杜 玲
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院骨科, 遼寧 沈陽 110001)
康復(fù)護(hù)理在關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療膝關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎術(shù)后護(hù)理中的應(yīng)用
杜 玲
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院骨科, 遼寧 沈陽 110001)
目的:研究康復(fù)護(hù)理在關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療膝關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎(Knee osteoarthritis,KOA)術(shù)后護(hù)理中的應(yīng)用效果。方法:選擇2012年1月至2016年6月行關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療的KOA患者86例,將86例KOA患者按照簡單隨機(jī)抽樣法分為康復(fù)護(hù)理組(n=43)與常規(guī)組(n=43)。常規(guī)組行常規(guī)護(hù)理,康復(fù)組在常規(guī)護(hù)理基礎(chǔ)上行康復(fù)護(hù)理。比較兩組術(shù)前及出院時(shí)膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲度、疼痛評(píng)分及Tegner運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)級(jí),術(shù)前及出院6個(gè)月Lequesne評(píng)分、關(guān)節(jié)液內(nèi)腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素1β(IL-1β)與金屬基質(zhì)蛋白酶-13(MMP-13)水平,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及臨床療效。結(jié)果:出院時(shí),康復(fù)護(hù)理組膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲度大于常規(guī)組、疼痛評(píng)分小于常規(guī)組,Tenner運(yùn)動(dòng)1~2級(jí)構(gòu)成比低于常規(guī)組,3~4級(jí)構(gòu)成比高于常規(guī)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。出院6個(gè)月時(shí),康復(fù)護(hù)理組Lequesne評(píng)分、關(guān)節(jié)液內(nèi)TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-13水平均小于常規(guī)組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。康復(fù)護(hù)理組優(yōu)良率(95.35%)顯著高于常規(guī)組(65.17%),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組護(hù)理期間均未見顯著不良反應(yīng)。結(jié)論:康復(fù)護(hù)理應(yīng)用于關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療KOA術(shù)后護(hù)理可有效促進(jìn)關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù),降低炎性反應(yīng),療效顯著,安全可靠。
康復(fù)護(hù)理; 關(guān)節(jié)鏡; 膝關(guān)節(jié); 骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎; 術(shù)后護(hù)理
膝關(guān)節(jié)骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎(Knee osteoarthritis,KOA)多發(fā)于中老年人,其病理基礎(chǔ)為膝關(guān)節(jié)慢性退行性改變,嚴(yán)重者可導(dǎo)致膝關(guān)節(jié)畸形,并最終喪失關(guān)節(jié)功能[1]。在KOA的治療上,藥物保守治療盡管可緩解臨床癥狀,但難以抑制KOA的進(jìn)行性發(fā)展。關(guān)節(jié)鏡是微創(chuàng)治療KOA的重要方法,可快速解除患者的痛苦,且并發(fā)癥發(fā)病率低[2]。有效的術(shù)后護(hù)理可快速改善患者癥狀,促進(jìn)患者康復(fù)。我院于2012年1月至2016年6月將康復(fù)護(hù)理KOA關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療患者,效果較為滿意,現(xiàn)進(jìn)行如下報(bào)道:
1.1 一般資料:選擇2012年1月至2016年6月于我院行關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療的KOA患者86例,男性45例(52.33%),女性41例(47.67%);年齡40~70歲,平均年齡(51.53±5.28)歲;發(fā)病部位:左膝38例(44.19%),右膝41例(47.67%),雙膝7例(8.14%);Kellgren-Lawrence分級(jí):Ⅱ級(jí)34例(39.53%),Ⅲ級(jí)52例(60.47%)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):膝關(guān)節(jié)經(jīng)X線及MRI診斷存在病理性改變,并符合美國風(fēng)濕學(xué)會(huì)1986年OA診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)患者;知情同意患者;依從性良好患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):合并痛風(fēng)、類風(fēng)濕、骨腫瘤、骨結(jié)核、膝關(guān)節(jié)骨折等其他膝關(guān)節(jié)疾病患者;膝關(guān)節(jié)嚴(yán)重畸形患者;肝腎等臟器重癥疾病患者;精神、神經(jīng)疾病患者。將86例KOA患者按照簡單隨機(jī)抽樣法分為康復(fù)護(hù)理組(n=43)與常規(guī)組(n=43),兩組一般資料差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見表1。
表1 兩組基線資料比較
1.2 方 法
1.2.1 手術(shù)方法:兩組患者均行關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療。患者腰麻或硬膜外麻醉下,取平臥位,患側(cè)肢體自然下垂,以關(guān)節(jié)鏡將增生滑膜切除,徹底清除病灶及炎性介質(zhì),以生理鹽水徹底清洗關(guān)節(jié)腔。術(shù)后加壓包扎患側(cè)肢體1d。
1.2.2 護(hù)理方法:常規(guī)組行人文關(guān)懷、心理護(hù)理、切口護(hù)理及飲食護(hù)理等常規(guī)護(hù)理。康復(fù)組在常規(guī)護(hù)理基礎(chǔ)上行康復(fù)護(hù)理。①肌力訓(xùn)練:術(shù)后6h即開始股四頭肌等長肌力訓(xùn)練。髖關(guān)節(jié)盡量伸直,保持4~6s后,放松2s,10組/次,3次/d。術(shù)后1d,行直腿抬高訓(xùn)練:患者取仰臥位,患側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)伸直,直腿緩慢抬高至和床面呈30度角位置,維持6~10s后將患肢緩慢放下。上述訓(xùn)練以患者無疲勞、疼痛感為宜。②功能訓(xùn)練:術(shù)后2~4d,除繼續(xù)行肌力訓(xùn)練外,開始行膝關(guān)節(jié)被動(dòng)屈曲訓(xùn)練,訓(xùn)練以連續(xù)被動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)裝置(Continuous passive motion,CPM)輔助進(jìn)行。訓(xùn)練時(shí),下肢外展10~20度置于CPM上,足尖朝上,固定大腿、小腿且不壓迫血管及神經(jīng)。訓(xùn)練從30度開始,30min/次,1~2次/d。訓(xùn)練以患者可耐受為原則,循序漸進(jìn),屈膝角度可日均增加5~10度。術(shù)后5~8d,在上述訓(xùn)練基礎(chǔ)上增加股四頭肌主動(dòng)訓(xùn)練。其內(nèi)容主要包括:①患者持續(xù)用力將軟枕夾于雙腿之間,20~30s/次,3次/d;②以床沿為支點(diǎn)行膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲訓(xùn)練,15組/次,3次/d;③患者取直角坐位,軟枕墊于足跟部,完全懸空膝關(guān)節(jié),持續(xù)按壓膝關(guān)節(jié),15~20s/組,15組/次,3次/d;④活動(dòng)髕骨,以大拇指推動(dòng)髕骨進(jìn)行最大限度活動(dòng)。術(shù)后9~11d,在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行上述鍛煉的基礎(chǔ)上增加CPM輔助鍛煉的范圍,直到達(dá)到90度。①壓腿訓(xùn)練?;颊咦匀蛔诖策叄缓笠越?cè)小腿向后壓患側(cè)小腿,維持30s;②蹬腿訓(xùn)練?;颊呷∽换蚱脚P位,手握彈力帶,并用腳踩踏至患肢伸直;③下蹲訓(xùn)練?;颊哂诖才哉玖ⅲp手抓牢床欄,重心置于健側(cè),下蹲30~40度;④站立訓(xùn)練?;颊哂诖才哉玖ⅲp手抓牢床欄,重心置于健側(cè),患肢行內(nèi)外前后抬腿訓(xùn)練。術(shù)后12~15d,進(jìn)行行走訓(xùn)練。行走訓(xùn)練需在雙拐輔助下進(jìn)行,患側(cè)肢體不負(fù)重,為避免行走訓(xùn)練時(shí)摔倒,患者可身體適當(dāng)前傾。出院后,患者繼續(xù)進(jìn)行股四頭肌等長等張肌力訓(xùn)練,3次/周,共8周。①等長肌力訓(xùn)練?;颊呷⊙雠P位,髖關(guān)節(jié)伸直,踝關(guān)節(jié)、膝關(guān)節(jié)盡量伸直,患肢緩緩抬高,直至足跟距床面10~15cm,保持患肢靜止6~12s后,放松2s,10組/次,3次/d。②等張肌力訓(xùn)練。患者于床邊坐好,去適當(dāng)重量沙袋綁于小腿,然后小腿盡量翹起,保持6~12s后,放松2s,10組/次,3次/d。等長等張肌力訓(xùn)練交替隔日進(jìn)行,每次完成訓(xùn)練后休息10min方可進(jìn)行下次訓(xùn)練。所有患者出院后均獲得6個(gè)月隨訪,隨訪以電話訪談方式進(jìn)行,隨訪結(jié)束時(shí)囑患者返院進(jìn)行復(fù)查。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo):觀察兩組術(shù)前及出院時(shí)膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲度、疼痛評(píng)分及Tegner運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)級(jí);術(shù)前及出院6個(gè)月Lequesne評(píng)分、關(guān)節(jié)液內(nèi)腫瘤壞死因子α(TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素1β(IL-1β)與金屬基質(zhì)蛋白酶-13(MMP-13)水平;術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。