權(quán)俊杰, 屈建強(qiáng), 周 樂(lè)
(西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科, 陜西 西安 710004)
肝細(xì)胞再生磷酸因子-1在腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中的表達(dá)及對(duì)腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
權(quán)俊杰, 屈建強(qiáng), 周 樂(lè)
(西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院神經(jīng)外科, 陜西 西安 710004)
目的:探討肝細(xì)胞再生磷酸因子-1(PTP4A1)在腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中的表達(dá)及對(duì)腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的影響及機(jī)制。方法:組織蛋白提取試劑盒提取腦膠質(zhì)瘤及瘤旁組織中的總蛋白,Western blot檢測(cè)PTP4A1的蛋白表達(dá);將siRNA-NC、PTP4A1-siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染至對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期的人腦膠質(zhì)瘤U251細(xì)胞,未轉(zhuǎn)染任何siRNA的作為對(duì)照組,各組細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染48h后,Western blot檢測(cè)PTP4A1、Ki67、PCNA、Cleaved caspase3、β-catenin、Cyclin D1、C-myc的蛋白表達(dá);CCK8實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖;流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡。結(jié)果:腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中PTP4A1的蛋白表達(dá)顯著高于瘤旁組織(P<0.01);siRNA-NC組 PTP4A1的蛋白表達(dá)與對(duì)照組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),PTP4A1-siRNA組PTP4A1的蛋白表達(dá)顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01);與對(duì)照組及siRNA-NC組比較,PTP4A1-siRNA組的細(xì)胞存活率及Ki67、PCNA、β-catenin、Cyclin D1、C-myc的蛋白表達(dá)顯著降低,細(xì)胞凋亡率及Cleaved caspase3蛋白表達(dá)顯著升高(P<0.01)。結(jié)論:PTP4A1在腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中高表達(dá),沉默PTP4A1的表達(dá)可通過(guò)下調(diào)Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路抑制人腦膠質(zhì)瘤U251細(xì)胞增殖及誘導(dǎo)其凋亡。
PTP4A1; 腦膠質(zhì)瘤; 凋 亡; Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路
腦膠質(zhì)瘤是常見(jiàn)的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,約占顱內(nèi)腫瘤的45%,具有病死率高、致死率高及治愈率低等特點(diǎn)。近些年隨著醫(yī)療科學(xué)的進(jìn)步,對(duì)腦膠質(zhì)瘤的治療主要采用手術(shù)輔助放化療的方法,但由于治療部位的特殊性及腦膠質(zhì)瘤的增殖性和侵襲性,其治療效果并不理想[1,2]。近些年,隨著基因工程的發(fā)展,從分子生物學(xué)角度研究腦膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)病機(jī)制成為研究熱點(diǎn)。PTP4A1是促肝細(xì)胞再生磷酸酶因子(phosphatase of regenerating liver, PRLs)家族中的一員,在肝臟、小腸絨毛、神經(jīng)細(xì)胞、支氣管肺上皮等均有表達(dá),在多種腫瘤細(xì)胞,如舌鱗癌、黑色素瘤等均有高表達(dá),其表達(dá)影響腫瘤的發(fā)生及發(fā)展[3,4]。RNA干擾(RNA interference,RNAi)是一種能使序列特異性基因在轉(zhuǎn)錄后發(fā)生沉默的現(xiàn)象,是研究基因功能有效的方法,且已有大量研究顯示RNA干擾沉默基因表達(dá)對(duì)胃癌、肺癌等多種腫瘤有抑制生長(zhǎng)及誘導(dǎo)凋亡的作用[5,6],也有研究指出沉默PTP4A1的表達(dá)可抑制舌鱗癌細(xì)胞的增殖、誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡及阻滯細(xì)胞周期[7]。本研究旨在沉默PTP4A1的表達(dá)對(duì)腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞增殖及凋亡的影響及機(jī)制。以期為腦膠質(zhì)瘤的診斷及治療提供理論基礎(chǔ)。
1.1 組織和細(xì)胞:腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織及相應(yīng)的瘤旁組織(距腫瘤1cm以上)石蠟切片取自西安交通大學(xué)第二附屬醫(yī)院2015年2至2016年6月存檔蠟塊,共40例,其中男性24例,女性16例,年齡5~71歲,平均年齡43.2歲,患者術(shù)前均未行放化療及其他免疫性治療。所有樣品采集均經(jīng)過(guò)患者以及家屬的知情同意。人腦膠質(zhì)瘤U251細(xì)胞購(gòu)自中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院。
