朱曉彤 張圣潔 梁雪 李廣平
300211 天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院心臟科 天津市心血管病離子與分子機(jī)能重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 天津心臟病學(xué)研究所
·基礎(chǔ)研究·
MicroRNA-21及其靶基因程序性細(xì)胞死亡因子4在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化中的作用
朱曉彤 張圣潔 梁雪 李廣平
300211 天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院心臟科 天津市心血管病離子與分子機(jī)能重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室 天津心臟病學(xué)研究所
目的 探討microRNA(miR)-21及其靶基因程序性細(xì)胞死亡因子4(PDCD4)在動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(AS)發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用。方法 收集38例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者及34例非冠心病患者的血漿,實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR檢測(cè)miR-21的表達(dá)水平。在Lipo3 000的介導(dǎo)下,將miR-21類似物、抑制劑及沉默PDCD4(siPDCD4)分別轉(zhuǎn)染鼠巨噬細(xì)胞系RAW 264.7細(xì)胞,并用氧化修飾低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)與細(xì)胞共同孵育,設(shè)立空白對(duì)照組(未轉(zhuǎn)染且未加ox-LDL)及ox-LDL組(僅加ox-LDL)。采用油紅O染色檢測(cè)細(xì)胞泡沫化程度,實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR及Western blot分別檢測(cè)泡沫細(xì)胞中miR-21及PDCD4蛋白水平。此外,建立ApoE-/-小鼠AS模型20只,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為3組:?jiǎn)渭兏咧桂B(yǎng)組6只、過(guò)表達(dá)miR-21組7只及陰性對(duì)照組(NC,7只),鼠尾靜脈注射膽固醇包裹的miR-21激動(dòng)劑(agomiR-21)及陰性對(duì)照agomiR-NC分別建立過(guò)表達(dá)miR-21組及NC組。選用正常飼料喂養(yǎng)的C57BL/6小鼠作為正常對(duì)照組。實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR檢測(cè)miR-21在AS斑塊及正常動(dòng)脈組織中的表達(dá);Western blot及免疫組化分別檢測(cè)PDCD4蛋白水平。結(jié)果 與相應(yīng)的對(duì)照組比較,miR-21在STEMI患者血漿、泡沫細(xì)胞及單純高脂喂養(yǎng)ApoE-/-小鼠斑塊組織中的表達(dá)水平均明顯升高(P<0.001;P<0.01;P<0.01);泡沫細(xì)胞及單純高脂喂養(yǎng)ApoE-/-小鼠斑塊內(nèi)PDCD4蛋白水平明顯增多;與ox-LDL組比較,ox-LDL+miR-21類似物組及ox-LDL+siPDCD4組巨噬細(xì)胞泡沫化程度明顯下降,ox-LDL+miR-21抑制劑組細(xì)胞泡沫化程度明顯增加。過(guò)表達(dá)miR-21組AS斑塊內(nèi)PDCD4蛋白水平較NC組明顯減少,且斑塊較NC組明顯減小。結(jié)論 miR-21在急性STEMI患者血漿中、泡沫細(xì)胞及AS斑塊內(nèi)的水平明顯升高。過(guò)表達(dá)miR-21及沉默PDCD4可抑制巨噬細(xì)胞向泡沫細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)化,這與動(dòng)物組織實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致,表明miR-21或可靶向調(diào)控PDCD4的表達(dá),從而發(fā)揮抗AS的作用。
microRNA-21; 程序性細(xì)胞死亡因子4; 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化; 急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死; 泡沫細(xì)胞
MicroRNAs(miRs)是一類長(zhǎng)22個(gè)核苷酸左右的非編碼RNA小分子,參與多種生理和病理機(jī)制發(fā)生,包括炎癥和心血管疾病[1]。其中,miR-21在血管平滑肌細(xì)胞的增殖、凋亡,心肌細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、死亡以及心肌成纖維細(xì)胞的功能中均發(fā)揮重要作用。研究表明,miR-21在缺血性細(xì)胞死亡及心肌梗死中的保護(hù)性作用是通過(guò)其靶基因程序性細(xì)胞死亡因子4(programmed cell death 4,PDCD4)及其下游激活蛋白1(activating protein 1,AP-1)實(shí)現(xiàn)的[2]。