Lequesne評(píng)分[3]共包括晨僵(0~2分)、腫脹(0~3分)、休息(0~2分)、運(yùn)動(dòng)痛(0~2分)、最大步行距離(0~6分)、上樓梯容易(0~2分)、下樓梯容易(0~2分)、屈膝下蹲容易(0~2分)、不平路面行走容易(0~2分)等9個(gè)項(xiàng)目,得分越低說明患者康復(fù)效果越好;關(guān)節(jié)液TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-13水平以酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法檢測。
1.4 療效評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn):優(yōu):患者關(guān)節(jié)功能全部恢復(fù),屈曲范圍為0~135度;良:患者關(guān)節(jié)功能基本恢復(fù),屈曲范圍為5~130度;中:患者關(guān)節(jié)功能大部恢復(fù),上下樓梯時(shí)偶有疼痛;差:患者關(guān)節(jié)功能受限嚴(yán)重,上下樓梯疼痛劇烈。
2.1 兩組術(shù)前及出院時(shí)膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲度、疼痛評(píng)分:兩組術(shù)前膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲度、疼痛評(píng)分差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組出院時(shí)膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲度均較術(shù)前顯著增加、疼痛評(píng)分均較術(shù)前顯著減小,組內(nèi)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);出院時(shí),康復(fù)護(hù)理組膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲度大于常規(guī)組、疼痛評(píng)分小于常規(guī)組,組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表2。
表2 兩組術(shù)前及出院時(shí)膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲度、疼痛評(píng)分比較±s)
注:與常規(guī)組術(shù)前比較,aP>0.05;與本組出院時(shí)比較,bP<0.05;與常規(guī)組出院時(shí)比較,cP<0.05
2.2 兩組術(shù)前及出院時(shí)Tegner運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)級(jí)比較:兩組術(shù)前Tenner運(yùn)動(dòng)1~2級(jí)構(gòu)成比差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);出院時(shí),兩組出院時(shí)Tenner運(yùn)動(dòng)1~2級(jí)構(gòu)成比較術(shù)前顯著降低,3~4級(jí)構(gòu)成比顯著升高,組內(nèi)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);出院時(shí),康復(fù)護(hù)理組Tenner運(yùn)動(dòng)1~2級(jí)構(gòu)成比低于常規(guī)組,3~4級(jí)構(gòu)成比高于常規(guī)組,組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表3。
表3 兩組術(shù)前及出院時(shí)Tegner運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)級(jí)比較n(%)
注:與常規(guī)組術(shù)前比較,aP>0.05;與本組出院時(shí)比較,bP<0.05;與常規(guī)組出院時(shí)比較,cP<0.05
2.3 兩組術(shù)前及出院6個(gè)月Lequesne評(píng)分、關(guān)節(jié)液內(nèi)TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-13比較:兩組術(shù)前Lequesne評(píng)分、關(guān)節(jié)液內(nèi)TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-13差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組出院6個(gè)月時(shí)Lequesne評(píng)分、關(guān)節(jié)液內(nèi)TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-13均較術(shù)前顯著減小,組內(nèi)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);出院6個(gè)月時(shí),康復(fù)護(hù)理組Lequesne評(píng)分、關(guān)節(jié)液內(nèi)TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-13水平均小于常規(guī)組,組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表4。
