周超文,胡建安
(中南大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院勞動(dòng)衛(wèi)生與環(huán)境衛(wèi)生學(xué)系,湖南長沙 410078)
·前沿論壇·
苯并(a)芘致癌的表觀遺傳學(xué)作用機(jī)制研究進(jìn)展
周超文,胡建安
(中南大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院勞動(dòng)衛(wèi)生與環(huán)境衛(wèi)生學(xué)系,湖南長沙 410078)
胡建安,博士,中南大學(xué)湘雅公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院二級教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。長期從事職業(yè)衛(wèi)生與職業(yè)醫(yī)學(xué)及毒理學(xué)教學(xué)和科研工作。1996-1999年在美國南佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)從事毒理學(xué)研究工作。主持國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目4項(xiàng)及教育部博士點(diǎn)基金等省部級項(xiàng)目13項(xiàng)。以第一或通訊作者發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)論文100余篇。參編國家規(guī)劃教材《職業(yè)衛(wèi)生與職業(yè)醫(yī)學(xué)》和研究生教材《分子毒理學(xué)》等8本。培養(yǎng)博士和碩士研究生51名。任中國毒理學(xué)會(huì)理事和湖南省勞動(dòng)衛(wèi)生學(xué)會(huì)副主任委員等職。
近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn),環(huán)境致癌物苯并(a)芘的致癌機(jī)制除遺傳毒性外,可引起全基因組甲基化減低、抑癌基因甲基化升高及原癌基因甲基化降低,亦可引起微RNA表達(dá)升高或降低、長鏈非編碼RNA表達(dá)升高、組蛋白磷酸化水平升高、組蛋白甲基化和乙酰化失衡等表觀遺傳學(xué)變化。這些改變既可引起基因表達(dá)異常、染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常和不穩(wěn)定性增加直接致癌,又可以引起相應(yīng)的遺傳毒性改變,如基因突變、基因損傷修復(fù)異常、細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞周期阻滯等協(xié)同致癌,被認(rèn)為是苯并(a)芘致癌可能的表觀遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制。上述研究為進(jìn)一步揭示苯并(a)芘引起的環(huán)境相關(guān)性疾病和職業(yè)病的發(fā)生機(jī)制及防治策略提供了科學(xué)依據(jù)。
苯并(a)芘;表觀遺傳學(xué);DNA甲基化;微RNA;長鏈非編碼RNA;組蛋白修飾
苯并(a)芘〔benzo[a]pyrene,B(a)P〕是最常見的多環(huán)芳烴類環(huán)境化學(xué)污染物,主要來源于煤和石油等燃料燃燒的煙氣、煙草燃燒的煙霧、油炸食品以及汽車尾氣中。B(a)P的職業(yè)暴露主要發(fā)生在焦炭的生產(chǎn)、煤的氣化和液化、瀝青的鋪陳、鋁的生產(chǎn)和煙囪清掃等過程中。國際癌癥研究機(jī)構(gòu)2012年已經(jīng)將B(a)P歸為第一類致癌物,即對人類致癌,可引起肺癌、肝癌、胃癌和皮膚癌等多種癌癥。B(a)P本身并不具有致癌性,只有在機(jī)體內(nèi)經(jīng)過氧化代謝活化生成7,8-二羥基-9,10-環(huán)氧B(a)P〔7,8-dihydroxybenzo[a]pyrene-9,10-oxide,BPDE〕才能致癌[1]?;钚源x物BPDE可以與DNA上的鳥嘌呤形成BPDE-DNA加合物,通過引起氧化應(yīng)激、基因突變和染色體畸變等遺傳改變來發(fā)揮其致癌作用。
然而,最近越來越多的證據(jù)表明,表觀遺傳學(xué)調(diào)控在B(a)P的致癌過程中也具有非常關(guān)鍵的作用,B(a)P致癌的表觀遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)前毒理學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)。表觀遺傳學(xué)是在基因的核苷酸序列不發(fā)生改變的情況下,基因表達(dá)發(fā)生的可遺傳的變化,包括DNA甲基化、非編碼RNA、組蛋白修飾、核小體的定位與表達(dá)等多種改變{2]。本文主要對B(a)P所致幾個(gè)方面的表觀遺傳學(xué)改變進(jìn)行總結(jié),為闡明其致癌的表觀遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制提供依據(jù)。