PDCD4是新確定的一種抑癌基因,目前認(rèn)為PDCD4的缺失可促進(jìn)小鼠巨噬細(xì)胞自噬介導(dǎo)的脂質(zhì)降解,阻止巨噬細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榕菽?xì)胞,并可減少ApoE-/-小鼠動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)斑塊中的脂質(zhì)沉積,進(jìn)而減緩AS斑塊的形成[3]。然而,miR-21及其靶基因PDCD4在AS的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中的作用尚存在爭(zhēng)論。本研究通過(guò)分析急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者血漿中的含量,初步闡明miR-21水平與STEMI的關(guān)系,并通過(guò)體外細(xì)胞及動(dòng)物組織模型,證實(shí)miR-21與PDCD4及二者之間的關(guān)系在AS中的作用。
1.1 患者入選及樣本采集
收集于天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)第二醫(yī)院住院的STEMI患者38例,并收集同期住院的非冠心病患者34例作為對(duì)照組,所有患者均行冠狀動(dòng)脈造影檢查。排除惡性腫瘤、血栓栓塞、進(jìn)展中的肝臟疾病、腎功能衰竭、瓣膜性心臟病、擴(kuò)張型心肌病及其他炎性疾病等。收集所有入選對(duì)象的臨床病例資料,血漿樣本于-80 ℃保存?zhèn)溆谩?/p>
1.2 細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)染及泡沫細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)
將小鼠巨噬細(xì)胞系RAW 264.7細(xì)胞(ATCC,美國(guó))于轉(zhuǎn)染前1 d鋪至6孔板中,加入完全培養(yǎng)基,按Lipo3000(Invitrogen,美國(guó))說(shuō)明書進(jìn)行miR-21類似物/抑制劑及siPDCD4的轉(zhuǎn)染。培養(yǎng)6 h后,加入終濃度為50 μg/ml的氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)培養(yǎng)48 h。收集細(xì)胞提取RNA及蛋白,并采用油紅O染色液試劑盒(北京雷根)按說(shuō)明書對(duì)細(xì)胞進(jìn)行染色。
1.3 AS小鼠模型建立及取材
4~6周齡的雄性ApoE-/-小鼠共20只,給予高脂飼料喂養(yǎng)20周,建立AS模型,按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為3組:?jiǎn)渭兏咧桂B(yǎng)組6只、過(guò)表達(dá)miR-21組7只及陰性對(duì)照組(negative control,NC)7只,膽固醇包裹的miR-21激動(dòng)劑(miR-21 agonist,agomiR-21)及陰性對(duì)照agomiR-NC凍干粉(廣州銳博)溶入PBS配成混懸液,單次注射劑量為10 nmol,于單純高脂喂養(yǎng)組、過(guò)表達(dá)miR-21組及NC組小鼠尾靜脈內(nèi)分別注入等體積PBS、agomiR-21及agomiR-NC,1次/3 d共4周。選用正常飼料喂養(yǎng)的C57BL/6小鼠作為正常對(duì)照組(controls)7只。
小鼠斷頸處死,將四肢固定于鼠板,75%乙醇消毒并剪開(kāi)胸部皮膚,剪去小鼠的胸骨和肋骨,去除肺組織,由近端剪斷食管和氣管,剝離完整的主動(dòng)脈,將主動(dòng)脈浸泡于4%多聚甲醛過(guò)夜,制備HE染色及免疫組化切片。未經(jīng)4%多聚甲醛灌流的主動(dòng)脈用DEPC·H2O處理過(guò)的研磨棒將血管研磨溶解后,分成兩部分,一部分待提取RNA;另一部分加RAPI裂解液,-80 ℃保存,留待提取蛋白。
1.4 實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR檢測(cè)miR-21及U6基因表達(dá)
采用miRNA提取試劑盒(北京天根)按說(shuō)明書從血漿中提取總RNA,Trizol法提取細(xì)胞總RNA,按動(dòng)物組織RNA提取試劑盒(北京天根)說(shuō)明書提取主動(dòng)脈內(nèi)總RNA,并反轉(zhuǎn)錄獲得cDNA。定量PCR以U6為內(nèi)參,反應(yīng)條件:95 ℃預(yù)變性10 min熱啟動(dòng)后,進(jìn)行40個(gè)如下循環(huán):95 ℃變性30 s,58 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s。miR-21的相對(duì)表達(dá)量以2-ΔΔCt方法計(jì)算。
1.5 HE染色
石蠟包埋,間斷均勻切片,厚度為5 μm,進(jìn)行HE染色,光鏡下觀察血管形態(tài)學(xué)改變。
1.6 免疫組織化學(xué)及Western blot檢測(cè)PDCD4的表達(dá)
免疫組化:采用SP法。石蠟切片脫蠟,3%H2O2避光孵育20 min,蒸餾水、PBS各洗5 min。用檸檬酸鈉緩沖液微波抗原修復(fù)15 min,取出迅速冷卻,PBS洗2次各5 min。滴加封閉液,37 ℃孵育30 min,傾去不洗。加入PBS按1:100稀釋的Rabbit-antiPDCD4(ab79405)一抗,37 ℃孵育30 min,4 ℃過(guò)夜。PBS洗2次各5 min,加生物素標(biāo)記山羊抗兔IgG,37 ℃孵育30 min。PBS洗2次各5 min,加辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記的鏈霉卵白素工作液,37 ℃孵育30 min。PBS洗2次各5 min,DAB顯色。用蘇木精復(fù)染,脫水、透明,中性樹(shù)膠封片。
Western blot:細(xì)胞裂解液裂解細(xì)胞及動(dòng)脈組織
