與手術(shù)時(shí)間存在有關(guān)(P = 0.04)。Mendonza-Lattes等[26]對術(shù)中牽拉所致的食管內(nèi)壓力、食管黏膜血流量與術(shù)后吞咽困難之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行探索,研究表明術(shù)后吞咽困難患者術(shù)中牽拉過程中食管內(nèi)壓較高且食管黏膜內(nèi)血流量較少。Carucci等[27]研究結(jié)果顯示,91%患者在ACDF術(shù)后出現(xiàn)軟組織腫脹,而軟組織腫脹消退可以改善術(shù)后早期短暫性的吞咽障礙癥狀。此外,多節(jié)段減壓融合手術(shù)是臨床上經(jīng)常被提到的導(dǎo)致術(shù)后吞咽困難的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素。Riley等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)2或3節(jié)段的手術(shù)患者術(shù)后吞咽困難發(fā)生率高于單節(jié)段患者。許多研究者認(rèn)為,頸椎節(jié)段位置并不影響術(shù)后吞咽困難的發(fā)生率[6]。術(shù)后早期吞咽困難與水腫有關(guān),但晚期的吞咽困難與瘢痕形成有關(guān),瘢痕的形成與手術(shù)翻修密切相關(guān)[10]。Olsson等[28]實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示翻修患者術(shù)后吞咽困難發(fā)生率為71%遠(yuǎn)高于初次手術(shù)患者的23%。除此之外,骨形態(tài)形成蛋白(BMPs)已經(jīng)被證實(shí)增加了頸椎術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。

3 預(yù)防

文獻(xiàn)中對于頸椎前路術(shù)后吞咽困難的預(yù)防描述不多,也沒有統(tǒng)一的方案。主要是在危險(xiǎn)因素,藥物的使用,飲食的調(diào)整等方面。如手術(shù)前的氣管推移訓(xùn)練[29],手術(shù)中對于食管牽拉幅度和時(shí)間[30],低切跡鋼板的使用[10],使用類固醇激素,避免使用BMP[31],降低氣管插管囊內(nèi)壓在20 mmHg以下[30]等?,F(xiàn)今比較統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識的是頸椎前路減壓術(shù)后吞咽困難的發(fā)生,與手術(shù)中對食管牽拉的幅度和時(shí)間有關(guān),呈正相關(guān)[32]。

4 治療

吞咽困難的治療,初步為非藥物治療,其目標(biāo)是改變飲食習(xí)慣,防止誤吸。具體包括:①飲食類型,大小,形狀的改變;②吞咽控制;③改變體位;④訓(xùn)練咽喉肌群的協(xié)調(diào)性。而對于無法正常吞咽的患者,適當(dāng)?shù)钠交U(kuò)張藥物的使用可緩解癥狀[22]。持續(xù)存在的誤吸,則需要通過鼻飼管予以腸內(nèi)營養(yǎng)[25]。

5 展望

綜上所述,頸椎前路術(shù)后吞咽困難是由多種因素造成的一種術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,具體發(fā)生機(jī)制仍不清楚.而目前的研究得出可能的相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素有高齡、女性、多節(jié)段手術(shù)、手術(shù)時(shí)間的延長、BMP或rhBMP-2的使用。未來還需更多大樣本、多中心、前瞻性的隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)行進(jìn)一步研究,在控制潛在混雜因素的同時(shí),明確吞咽困難相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素,并提出有效的預(yù)防措施和治療方案。

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(收稿日期:2016-12-26 本文編輯:蘇 暢)

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