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結(jié)直腸病死率和并發(fā)癥率的生理學(xué)及手術(shù)嚴(yán)重性評(píng)分在結(jié)直腸癌診療中的研究進(jìn)展*

2017-06-05 15:20楊奕夫綜述審校
關(guān)鍵詞:病死率直腸外科

楊奕夫 綜述 王 華 審校

(昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院胃腸外科,昆明 650101)

·文獻(xiàn)綜述·

結(jié)直腸病死率和并發(fā)癥率的生理學(xué)及手術(shù)嚴(yán)重性評(píng)分在結(jié)直腸癌診療中的研究進(jìn)展*

楊奕夫 綜述 王 華**審校

(昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院胃腸外科,昆明 650101)

隨著世界各國(guó)步入老齡化社會(huì),越來(lái)越多的老齡患者因結(jié)直腸惡性腫瘤而需要外科治療,如何評(píng)價(jià)患者的身體條件及預(yù)測(cè)手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),一直是外科醫(yī)生重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的問題。英國(guó)Copeland等[1]1991年建立病死率和并發(fā)癥率的生理學(xué)及手術(shù)嚴(yán)重性評(píng)分(physiological and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity,簡(jiǎn)稱POSSUM),預(yù)測(cè)術(shù)后病死率和并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。1996年Whiteley等[2]對(duì)Portsmouth地區(qū)患者資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)POSSUM評(píng)分過高估計(jì)了術(shù)后病死率,并采用原POSSUM評(píng)分參數(shù)及各參數(shù)所占分值,調(diào)整其回歸方程,于1998年得出P-POSSUM。2003年Tekkis等[3]指出P-POSSUM高估了結(jié)直腸手術(shù)年輕組患者的病死率,低估了高齡組和急診手術(shù)組患者的病死率,因此,從POSSUM中12 個(gè)生理評(píng)分指標(biāo)中提取6 個(gè),影響重要性依次為:年齡、尿素濃度、脈率、循環(huán)系統(tǒng)征象、血紅蛋白、收縮壓;從6個(gè)手術(shù)嚴(yán)重程度指標(biāo)中提取出4 個(gè):手術(shù)種類、腹腔感染程度、手術(shù)急緩、腫瘤惡性程度,正式建立針對(duì)結(jié)直腸外科的POSSUM評(píng)分:colorectal-physiological and operative severity score for the enumeration of mortality and morbidity,即Cr-POSSUM[4]。 本文對(duì)結(jié)直腸外科的專科評(píng)分Cr-POSSUM在結(jié)直腸癌圍手術(shù)期中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)總結(jié)。

1 Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌患者術(shù)后30 d病死率的預(yù)測(cè)

Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分針對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌患者術(shù)后30 d病死率進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè),預(yù)測(cè)值與實(shí)際值的一致性與其預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值成正相關(guān)。自2004 年Tekkis建立后,Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)病死率的準(zhǔn)確性得到世界范圍內(nèi)多個(gè)國(guó)家地區(qū)的廣泛驗(yàn)證[5~16],見表1。

盡管存在報(bào)道爭(zhēng)議,Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌術(shù)后30 d病死率的預(yù)測(cè)能力得到臨床工作者們的充分肯定。多篇報(bào)道采用受試者工作特征曲線(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)下面積(area under curve,AUC)[17]來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)各評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)能力的好壞。如表1所示,在與其他評(píng)分系統(tǒng)的對(duì)比中,Cr-POSSUM的AUC在0.59~0.91,證明Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分具有較好的預(yù)測(cè)能力[5,6,10,12,13,15,16]。甚至對(duì)于急診手術(shù)的高危病人,Stonelake等[16]認(rèn)為其預(yù)測(cè)能力也同樣優(yōu)秀:86例急診手術(shù)患者死亡率為10.5%,Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)病死率為10.5%,預(yù)測(cè)(expected)和實(shí)際(observed)病死率的比值(E∶O)為1。