1.2 主要試劑和儀器:胰酶、胎牛血清、RPMI1640培養(yǎng)基、青鏈霉素均購(gòu)自美國(guó)Gibco公司;siRNA-NC組、PTP4A1-siRNA購(gòu)自上海生工生物工程有限公司;BCA試劑盒、CCK8試劑盒、Annexin V-FITC凋亡試劑盒均購(gòu)自碧云天生物技術(shù)研究所;PTP4A1、Cleaved caspase3、Ki-67、PCNA、β-catenin、Cyclin D1、C-myc單克隆抗體及辣根過(guò)氧化物標(biāo)記的二抗均購(gòu)自美國(guó)abcam公司;CO2細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)箱購(gòu)自德國(guó)Heraeus公司;酶標(biāo)儀購(gòu)自TECAN公司;PAGE凝膠電泳儀、電泳凝膠圖像分析系統(tǒng)均購(gòu)自美國(guó)Bio-Rad公司;流式細(xì)胞儀購(gòu)自美國(guó)Becton Dickinson公司。
1.3 PTP4A1基因在腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織的表達(dá):組織蛋白提取試劑盒提取腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織及相應(yīng)的瘤旁組織中的總蛋白,利用二喹啉甲酸(bicinchoninic acid,BCA)試劑盒檢測(cè)蛋白的質(zhì)量。配置12%分離膠10 mL和5%濃縮膠5mL,按照1:1比例充分混勻蛋白樣品與上樣緩沖液,置于100℃孵育器中變性5min,取變性蛋白進(jìn)行聚丙烯酰氨凝膠電泳(SDS-PAGE)分離,濃縮膠使用120V電壓,分離膠使用160V電壓。電泳結(jié)束后4℃轉(zhuǎn)PVDF膜1.5h,50g/L的脫脂奶粉室溫封閉1h,以PTP4A1和GAPDH單克隆抗體作為一抗(1:500稀釋),4℃孵育過(guò)夜,TBST清洗后加入二抗(辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗鼠IgG,1:1000稀釋),37℃孵育1h,ECL發(fā)光劑顯影,自動(dòng)凝膠成像系統(tǒng)采集圖像。以GAPDH作為內(nèi)參,分析蛋白表達(dá)水平。
1.4 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng):取出保存在液氮罐中的U251細(xì)胞,置于37℃的水浴鍋中解凍后在含有10%FBS、100μg/mL鏈霉素和100U/mL青霉素的RPMI1640細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)基中,置于37℃,5% CO2,95%飽和濕度的培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng)。細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)密度達(dá)到80~90%時(shí),用胰蛋白酶消化后根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)要求進(jìn)行傳代。細(xì)胞進(jìn)入對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期后再用于實(shí)驗(yàn)研究。
1.5 細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染及轉(zhuǎn)染效果檢測(cè):取生長(zhǎng)至對(duì)數(shù)期的U251細(xì)胞,調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度為1×105個(gè)/mL,接種于6孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板中,每孔加入2mL,細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)密度達(dá)到50%時(shí)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)染,轉(zhuǎn)染分為3組,即siRNA-NC(非特異性siRNA干預(yù))、PTP4A1-siRNA(PTP4A1-siRNA干預(yù))轉(zhuǎn)染到細(xì)胞內(nèi),未轉(zhuǎn)染任何siRNA作為空白對(duì)照組。轉(zhuǎn)染參照Invitrogen 公司的脂質(zhì)體LipofectamineTM2000轉(zhuǎn)染說(shuō)明進(jìn)行操作。各組細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染48h后收集細(xì)胞,按照1.3方法檢測(cè)各組中PTP4A1的蛋白表達(dá)。
1.6 細(xì)胞增殖及增殖相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)檢測(cè):采用CCK8法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞增殖。取生長(zhǎng)至對(duì)數(shù)期的U251細(xì)胞,以5×104個(gè)/mL濃度每孔加200μL接種至96孔細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)板中,每組設(shè)置5個(gè)重復(fù)孔,置于37℃,5% CO2培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)密度達(dá)到皿底50%以上時(shí),轉(zhuǎn)染siRNA,轉(zhuǎn)染48h后,向每孔細(xì)胞中加入CCK-8試劑10μL,37℃孵育4h,酶標(biāo)儀在490nm波長(zhǎng)處讀取吸光度A。計(jì)算細(xì)胞增殖率。細(xì)胞增殖率=(轉(zhuǎn)染組細(xì)胞A/對(duì)照組細(xì)胞A)×100%。增殖相關(guān)蛋白Ki-67、PCNA的蛋白表達(dá)根據(jù)1.3方法。