DNA甲基化是在DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶的催化下,甲基從供體S-腺苷甲硫氨酸甲基添加到DNA胞嘧啶殘基上的過程。DNA甲基化主要發(fā)生在基因的CpG雙核苷酸位點(diǎn),能夠抑制基因的表達(dá)。B(a)P對DNA甲基化的作用包括對全基因甲基化的作用以及對特定基因甲基化的作用。
1.1 苯并(a)芘與全基因甲基化
用B(a)P<40 μmol·L-1處理人支氣管上皮細(xì)胞,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著濃度的增高,DNA甲基化程度呈先略增高后降低的趨勢,并且能被DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶抑制劑5-氮雜脫氧胞苷所抑制[3-5]。對小鼠[6]和石斑魚幼體[7-8]的研究也顯示,隨著B(a)P染毒濃度的增加,全基因組甲基化的水平逐漸減低。多個(gè)人群試驗(yàn)表明,接觸高濃度B(a)P的人群全基因組甲基化程度低于接觸低濃度B(a)P的人群[9-10]。相反,B(a)P處理后的小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞全基因組DNA甲基化有明顯的增高[11]。
上述多數(shù)研究表明,B(a)P染毒能降低全基因組甲基化程度,其原因是為B(a)P引起DNA加合物生成增多,從而抑制DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶的活性,而細(xì)胞癌變的重要特征之一也是全基因組DNA甲基化程度降低,可以使染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常、不穩(wěn)定性增加,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)染色體基因表達(dá)異常。少數(shù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),B(a)P染毒后全基因組甲基化程度不變甚至增加,有可能是B(a)P染毒濃度過低時(shí)出現(xiàn)“毒物興奮效應(yīng)”導(dǎo)致的,也可能因?qū)嶒?yàn)設(shè)計(jì)或測定方法不同引起。
1.2 苯并(a)芘與特定基因甲基化改變
特定基因甲基化的改變對癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展有兩方面的作用,即對抑癌基因,高甲基化狀態(tài)會(huì)抑制其表達(dá),促進(jìn)腫瘤事件的發(fā)生;對原癌基因,低甲基化狀態(tài)會(huì)解除對其的抑制,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤事件的發(fā)生。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),B(a)P染毒細(xì)胞后,能夠誘導(dǎo)多種抑癌基因〔成對盒5β基因(PAX5β)、胰島素樣生長因子結(jié)合蛋白3基因(IGFBP3)、上皮性鈣黏附蛋白基因、視黃酸受體β2基因(RAR-β2)和p53基因〕轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧谆癄顟B(tài);多種原癌基因(K-ras和逆轉(zhuǎn)座子LINE1基因)啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域呈現(xiàn)低甲基化狀態(tài),并且基因突變的頻率也隨之增高[12-16]。Tao等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),B(a)P可以使雌性小鼠的原癌基因胰島素樣生長因子2基因(IGF-2)和c-myc的甲基化程度明顯降低,且表達(dá)明顯升高。Corrales等[8]卻發(fā)現(xiàn),石斑魚受精卵染毒后2個(gè)癌基因h-ras和msh3及2個(gè)抑癌基因apc和brca1的甲基化程度明顯增高;另外,2個(gè)抑癌基因p53和dazl的甲基化程度明顯降低。蔣成蘭等[18]通過分析云南宣威14例長期接觸B(a)P的肺癌患者癌組織及癌旁組織的DNA甲基化譜發(fā)現(xiàn),肺癌組織中有23 368個(gè)DNA甲基化位點(diǎn)顯著升高。張開力等[19]在接觸B(a)P胃癌患者的胃癌組織中,發(fā)現(xiàn)抑癌基因P16甲基化水平升高,并且隨著胃癌的進(jìn)展,甲基化基因種類明顯增多,甲基化程度也逐漸增強(qiáng)。這一規(guī)律也發(fā)現(xiàn)于接觸B(a)P的肝癌患者血細(xì)胞GSTP基因(抑癌基因)、食管癌患者RAR-β2基因(抑癌基因)、非小細(xì)胞肺癌患者抑癌基因(P16和DAPK)和焦?fàn)t工人外周血單核細(xì)胞抑癌基因(P14,P15和P16)中[20-24]。接觸B(a)P的焦?fàn)t工人血液細(xì)胞中P53基因(抑癌基因)、消防員血液細(xì)胞中DUSP22基因(原癌基因)和肺癌患者肺組織中PP2A基因(抑癌基因)的甲基化水平低于正常對照組[10,25-26]。