然而在高齡患者(年齡≥80 歲)的研究中,Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分的預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確性存在明顯矛盾,預(yù)測(cè)病死率明顯偏高[8]或偏低[15],主要原因考慮為死亡是多因素所致。Tan等[8]的樣本來(lái)自日本,雖然其平均年齡相較葡萄牙的Gomes等[15]差異不大,但其醫(yī)療條件占有優(yōu)勢(shì),導(dǎo)致實(shí)際病死率相差巨大(1.6% vs.18.1%)。這或許可以解釋Cr-POSSUM在預(yù)測(cè)病死率時(shí)出現(xiàn)截然不同的偏差。種族、社會(huì)環(huán)境、醫(yī)療水平和手術(shù)醫(yī)師團(tuán)隊(duì)的不同,都可能影響病死率[18]。張春等[13]認(rèn)為醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)的不同和醫(yī)師的差異等,經(jīng)過修正和調(diào)整后,才能對(duì)患者數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行精確的比較。

表1 Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分與其他評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)能力的對(duì)比

▲擇期手術(shù),△急診手術(shù),“-”文中未提及

Cr-POSSUM:結(jié)直腸病死率和并發(fā)癥率的生理學(xué)及手術(shù)嚴(yán)重性評(píng)分;P-POSSUM:樸茨茅斯病死率和并發(fā)癥率生理學(xué)及手術(shù)嚴(yán)重性評(píng)分;POSSUM:病死率和并發(fā)癥率生理學(xué)及手術(shù)嚴(yán)重性評(píng)分;ACPGBI CCM:英國(guó)結(jié)直腸協(xié)會(huì)結(jié)直腸癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型;AUC:受試者工作特征曲線下面積

2 Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分對(duì)結(jié)直腸癌患者圍手術(shù)期的評(píng)估

Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分作為可量化的評(píng)估指標(biāo),用于對(duì)比不同治療方案或評(píng)價(jià)治療結(jié)果。Cennamo等[19]將患者分為急診手術(shù)組和支架(self-expanding metal stent,SEMS)置入組,并用Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分來(lái)比較其差異。入院時(shí)2組生理學(xué)評(píng)分(physiologic score,PS)無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(11.9分 vs. 11.2分,P>0.05),SEMS 置入術(shù)后,PS顯著降低(11.2分 vs.10.1分,P=0.01),具體表現(xiàn)在心率(86.8分/min vs.73.9分/min,P=0.001)和血清尿素含量(16.2 mmol/L vs. 9.4 mmol/L,P=0.001)。2組手術(shù)嚴(yán)重程度評(píng)分(operative severity score,OS)同樣具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(9.6分vs. 7.5分,P=0.001)。SEMS置入組患者全部行擇期手術(shù),且腹腔污染程度較急診手術(shù)組輕(P=0.01),最終結(jié)果顯示急診手術(shù)組術(shù)后30 d病死率為9.8%,Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)值為15.1%;SEMS置入組為2.4%,Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)值為4.9%(P<0.05),所以Cennamo等的結(jié)論是Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分是良好的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估工具。德國(guó)Renz等[20]認(rèn)為Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分能夠預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)直腸手術(shù)后患者加速康復(fù)失敗或成功(他將加速康復(fù)外科的失敗定義為住院時(shí)間>7 d),55 例結(jié)直腸手術(shù)中,40例加速康復(fù)失敗,僅15例住院≤7 d。Renz等使用Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分評(píng)估加速康復(fù)失敗組和成功組,不論是PS(8.7分vs.7.3分,P=0.007)還是OS(6.9分vs.6.0分,P=0.003),2組差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。在進(jìn)一步多變量邏輯回歸分析中,Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分表現(xiàn)為預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)直腸手術(shù)患者加速康復(fù)失敗的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。除此之外,Lim等[21]利用Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)腹腔鏡腸造瘺還納術(shù)后病死率。West等[22]利用Cr-POSSUM 來(lái)評(píng)估應(yīng)用術(shù)前新輔助化療病人的身體狀態(tài)。Sammour等[23]將Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分作為一種比較參數(shù)應(yīng)用于擇期結(jié)腸手術(shù)腹腔鏡組和開腹組的對(duì)比中。陳圖鋒等[12]認(rèn)為Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)死亡率的最佳臨界值為5%。臨床工作者對(duì)術(shù)前預(yù)測(cè)死亡率高于最佳臨界值的患者,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)臨床干預(yù),調(diào)整手術(shù)方式,以期減少手術(shù)并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,降低術(shù)后死亡率。