研磨裂解后,加蛋白上樣緩沖液后煮5 min,經(jīng)10% SDS-PAGE電泳,轉(zhuǎn)移到醋酸纖維素膜上,5% TBSTM封閉過(guò)夜,次日用一抗孵育2 h,TBST洗3次,5 min/次,再加二抗孵育1 h,TBST洗6次,5 min/次,ECL顯色,暗室曝光顯影。內(nèi)參選用辣根過(guò)氧化物酶標(biāo)記鼠抗β-actin 抗體,圖像分析軟件對(duì)條帶進(jìn)行灰度分析。
1.7 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
2.1 miR-21在STEMI患者血漿中的表達(dá)
實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR結(jié)果顯示,與對(duì)照組比較,miR-21在急性STEMI患者血漿中的水平明顯升高(9.477±1.500比1.000±0.3795,P<0.001)。
2.2 miR-21、PDCD4在小鼠泡沫細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)
實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR及Western blot結(jié)果顯示,小鼠巨噬細(xì)胞源性泡沫細(xì)胞中miR-21及PDCD4的表達(dá)水平明顯升高(圖1)。
A:miR-21在小鼠泡沫細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)(aP<0.01);B:PDCD4在小鼠泡沫細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)圖1 miR-21和PDCD4在小鼠泡沫細(xì)胞中的表達(dá)
2.3 miR-21和PDCD4對(duì)細(xì)胞泡沫化的影響
油紅O染色顯示,與ox-LDL組比較,ox-LDL+miR-21類似物組及ox-LDL+siPDCD4組巨噬細(xì)胞泡沫化程度明顯下降,ox-LDL+miR-21抑制劑組細(xì)胞泡沫化程度明顯增加(圖2)。
圖2 miR-21和PDCD4對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞泡沫化的影響(油紅O染色,×40)
A:AS模型、agomiR-21及陰性對(duì)照組模型的建立(油紅O染色×10);B:miR-21在各組小鼠的主動(dòng)脈中的表達(dá);C、D:小鼠主動(dòng)脈PDCD4蛋白免疫組化染色及Western blot (aP<0.01),(油紅O染色,×40)圖3 miR-21含量與PDCD4蛋白水平在AS病變動(dòng)脈中的表達(dá)
2.4 miR-21和PDCD4對(duì)AS斑塊的影響
動(dòng)物模型建立(圖3A)。實(shí)時(shí)定量PCR結(jié)果顯示,與正常對(duì)照組(C57BL/6小鼠)比較,單純高脂喂養(yǎng)小鼠AS斑塊中miR-21的表達(dá)水平明顯升高(P<0.01,圖3B)。免疫組化及Western blot結(jié)果顯示,單純高脂喂養(yǎng)小鼠斑塊內(nèi)PDCD4蛋白水平較正常對(duì)照組明顯增多(圖3C);過(guò)表達(dá)miR-21組AS斑塊內(nèi)PDCD4蛋白水平較NC組明顯減少,且斑塊明顯減小(圖3D)。
AS是動(dòng)脈硬化性疾病中最常見(jiàn)的一種。其特點(diǎn)是病變從動(dòng)脈內(nèi)膜開(kāi)始,先后有脂質(zhì)和復(fù)合糖類積聚、出血和血栓形成、纖維組織增生和鈣質(zhì)沉著,并有動(dòng)脈中層的逐漸蛻變和鈣化。近年來(lái),AS導(dǎo)致的冠狀動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(coronary artery disease,CAD)成為我國(guó)人群的主要死亡原因之一,而急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)是導(dǎo)致冠心病患者發(fā)生不良預(yù)后及猝死的主要原因。2016年5月10日發(fā)布的《中國(guó)心血管病報(bào)告2015》顯示,2014年中國(guó)AMI死亡率城市為55.32/10萬(wàn),農(nóng)村為68.60/10萬(wàn),AMI死亡率均隨年齡的增加而增加,其遞增趨勢(shì)近似于指數(shù)關(guān)系[4]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),炎癥氧化反應(yīng)貫穿AS斑塊的起始形成,炎癥介質(zhì)和脂類相互作用決定斑塊進(jìn)展破裂,在AMI的病變中起著核心作用[5]。
miR-21是一種廣泛表達(dá)于多種組織并且參與多種疾病發(fā)生發(fā)展的miR。多項(xiàng)研究表明,miR-21在AS患者血漿中的表達(dá)升高[6]。然而,miR-21在AS發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中的作用尚存在爭(zhēng)論。有研究表明,AMI模型及患者心肌缺血邊緣區(qū)及非缺血部位中miR-21的表達(dá)升高,轉(zhuǎn)染miR-21可以縮小缺血面積,提示miR-21或可改善冠心病的預(yù)后[7]。另有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn),miR-21在球囊拉傷、剪切力損傷或H2O2損傷的血管平滑肌細(xì)胞中顯著升高,并可促進(jìn)血管平滑肌增殖及遷移[8],提示miR-21升高可促進(jìn)AS的形成。