對于特定基因的DNA甲基化,上述研究也大部分呈現(xiàn)出與B(a)P致癌相一致的改變,即抑癌基因甲基化程度升高,原癌基因甲基化程度降低,同時(shí)還伴隨著DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶相應(yīng)的升高或降低。但是也有相當(dāng)部分研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了與之相反的結(jié)果。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),DNA甲基化改變方向與DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶改變方向不一致,這些都值得進(jìn)行更深入的研究。
1.3 苯并(a)芘與DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶的改變
DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶是催化DNA發(fā)生甲基化的酶類,包括維持性甲基化酶(DNMT1)、與DNA特定位點(diǎn)結(jié)合的甲基化酶(DNMT2)和從頭甲基化酶(DNMT3a和DNMT3b)。研究表明,經(jīng)B(a)P惡性轉(zhuǎn)化的小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞和HBE細(xì)胞,DNMT1和DNMT3b的mRNA和蛋白表達(dá)均明顯增高,各種DNA甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶的活性都有明顯的增強(qiáng)[3,12,27-28]。而有研究卻發(fā)現(xiàn),B(a)P染毒的小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞和HeLa細(xì)胞中DNMT1和DNMT3a蛋白的表達(dá)顯著降低[11,16]。還有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),B(a)P終致癌物雖然不能顯著的改變食管癌細(xì)胞中DNMT3a的表達(dá)水平,卻能誘導(dǎo)DNMT3a朝向目標(biāo)基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域聚集,同時(shí)顯著降低DNMT3b的表達(dá)水平[22]。Tommasi等[29]發(fā)現(xiàn),B(a)P染毒的雄性小鼠DNMT3a和DNMT3b表達(dá)均下降。相反,Tian等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn),B(a)P暴露能夠誘導(dǎo)肝癌患者體內(nèi)DNMT1,DNMT3a和DNMT3b的表達(dá)。Leng等[30]發(fā)現(xiàn),在吸煙人群中DNMT1和DNMT3a突變序列顯著增加。
非編碼RNA是指在基因轉(zhuǎn)錄過程中出現(xiàn)的不編碼蛋白質(zhì)的RNA。其中與表觀遺傳學(xué)有關(guān)的主要有小干擾RNA(small interference RNA,siRNA)、微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)以及長鏈非編碼RNA(long noncoding RNA,lncRNA)。目前,非編碼RNA主要的研究方法是先用生物芯片技術(shù)進(jìn)行篩選,再用RNA印跡法和實(shí)時(shí)熒光PCR等方法進(jìn)行定量驗(yàn)證。
2.1 苯并(a)芘與微RNA
miRNA是指一系列內(nèi)源性小分子單鏈RNA,長約21~23個(gè)核苷酸。miRNA的功能是通過降解mRNA或者抑制mRNA翻譯進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控:當(dāng)miRNA與靶基因mRNA非編碼區(qū)(3′-UTR)完全互補(bǔ)配對時(shí),靶基因mRNA出現(xiàn)降解;當(dāng)miRNA與靶基因mRNA非編碼區(qū)不完全互補(bǔ)配對時(shí),靶基因mRNA的翻譯受到抑制[31]。一些研究通過生物芯片對B(a)P染毒細(xì)胞的miRNA進(jìn)行篩選,選出數(shù)十種表達(dá)量有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異的miRNA[32-36];另有研究針對這些篩選出來的miRNA進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,結(jié)果與生物芯片篩選結(jié)果基本一致[37-42]。還有研究進(jìn)一步分析了miRNA的改變所引起的基因表達(dá)或者翻譯的改變,甚至對于細(xì)胞損傷、細(xì)胞增殖和凋亡以及細(xì)胞周期的影響[43-49]。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),B(a)P染毒野生型秀麗線蟲后2種miRNA表達(dá)降低,6種miRNA表達(dá)增加[50]。