3 Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分在臨床實(shí)踐中的改進(jìn)

自從1932年Dukes提出結(jié)直腸癌分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)后,各國(guó)學(xué)者在臨床實(shí)踐中把Dukes方法多次改良。但臨床工作者逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)Dukes分期在評(píng)價(jià)原發(fā)病灶范圍,正確選定治療方案和預(yù)測(cè)根治性手術(shù)后生存率中存在一定缺陷。于是1997年美國(guó)癌癥聯(lián)合會(huì)(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)和國(guó)際抗癌聯(lián)盟 (Union For International Cancer Control,UICC) 提出結(jié)直腸癌新的TNM分期系統(tǒng),其較Dukes分期更準(zhǔn)確詳細(xì)反映臨床和病理情況,并強(qiáng)調(diào)腫瘤局部浸潤(rùn)深度、淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的數(shù)量和部位以及是否有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。目前,在臨床工作中,對(duì)直腸癌的全系膜切除(total mesorectal resection,TME)和結(jié)腸癌的完整結(jié)腸系膜切除(complete mesocolic excision,CME)已達(dá)成了廣泛共識(shí)[24,25]。吳雄志等[26]研究顯示區(qū)域淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移是影響結(jié)直腸癌患者預(yù)后的主要因素。此外,荷蘭van der Sluis等[27]提到Dukes分期將不再被推薦用于臨床實(shí)踐,取而代之的是TNM分期,見表2[28]。香港Cheung等[29]和土耳其Cengiz等[14]使用TNM分期來(lái)分類患者,但如何將TNM分期中Ⅳ期患者對(duì)應(yīng)到Dukes分期中應(yīng)用于臨床,2篇文獻(xiàn)均未明確提及。

表2 TNM分期與Dukes分期的對(duì)應(yīng)

此外,北京大學(xué)第三醫(yī)院普通外科[30]對(duì)1992~2005 年903 例結(jié)直腸進(jìn)行回顧性研究,結(jié)果顯示使用Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)病死率高于實(shí)際病死率(4.8% vs.1.1%),因此,他們使用logistic回歸重新確定系數(shù),將原有的方程調(diào)整為:病死率R:loge[R/(1-R)]=-14.093+(0.546×PS)+(0.408×OS)。利用改良的Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分預(yù)測(cè)病死率為1.52%,各類手術(shù)中比較的AUC值為0.813~0.992,顯示方程改進(jìn)后的預(yù)測(cè)能力較改進(jìn)前明顯增強(qiáng)。目前,雖無(wú)其他文獻(xiàn)對(duì)其進(jìn)行論證,但他們這種通過修改評(píng)分常數(shù)和權(quán)重的方法為進(jìn)一步研究提供了一種新的思路。

4 小結(jié)

Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分的應(yīng)用是對(duì)多項(xiàng)生理學(xué)指標(biāo)和術(shù)中參數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算,或驗(yàn)證其預(yù)測(cè)病死率的準(zhǔn)確性,或根據(jù)計(jì)算結(jié)果對(duì)治療策略及療效進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。相信隨著更多的研究和改進(jìn),臨床可根據(jù)Cr-POSSUM評(píng)分得出患者圍手術(shù)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高低的臨界值,按照最優(yōu)原則為患者選擇合適的治療方案,同時(shí)根據(jù)評(píng)分結(jié)果,評(píng)價(jià)科室、醫(yī)院乃至地區(qū)的醫(yī)療質(zhì)量,甚至作為可以量化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo),將其加入患者術(shù)前知情同意書,改善醫(yī)患關(guān)系。單孔腹腔鏡直腸癌切除術(shù)(single-incision laparosopic rectal resection,SILR)、經(jīng)肛門直腸癌全系膜切除術(shù)(transanal total mesorectal excision,TATME)、經(jīng)肛門括約肌間切除術(shù)(intersphincteric resection, ISR)[31,32]等新技術(shù)新概念新術(shù)式的興起,又將對(duì)Cr-POSSUM的研究提供新的挑戰(zhàn),使之不斷調(diào)整,以適應(yīng)醫(yī)學(xué)的不斷發(fā)展。

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20 Renz BW, Kasparek MS, Seeliger H, et al. The Cr-POSSUM risk calculator predicts failure of enhanced recovery after colorectal surgery. Acta Chir Belg,2015,115(1):20-26.

21 Lim M, El-Haddad M, Bonam K, et al. Laparoscopic restoration of intestinal continuity (the lapricon procedure): a safe and feasible technique for restoration of transanal defecation. Surg Endosc,2012,26(7):1946-1951.

22 West MA, Loughney L, Lythgoe D, et al. Effect of prehabilitation on objectively measured physical fitness after neoadjuvant treatment in preoperative rectal cancer patients: a blinded interventional pilot study. Br J Anaesth,2015,114(2):244-251.

23 Sammour T, Kahokehr A, Zargar-Shoshtari K, et al. A prospective case-control study of the local and systemic cytokine response after laparoscopic versus open colonic surgery. J Surg Res,2012,173(2):278-285.

24 李敏哲,沈 薦,杜燕夫,等.完整結(jié)腸系膜切除在腹腔鏡右半結(jié)腸癌根治術(shù)中的應(yīng)用.中國(guó)微創(chuàng)外科雜志,2016,16(8):698-701.

25 曹 廣,梁杰雄,王曉東.腹腔鏡與開腹直腸癌根治術(shù)的療效比較.中國(guó)微創(chuàng)外科雜志,2016,16(7):581-585.

26 吳雄志,牛玉春,馬 峰.125例結(jié)直腸癌患者預(yù)后因素分析.山東醫(yī)藥,2011,51(31):84-85.

27 van der Sluis FJ, Espin E, Vallribera F, et al. Predicting postoperative mortality after colorectal surgery: a novel clinical model. Colorectal Dis,2014,16(8):631-639.

28 AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York:Springer-Verlag,2010.14-2.

29 Cheung H, Poon JT, Law WL. The impact of POSSUM score on the long-term outcome of patients with rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis,2013,15(9):1171-1176.

30 任立煥,傅 衛(wèi),王 棟,等.結(jié)直腸癌患者住院期間病死率新評(píng)分系統(tǒng)的建立和評(píng)價(jià).中華胃腸外科雜志,2008,11(3):213-218.

31 曾煥虹,付 衛(wèi).國(guó)外腹腔鏡手術(shù)治療直腸癌的現(xiàn)狀及研究進(jìn)展.中國(guó)微創(chuàng)外科雜志,2016,16(7):650-655.

32 黃慶錄,李鴻飛.腹腔鏡低位直腸癌保肛手術(shù)的研究進(jìn)展.中國(guó)微創(chuàng)外科雜志,2015,15(1):80-82.

(修回日期:2016-12-03)

(責(zé)任編輯:李賀瓊)

昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)2016 年研究生創(chuàng)新基金(項(xiàng)目編號(hào):2016S100)

A

1009-6604(2017)05-0458-04

10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2017.05.019

2016-09-21)

** 通訊作者:E-mail:TQWWH@126.com

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