PDCD4是近年發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種重要的抑癌基因,通過(guò)抑制蛋白轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯抑制腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展從而發(fā)揮抑癌基因的功能[9]。miR作為生物體內(nèi)重要的小分子非編碼RNA在轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平上調(diào)控靶基因起到了廣泛作用。多項(xiàng)研究表明miR-21直接靶向調(diào)節(jié)PDCD4基因在人多數(shù)腫瘤組織如口咽癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌等中發(fā)揮重要作用[10-13]。另外,對(duì)巨噬細(xì)胞自噬及其相關(guān)功能的影響證實(shí)PDCD4能夠抑制多種刺激誘導(dǎo)的巨噬細(xì)胞自噬,發(fā)現(xiàn)通過(guò)抑制巨噬細(xì)胞自噬促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞泡沫化形成,并且在AS發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中也發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要作用[3]。有研究表明,miR-21可以靶定并抑制PDCD4的表達(dá)以減輕H2O2導(dǎo)致的心肌細(xì)胞損傷[14],提示miR-21或可改變AS斑塊穩(wěn)定性,可能成為早期識(shí)別AS的循環(huán)標(biāo)志物,成為CAD的新的治療靶點(diǎn)。
本實(shí)驗(yàn)在臨床患者外周血中檢測(cè)到miR-21的表達(dá)。有研究表明細(xì)胞可通過(guò)分泌含有miRs的微泡進(jìn)入到外周血循環(huán),miRs可以在細(xì)胞和組織器官中建立信號(hào)通路,并攜帶細(xì)胞內(nèi)的生理及病理信息,可作為疾病診斷、預(yù)測(cè)及疾病監(jiān)控的新的生物標(biāo)志物[15]。Deddens等[16]在小鼠缺血再灌注損傷模型中發(fā)現(xiàn)損傷的心肌可釋放含有心臟和肌肉特異性miRs的微泡到血液循環(huán)中,并可在血漿中快速檢測(cè)到。本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示miR-21水平在急性STEMI患者血漿中顯著升高,但循環(huán)miR-21能否取代傳統(tǒng)的心血管病標(biāo)記物,如肌鈣蛋白、肌酸激酶等,我們需進(jìn)一步證實(shí)miR-21與急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征相對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,并尋找一種快速的檢測(cè)方法。本實(shí)驗(yàn)在入選人群中,并未納入非ST段抬高型心肌梗死及心絞痛患者,未能涵蓋所有冠心病人群,有待進(jìn)一步完善。
在轉(zhuǎn)染miR-21類似物/抑制劑及siPDCD4并用ox-LDL處理RAW264.7細(xì)胞成泡沫細(xì)胞的體外模型中發(fā)現(xiàn),過(guò)表達(dá)miR-21及沉默PDCD4可抑制巨噬細(xì)胞向泡沫細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)化。提示miR-21可發(fā)揮抗AS的作用。建立ApoE-/-小鼠AS模型,并采用鼠尾靜脈注射法建立過(guò)表達(dá)miR-21 AS模型,結(jié)果顯示,單純高脂喂養(yǎng)小鼠AS斑塊中miR-21的表達(dá)水平明顯升高,且過(guò)表達(dá)miR-21組AS斑塊內(nèi)PDCD4蛋白水平較NC組明顯減少,且斑塊明顯減小。提示miR-21抑制PDCD4的表達(dá),并可減緩AS斑塊的發(fā)展。同時(shí),單純高脂喂養(yǎng)小鼠斑塊內(nèi)PDCD4蛋白水平較正常小鼠動(dòng)脈組織中明顯增多,提示PDCD4蛋白很可能具有促AS的作用,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)miR-21在AS發(fā)生發(fā)展中起保護(hù)性作用。本研究在細(xì)胞及動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)中,有待進(jìn)一步明確miR-21與PDCD4之間的關(guān)系及深入探索發(fā)生機(jī)制。
綜上可見(jiàn),miR-21在急性STEMI患者、泡沫細(xì)胞及AS斑塊中的水平明顯升高,有望成為臨床診斷急性STEMI和預(yù)測(cè)AS形成的新的指標(biāo)。miR-21或可靶向調(diào)控PDCD4的表達(dá),從而發(fā)揮抗AS作用,為延緩AS從而治療CAD提供了新的治療方向,對(duì)于早期預(yù)防、診斷及治療CAD將具有重要意義。
利益沖突:無(wú)
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(本文編輯:譚瀟)
Roles of microRNA-21 and its target gene programmed cell death 4 in atherosclerosis
ZhuXiaotong,ZhangShengjie,LiangXue,LiGuangping
DepartmentofCardiology,TianjinInstituteofCardiology,SecondHospitalofTianjinMedicalUniversity,TianjinKeyLaboratoryofIonic-MolecularFunctionofCardiovasculardisease,TianjinInstituteofCardiology,Tianjin300211,China