Halappanavar等[51]用B(a)P染毒雄性小鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)肺組織中有7種miRNA表達(dá)增加,6種miRNA表達(dá)降低,這些miRNA的功能主要是調(diào)控血管生成、細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞周期等。Deng等[52]通過生物芯片檢測焦?fàn)t工人的血液,發(fā)現(xiàn)有68種miRNA存在5倍以上的表達(dá)下調(diào)。同樣,Chen等[26]對比正常組織發(fā)現(xiàn),接觸B(a)P肺癌患者的肺癌組織中miR-34b的表達(dá)受到了明顯抑制。Maccani等[53]也發(fā)現(xiàn),吸煙孕婦的胎盤中miR-16,miR-21和miR-146a的表達(dá)明顯降低。
上述研究中,無論是細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)、動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)還是人群試驗(yàn),都發(fā)現(xiàn)有部分的miRNA表達(dá)上調(diào),部分的miRNA表達(dá)下調(diào)。作為一種表觀遺傳學(xué)調(diào)控機(jī)制,對于癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展,miRNA調(diào)控同樣具有兩個(gè)方面:①B(a)P染毒后,表達(dá)上調(diào)的miRNA能夠下調(diào)抑制癌癥發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)基因的表達(dá);②表達(dá)下調(diào)的miRNA能夠解除對促進(jìn)癌癥發(fā)生發(fā)展相關(guān)基因表達(dá)的抑制。這樣的調(diào)控方式也在上述的部分研究中得到體現(xiàn)。但是,也有部分miRNA表達(dá)改變并不與癌癥相關(guān),可能是由于miRNA的功能具有多樣性,調(diào)控的靶mRNA同樣也具有多樣性。
2.2 苯并(a)芘與長鏈非編碼RNA
lncRNA的長度>200個(gè)核苷酸,其可以通過修飾染色質(zhì)、激活或者抑制DNA轉(zhuǎn)錄、轉(zhuǎn)錄后調(diào)控mRNA表達(dá)以及作為miRNA的誘導(dǎo)分子來干擾基因的表達(dá),進(jìn)而在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮重要的調(diào)控作用。研究顯示,在B(a)P染毒的HBE細(xì)胞中,發(fā)現(xiàn)7種IncRNA的表達(dá)水平有明顯差異,其中IncRNA AF11808的增加最為顯著,其可以抑制肺癌細(xì)胞生長、遷移和侵襲[54]。同樣,Hu等[55]在HBE細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn),IncRNA-LOC728228的表達(dá)也明顯增加,并且可以通過上調(diào)細(xì)胞周期蛋白D1的表達(dá)來促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖。Gao等[56]在BESAS-2B細(xì)胞中也發(fā)現(xiàn),IncRNA-DQ785227的表達(dá)隨著B(a)P染毒時(shí)間的延長而逐漸增加,其在肺癌細(xì)胞中也有顯著增多。Recio等[57]在B(a)P染毒的雌性小鼠也發(fā)現(xiàn),IncRNA-p21表達(dá)明顯增高。
對于lncRNA,上述所有的研究都顯示出一致的趨勢,即B(a)P染毒后,所研究的lncRNA表達(dá)均增加,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展。但是,可以明顯發(fā)現(xiàn),上述研究中的lncRNA僅有十余種,僅僅是總lncRNA中的極少部分。所以,針對lncRNA,還需要更多更深入的研究。
組蛋白是細(xì)胞內(nèi)染色質(zhì)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白,被不同基團(tuán)修飾的組蛋白可以通過改變基因所處的環(huán)境、染色質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)或凝集狀態(tài)以及作為信號(hào)影響下游蛋白表達(dá)的方式來調(diào)控基因的表達(dá)。組蛋白修飾有多種形式,包括甲基化、乙?;?、磷酸化、泛素化、腺苷酸化、ADP-核糖基化、生物素化和脯氨酸異構(gòu)化等。
3.1 苯并(a)芘與組蛋白甲基化