1.7 細(xì)胞凋亡及凋亡相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)檢測(cè):采用Annexin V/PI雙染法檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡。取轉(zhuǎn)染48h的各組細(xì)胞,調(diào)整細(xì)胞濃度為(0.5~1.0)×106個(gè)/mL,預(yù)冷的PBS洗滌細(xì)胞3次,加入500μL結(jié)合緩沖液懸浮細(xì)胞,取懸浮細(xì)胞再加入5μL的Annexin-V和PI各,室溫下避光反應(yīng)15min,再加400μL結(jié)合緩沖液,流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)細(xì)胞凋亡率。各組中Cleaved caspase3蛋白參照1.3方法。
1.8 Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)檢測(cè):收集轉(zhuǎn)染48h的各組細(xì)胞,提取細(xì)胞中的蛋白,按照1.3方法檢測(cè)β-catenin、Cyclin D1、C-myc的蛋白表達(dá)。
2.1 腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中PTP4A1的表達(dá):組織蛋白提取試劑盒提取腦膠質(zhì)瘤及瘤旁組織中的總蛋白,Western blot檢測(cè)PTP4A1的蛋白表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示,腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中PTP4A1(0.422±0.037)的蛋白表達(dá)顯著高于瘤旁組織(0.093±0.010)(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)圖1。
圖1 腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中PTP4A1的表達(dá)
注:A:Western blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果圖;B:PTP4A1的蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量;與瘤旁組織比較,**P<0.01
2.2 轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞中PTP4A1的蛋白表達(dá):收集轉(zhuǎn)染48h的各組siRNA,Western blot檢測(cè)各組細(xì)胞中PTP4A1的蛋白表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示,siRNA-NC組(0.240±0.023) PTP4A1的蛋白表達(dá)與對(duì)照組(0.234±0.028)差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),PTP4A1-siRNA組(0.060±0.015)的PTP4A1的蛋白表達(dá)顯著低于對(duì)照組(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)圖2。
圖2 PTP4A1在轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞中的蛋白表達(dá)
注:A:Western blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果圖;B:PTP4A1的蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量;與Control組比較,**P<0.01
2.3 抑制PTP4A1的表達(dá)降低U251細(xì)胞增殖:CCK8實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測(cè)各組siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染48h后的細(xì)胞增殖情況,結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組(92.83±6.81)%及siRNA-NC組(93.42±5.97)%比較,PTP4A1-siRNA組(59.65±8.69)%的細(xì)胞存活率顯著降低(P<0.01)。進(jìn)一步檢測(cè)與增殖相關(guān)蛋白ki67及PCNA的表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組(0.455±0.042)(0.153±0.025)及siRNA-NC組(0.449±0.039)(0.147±0.021)比較,PTP4A1-siRNA組ki67(0.130±0.018)及PCNA(0.071±0.014)的蛋白表達(dá)均顯著下調(diào)(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)圖3。
圖3 抑制PTP4A1的表達(dá)對(duì)U251細(xì)胞增殖的影響
注:A:細(xì)胞存活率;B:Western blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果圖;B:PTP4A1的蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量;與Control組比較,**P<0.01