Correspondingauthor:LiGuangping,Email:tjcardiol@126.com
Objective To investigate the roles of microRNA (miR)-21 and its target gene, programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) in the development of atherosclerosis (AS). Methods The plasma of 38 patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 34 non-coronary heart disease patients were collected and used for detecting the levels of miR-21 by real-time quantitative PCR. Rat macrophage line RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with the miR-21 analogue, inhibitor and silencing PDCD4 (siPDCD4) in mediation of Lipo3000, then co-incubated with ox-LDL and cultured for 48 h,blank control group (untransfected with no ox-LDL) and ox-LDL group (ox-LDL only) were also set up meanwhile. The effect of miR-21 and PDCD4 on foam RAW 264.7 cells was analyzed by oil red staining. High fat feeding was given to 20 ApoE-/-male mice (4-6 weeks) to establish AS animal models, and the mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: 6 in AS group, 7 in miR-21 mimics treated group and 7 in NC group. Every 3 days, mice in the miR-21 mimics treated group and NC group
tail vein injection of cholesterol conjugated miR-21 agonist (agomiR-21) and agomiR-NC, respectively. C57BL/6 mice fed with standard diet were arranged in the normal control group. qRT-PCR was performed to detect the expression levels of miR-21 in atherosclerotic plaque and normal artery. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to measure the expression of PDCD4 protein. Results The expression levels of miR-21 in plasma of patients with STEMI, foam cells and plaque tissue from simple high fat fed ApoE-/-mouse were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.001,P<0.01,P<0.01, respectively). As compared with those in ox-LDL group, the bubbling levels in ox-LDL+miR-21 mimics group and ox-LDL+siPDCD4 group decreased significantly while those in ox-LDL+miR-21 inhibitor group increased significantly. Compared with the C57BL/6 mice, the high fat diet-fed ApoE-/-mice exhibited a greater accumulation of PDCD4 protein in the aorta. Nevertheless, tail vein injection of miR-21 mimics markedly inhibited the protein expression of PDCD4, and significantly decreased the sizes of AS areas. Conclusions Overexpression of miR-21 may inhibit the transformation of macrophages to foam cells and decrease AS area by regulating the expressions of PDCD4 thus plays a critical and protective role in anti-AS.
microRNA-21; Programmed cell death 4; Atherosclerosis; Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; Foam cells
李廣平,電子信箱:tjcardiol@126.com
10.3969/j.issn.1007-5410.2017.03.009
2016-10-21)