組蛋白甲基化由組蛋白轉(zhuǎn)移酶和組蛋白去甲基化酶催化,主要發(fā)生在H3和H4的賴氨酸和精氨酸殘基上。Khanal等[58]用B(a)P染毒人乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞后發(fā)現(xiàn),活性組蛋白標(biāo)志物二甲基化H3K4的表達(dá)明顯降低。Lee等[59]在A549細(xì)胞也觀察到類似結(jié)果。Ovensen等[60]也在HepG2細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)三甲基化H3K4的水平明顯降低。相反,Teneng等[16]在HeLa細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn),L1基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域三甲基化H3K4的水平明顯升高。其他研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),B(a)P染毒后三甲基化H3K9和三甲基化H3K27有升高[19]。
3.2 苯并(a)芘與組蛋白磷酸化
組蛋白磷酸化發(fā)生在組蛋白N端氨基酸殘基上,其可以通過磷酸基團(tuán)攜帶的負(fù)電荷與組蛋白上的正電荷結(jié)合降低組蛋白與DNA之間的親和力,以及通過與特異的蛋白質(zhì)復(fù)合物結(jié)合來調(diào)控基因表達(dá)[61]。B(a)P染毒不同種類的細(xì)胞后均顯示,細(xì)胞中磷酸化H2AX的含量隨著B(a)P染毒時(shí)間的延長而逐漸增加[60,62-73],并且這種上調(diào)作用可以被氯化鈷(CoCl2)增強(qiáng)[74],γ-生育酚甲基轉(zhuǎn)移酶所抑制[75]。相反,在B(a)P染毒的人乳腺癌MCF-10A細(xì)胞研究發(fā)現(xiàn),磷酸化H2AX的水平有降低的趨勢[76]。另外,在細(xì)胞B(a)P染毒細(xì)胞過程中,隨時(shí)間的變化觀察到磷酸化H2AX水平先短暫的上調(diào),然后緩慢降低,最后與對照組基本持平[27,77-78]。
3.3 苯并(a)芘與組蛋白乙?;?/p>
組蛋白乙?;且粋€(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的可逆過程,乙?;腿ヒ阴;膭?dòng)態(tài)失衡可以影響染色質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和基因表達(dá),進(jìn)而影響腫瘤的發(fā)生。研究顯示,B(a)P染毒HepG2細(xì)胞后,CYP1a1基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)域乙?;疕3K9,H4K16和H3K14的水平均明顯增加[16,78]。也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在接觸B(a)P的人乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞中,乙?;疕4A的水平降低[58]。
組蛋白修飾的形式多種多樣,修飾的與未修飾的組蛋白之間存在一定的平衡,并且各種修飾形式之間相互影響。所以很難通過一種組蛋白修飾的改變來衡量其對基因表達(dá)的調(diào)控效果。而且大部分的研究集中于上述的3種組蛋白修飾的改變,極少關(guān)注其他類型的組蛋白修飾,對組蛋白修飾缺乏一個(gè)完整的概括。
根據(jù)目前的有關(guān)研究,B(a)P致癌可能的表觀遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制包括以下幾個(gè)方面:①全基因甲基化降低,染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常、不穩(wěn)定增加,進(jìn)而出現(xiàn)染色體基因表達(dá)異常,促進(jìn)癌癥發(fā)生發(fā)展;②癌基因甲基化降低,癌基因激活,抑癌基因甲基化升高,解除抑癌基因的抑癌作用,通過增加基因突變頻率、細(xì)胞周期阻滯、抑制癌細(xì)胞凋亡以及抑制DNA損傷修復(fù)促進(jìn)癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展;③部分miRNA表達(dá)升高,部分miRNA表達(dá)降低,通過細(xì)胞周期阻滯、抑制癌細(xì)胞凋亡以及抑制DNA損傷修復(fù)促進(jìn)癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展;④長鏈非編碼RNA表達(dá)升高,通過促進(jìn)DNA復(fù)制和修飾染色質(zhì)促進(jìn)癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展;⑤組蛋白甲基化失衡和組蛋白乙酰化失衡,通過抑制DNA轉(zhuǎn)錄和生成異染色質(zhì)促進(jìn)癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展;⑥組蛋白磷酸化升高,通過DNA雙鏈斷裂和增加DNA突變頻率促進(jìn)癌癥的發(fā)生發(fā)展。另外,上述各種機(jī)制之間也存在相互之間的關(guān)聯(lián),共同構(gòu)成一個(gè)表觀遺傳學(xué)調(diào)控體系(見圖1)。
圖1 苯并(a)芘致癌的可能表觀遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制.lncRNA:長鏈非編碼RNA;miRNA:微RNA;↑:升高;↓:降低.