表4 兩組術(shù)前及出院6個(gè)月Lequesne評(píng)分、關(guān)節(jié)液內(nèi)TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-13比較
注:與常規(guī)組術(shù)前比較,aP>0.05;與本組出院時(shí)比較,bP<0.05;與常規(guī)組出院時(shí)比較,cP<0.05
2.4 兩組臨床療效比較:康復(fù)護(hù)理組優(yōu)良率(95.35%)顯著高于常規(guī)組(65.17%),組間差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見表5。兩組護(hù)理期間均未見顯著不良反應(yīng)。
表5 兩組臨床療效比較n(%)
術(shù)后康復(fù)護(hù)理是促進(jìn)關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療KOA患者康復(fù)的關(guān)鍵。研究證明,術(shù)后康復(fù)護(hù)理可促進(jìn)局部血液循環(huán),預(yù)防關(guān)節(jié)囊、肌腱攣縮與粘連,軟化瘢痕,增強(qiáng)肌力,恢復(fù)關(guān)節(jié)功能。為有效改善患者術(shù)后膝關(guān)節(jié)功能,康復(fù)護(hù)理必須盡早進(jìn)行,術(shù)后麻醉作用消失后即刻進(jìn)行早期肌力訓(xùn)練,促進(jìn)膝關(guān)節(jié)及其周圍血液循環(huán),避免形成靜脈血栓,預(yù)防腫脹及肌肉萎縮。屈伸肌群肌力是決定膝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定的重要因素,若屈伸肌群肌力降低則易導(dǎo)致膝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn),從而加重膝關(guān)節(jié)磨損,致使極力減弱,進(jìn)入膝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)定性逐漸增強(qiáng)的惡性循環(huán)[4]。為提高膝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性,術(shù)后必須加強(qiáng)膝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸肌群鍛煉。股四頭肌等長等張肌力訓(xùn)練、膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲訓(xùn)練、壓腿、蹬腿、下蹲、站立、行走不但能夠鍛煉膝關(guān)節(jié)屈伸肌群,維持膝關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡,還可促進(jìn)膝關(guān)節(jié)及其周圍組織的血液循環(huán),提高關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)滑液和滑膜的流動(dòng)性,改善膝關(guān)節(jié)軟骨營養(yǎng),促進(jìn)患者康復(fù)。在本研究中,出院時(shí)康復(fù)護(hù)理組膝關(guān)節(jié)屈曲度、疼痛評(píng)分及Tegner運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)級(jí)4級(jí)發(fā)生率及臨床優(yōu)良率均優(yōu)于常規(guī)組,提示康復(fù)護(hù)理可有效改善患者膝關(guān)節(jié)功能。
IL-1β、TNF-α為人體內(nèi)重要的炎性因子,正常情況下在關(guān)節(jié)液內(nèi)水平較低,但關(guān)節(jié)炎患者關(guān)節(jié)液內(nèi)水平顯著升高,且和軟骨基質(zhì)降解以及關(guān)節(jié)軟骨破壞程度關(guān)系密切。資料顯示,IL-1β可促進(jìn)釋放前列腺素E2,導(dǎo)致滑膜及軟骨炎癥[5]。IL-1β可誘導(dǎo)提升軟骨細(xì)胞中一氧化氮水平,引發(fā)軟骨細(xì)胞損傷。IL-1β還可上調(diào)MMPs基因表達(dá)水平,促進(jìn)合成釋放MMPs,降解蛋白聚糖及2型膠原,引發(fā)軟骨基質(zhì)損傷[6]。TNF-α也可促進(jìn)釋放前列腺素E2,誘導(dǎo)生成MMPs,和IL-1β一起共同推動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié)炎的發(fā)展。MMP-13為Ⅱ型膠原降解酶,不但可降解Ⅱ型膠原,還可降解骨粘連蛋白、軟骨基底膜聚糖、蛋白多糖等軟骨基質(zhì)成分,破壞軟骨基質(zhì)[7]??祻?fù)護(hù)理可促進(jìn)膝關(guān)節(jié)血液循環(huán),在抑制局部炎性反應(yīng)的同時(shí)提高軟骨代謝水平,促進(jìn)軟骨細(xì)胞的增生,便于軟骨修復(fù)。在本研究中,康復(fù)護(hù)理前兩組患者關(guān)節(jié)液TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-13均高于常規(guī)值,護(hù)理半年后,兩組TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-13水平顯著降低,且康復(fù)護(hù)理組TNF-α、IL-1β、MMP-13水平顯著低于常規(guī)組,提示康復(fù)護(hù)理可有效抑制膝關(guān)節(jié)炎性反應(yīng),促進(jìn)患者康復(fù)。此外,在本研究中,兩組患者均未見顯著不良反應(yīng),提示康復(fù)護(hù)理與常規(guī)護(hù)理均較為安全??祻?fù)護(hù)理應(yīng)用于關(guān)節(jié)鏡治療KOA術(shù)后護(hù)理可有效促進(jìn)關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù),降低炎性反應(yīng),療效顯著,安全可靠。