2.4 抑制PTP4A1的表達(dá)誘導(dǎo)U251細(xì)胞凋亡:流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)各組siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染48h后的細(xì)胞凋亡情況,結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組(2.47±0.86)%及siRNA-NC組(2.42±0.92)%比較,PTP4A1-siRNA組(15.53±1.64)%的細(xì)胞凋亡率顯著升高(P<0.01)。進(jìn)一步檢測(cè)凋亡相關(guān)蛋白Cleaved caspase3的蛋白表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組(0.046±0.011)及siRNA-NC組(0.039±0.009)比較,PTP4A1-siRNA組(0.205±0.019)Cleaved caspase3的蛋白表達(dá)顯著上調(diào)(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)圖4。
圖4 抑制PTP4A1的表達(dá)對(duì)U251細(xì)胞凋亡的影響
注:A:流式細(xì)胞儀檢測(cè)結(jié)果圖;B:細(xì)胞凋亡率;C:Western blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果圖;D:蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量;與Control組比較,**P<0.01
2.5 Western blot檢測(cè)β-catenin、Cyclin D1、C-myc的蛋白表達(dá):各組siRNA轉(zhuǎn)染48h后,Western blot檢測(cè)Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路相關(guān)蛋白β-catenin、Cyclin D1、C-myc的蛋白表達(dá),結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組(0.589±0.042)、(0.305±0.036)、(0.154±0.023)及siRNA-NC組(0.607±0.046)、(0.310±0.031)、(0.150±0.021)比較,PTP4A1-siRNA組β-catenin(0.243±0.032)、Cyclin D1(0.107±0.025)、C-myc(0.094±0.017)的蛋白表達(dá)均顯著下調(diào)(P<0.01)。見(jiàn)圖5。
圖5 Western blot檢測(cè)β-catenin、Cyclin D1、C-myc的蛋白表達(dá)
注:A:Western blot檢測(cè)結(jié)果圖;B:蛋白相對(duì)表達(dá)量;與Control組比較,**P<0.01
腫瘤的發(fā)生是一個(gè)多基因、多階段、多因素的過(guò)程,包括抑癌基因、癌基因、DNA損傷修復(fù)基因的遺傳變異及突變,研究引起腫瘤發(fā)病的原因及機(jī)制對(duì)于治療具有重要的意義。促肝細(xì)胞再生磷酸酶因子家族包括PRL-1(PTP4A1)、PRL-2(PTP4A2)、PRL-3(PTP4A3)三個(gè)成員,分別定位于6q12、1p35、8q24.3染色體上,在腫瘤的發(fā)生及轉(zhuǎn)移中起到重要作用。其異常表達(dá)可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)、裸鼠的移植瘤生長(zhǎng)及細(xì)胞的變異等,目前已在多種腫瘤中檢測(cè)到PRLs的高表達(dá)[8]。PRL-1是PRLs家族中第一個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)的成員,研究顯示,食管癌中PTP4A1的表達(dá)與淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移及腫瘤的分期呈現(xiàn)正相關(guān)[9];轉(zhuǎn)染了PTP4A1的小鼠成纖維細(xì)胞系細(xì)胞的增殖明顯[10];肺癌、胰腺癌細(xì)胞中沉默PTP4A1的表達(dá)可降低腫瘤的侵襲及遷移能力[11,12]。本研究擬采用RNAi技術(shù)進(jìn)一步研究沉默PTP4A1的表達(dá)對(duì)腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞增殖及凋亡的影響。結(jié)果顯示,PTP4A1在腦膠質(zhì)瘤組織中高表達(dá),沉默其表達(dá)可抑制腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞增殖及誘導(dǎo)凋亡。
細(xì)胞凋亡是細(xì)胞的一種程序性死亡過(guò)程,增殖與凋亡平衡是維持機(jī)體正常的生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育、生殖所必須,目前已發(fā)現(xiàn)Ki67、增殖細(xì)胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)及Caspase3與細(xì)胞的增殖及凋亡密切相關(guān)。Ki67即細(xì)胞核相關(guān)抗原,僅分布于細(xì)胞核內(nèi),是增殖性細(xì)胞的標(biāo)志物,是目前應(yīng)用最廣泛的增殖細(xì)胞標(biāo)志之一,在膀胱癌、乳腺癌等腫瘤中較常見(jiàn)[13,14]。PCNA只存在于正常細(xì)胞及增殖細(xì)胞內(nèi),是細(xì)胞異常增殖的關(guān)鍵蛋白,在胃癌、肝癌等多種腫瘤中均有高表達(dá)[15,16]。Caspase3是細(xì)胞凋亡過(guò)程中的關(guān)鍵蛋白,屬于Caspase家族,是Caspase級(jí)聯(lián)反應(yīng)的效應(yīng)蛋白,其激活可引起胃癌、肺癌等多種腫瘤細(xì)胞的凋亡[17,18]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,沉默PTP4A1的表達(dá)可顯著上調(diào)Cleaved Caspase3蛋白表達(dá),下調(diào)Ki67、PCNA蛋白表達(dá)。