綜上所述,B(a)P可以通過表觀遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制引起某些基因的表達(dá)失調(diào),進(jìn)而誘導(dǎo)腫瘤的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)展(見表1)。雖然上述證據(jù)表明,B(a)P可以改變DNA甲基化水平,但是各研究結(jié)果并不完全一致,而且對于特定基因甲基化的改變大多還未見重復(fù)性實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。B(a)P暴露引起非編碼RNA的改變,大部分研究還處于基因芯片篩選的階段,具體的機(jī)制研究較少,而且缺乏一個(gè)譜系性質(zhì)的描述,值得深入研究。B(a)P引起組蛋白修飾的改變,已經(jīng)基本確定了組蛋白改變的區(qū)域、修飾的形式以及改變的方向(上調(diào)或者下調(diào)),但是要確定組蛋白修飾改變以后對基因表達(dá)的影響,還需要更多以及更加深入的相關(guān)研究。而且現(xiàn)有的研究大多數(shù)著眼于DNA甲基化、非編碼RNA和組蛋白修飾,還有其他許多表觀遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制如核小體的定位、染色質(zhì)重塑等并未涉及,因而對表觀遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制缺乏一個(gè)整體的評價(jià)[79]??偠灾珺(a)P的表觀遺傳學(xué)研究已經(jīng)受到足夠的重視,并且獲得了相當(dāng)多有價(jià)值的研究成果,這有助于豐富對B(a)P致癌機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí),對于進(jìn)一步揭示B(a)P引起的環(huán)境相關(guān)性疾病和職業(yè)病的發(fā)生機(jī)制及相關(guān)疾病的防治都具有重要意義。
表1 B(a)P致癌的表觀遺傳學(xué)改變
續(xù)表1
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Research progress in cancer epigenetics mechanisms of benzo(a)pyrene
ZHOU Chao-wen,HU Jian-an
(Department of Occupational and Environmental Health,School of Public Health,Central South University,Changsha 410078,China)
In recent years,researches on cells,animals,and human beings have found that the carcinogenic mechanism of environmental carcinogen benzo(a)pyrene〔B(a)P〕can reduce methyla?tion of the whole genes,increase the tumor suppressor gene methylation and reduce the gene methyla?tion of proto-oncogene,in addition to the genetic toxicity.It can also cause changes in small RNA expression,the increase of long-chain non-coded RNA expression and imbalance in histone phosphor?ylation expressions.These changes can cause abnormalities in gene expression and chromosome structure and instability,directly leading to cancer.These changes can also cause the corresponding changes of genetic toxicity,such as gene mutation,abnormal genetic damage repair,increas of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.All these are considered to be potential epigenetic mechanisms of B(a)P. Existing researches have provided the scientific basis for the mechanism of and prevention counter?measures for environment-related diseases and vocational diseases caused by B(a)P.
benzo(a)pyrene;epigenetics;DNA methylation;microRNA;long ioncocling RNA;histone modification
The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81372966)
HU Jian-an,E-mail:jiananhu@csu.edu.cn,Tel:(0731)84805460,Fax:(0731)84803006
R99
:A
:1000-3002-(2017)05-0375-10
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.05.001
2017-01-13 接受日期:2017-05-10)
(本文編輯:齊春會(huì))
國家自然科學(xué)基金(81372966)
胡建安,E-mail:jiananhu@csu.edu.cn,Tel:(0731)84805460,F(xiàn)ax:(0731)84803006