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Application of Rehabilitation Nursing in the treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis after Arthroscopic Surgery
DULing
(TheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity,LiaoningShenyang110001,China)
Objective:To study the application effect of rehabilitation nursing in postoperative care of arthroscopic treatment of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Methods: A total of 86 cases of KOA patients who underwent arthroscopic treatment in our hospital from January 2012 to June 2016 were divided into rehabilitation nursing group (n=43) and routine treatment group (n=43). Patients in routine treatment group were performed routine nursing, based on this, patients in rehabilitation nursing group were performed rehabilitation nursing. The knee-joint flexion degree, pain score and Tegner motor score before operation and at discharge, and the Lequesne score, the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β(IL-1β) and matrix metalloproteinase-13(MMP-13) in synovial fluid and postoperative complications before operation and 6 months after discharge of patients in the two groups were compared. Results: On discharge, the knee-joint flexion degree in rehabilitation nursing group was greater than in routine treatment group, the pain score was smaller than in routine treatment group, the incidence rate of Tegner motor of Grade 1~2 was lower than in routine treatment group, the incidence rate of Tegner motor of Grade 3~4 was higher than in routine treatment group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). At 6 months after discharge, the Lequesne score and levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and MMP-13 in the synovial fluid were lower than in routine treatment group, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The good rate of rehabilitation nursing group (95.35%) was significantly higher than that of routine treatment group (65.17%), and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). No significant adverse reaction was found during nursing in the two groups. Conclusion: The application of rehabilitation nursing in postoperative care of arthroscopic treatment of KOA can effectively promote the recovery of joint function, reduce inflammatory response and have significant curative effect, which is safe and reliable.
Rehabilitation nursing; Arthroscopy; Knee joint; Osteoarthritis; Postoperative care
1006-6233(2017)05-0859-05
遼寧省沈陽市科技支撐社會(huì)發(fā)展立項(xiàng)項(xiàng)目,(編號(hào):B2015-09-0073)
A
10.3969/j.issn.1006-6233.2017.05.049