Wnt信號(hào)通路是一條在進(jìn)化上相對(duì)保守的信號(hào)途徑,參與細(xì)胞凋亡、分化、壞死、個(gè)體發(fā)育等過(guò)程。依據(jù)通路的激活是否依賴β-catenin的活化分為經(jīng)典的Wnt信號(hào)通路和非經(jīng)典的Wnt信號(hào)通路,Wnt/β-catenin是經(jīng)典的Wnt信號(hào)通路,參與胚胎發(fā)育、細(xì)胞的增殖及分化等重要過(guò)程,其異常激活可導(dǎo)致癌癥的發(fā)生[19]。研究顯示,激活Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路可促進(jìn)腦膠質(zhì)瘤、肺癌等多種腫瘤的發(fā)生及發(fā)展,而抑制該通路的激活可降低腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)[20,21]。本研究檢測(cè)沉默PTP4A1的表達(dá)對(duì)Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路相關(guān)蛋白表達(dá)的影響,結(jié)果顯示,β-catenin、Cyclin D1、C-myc的蛋白表達(dá)均顯著下調(diào)。
綜上所述,PTP4A1在腦膠質(zhì)瘤的發(fā)生及發(fā)展過(guò)程中起重要作用,沉默PTP4A1的表達(dá)可通過(guò)抑制Wnt/β-catenin信號(hào)通路降低腦膠質(zhì)瘤細(xì)胞的增殖及誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。該研究為腦膠質(zhì)瘤的診斷及治療提供了理論依據(jù)。
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Expression of Hepatocyte Growth Factor-1 in Human Glioma and Effect on Apoptosis of Glioma Cells
QUANJunjie,QUJianqiang,ZHOULe,etal
(TheSecondAffiliatedHospitalofXi'anJiaotongUniversity,ShanxiXi'an710004,China)
Objective:To investigate the expression of hepatocyte growth factor -1 (PTP4A1) in glioma and effect on the apoptosis of glioma cells. Methods: Tissue protein in brain glioma and tumor adjacent tissues were extracted by total protein extraction kit; PTP4A1 protein expression were detected by western blot; siRNA-NC and PTP4A1-siRNA was transfected into the human glioma U251 cells of the logarithmic growth phase, and without any siRNA transfection as the control group, each group of cells transfected for 48h, expression of PTP4A1, Ki67, PCNA, Cleaved, Caspase3, β-catenin, CyclinD1, C-myc protein were detected by Western blot; cell proliferation was detected by CCK8 assay; cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Results: The expression of PTP4A1 protein in gliomas was significantly higher than that in the tumor adjacent tissues (P<0.01); the expression of PTP4A1 protein in siRNA-NC group and control group had no significant difference (P>0.05), expression of PTP4A1 protein in PTP4A1-siRNA group were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.01); compared with the control group and siRNA-NC group, the cell survival rate and the expression of Ki67, PCNA, β-catenin, CyclinD1, C-myc protein in PTP4A1-siRNA group were significantly decreased, cell apoptosis rate and expression of Cleaved Caspase3 protein was significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusion: PTP4A1 is higher expression in glioma tissues. And silented PTP4A1 expression can inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of human glioma U251 cells by down regulating the Wnt/β -catenin signaling pathway.
PTP4A1; Glioma; Apoptosis; Wnt/ β-catenin signaling pathway
1006-6233(2017)05-0724-05
陜西省重點(diǎn)科技創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目,(編號(hào):2012KCT-18)
A
10.3969/j.issn.1006-6233.2017.05.006