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包膜尿素施用時期對夏玉米產量和氮素積累特性的影響

2017-07-03 14:26孫旭東孫滸董樹亭趙斌劉鵬張吉旺
中國農業(yè)科學 2017年11期
關鍵詞:花后拔節(jié)期夏玉米

孫旭東,孫滸,董樹亭,趙斌,劉鵬,張吉旺

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包膜尿素施用時期對夏玉米產量和氮素積累特性的影響

孫旭東,孫滸,董樹亭,趙斌,劉鵬,張吉旺

(山東農業(yè)大學農學院/作物生物學國家重點實驗室,山東泰安 271018)

【目的】隨著緩/控釋肥的推廣和農業(yè)勞動力越來越緊缺,簡化施肥技術成為未來的一種施肥趨勢。黃淮海地區(qū)夏玉米季雨熱同期,基施包膜尿素容易使養(yǎng)分前期釋放過快后期養(yǎng)分缺失,無法滿足玉米后期生長需求。通過研究包膜尿素施用時期來探究適合黃淮海地區(qū)夏玉米種植的施肥方式,簡化施肥生產同時保證玉米產量,提高肥料利用效率?!痉椒ā抗┰囅挠衩灼贩N選用登海605(DH605)和鄭單958(ZD958),5個試驗處理為不施氮處理(CK)、一次施尿素處理(JN)、拔節(jié)-大喇叭口期分次施尿素處理(SN)、基施包膜尿素處理(BR)和拔節(jié)期施包膜尿素處理(JR)。通過大田試驗探討包膜尿素肥料施用時期對夏玉米干物質積累、氮素積累轉運特性及產量影響?!窘Y果】施用氮肥可以顯著提高玉米產量,ZD958和DH605各施氮處理較CK處理增產18.9%—24.7%和19.4%—28.9%。與JN處理相比,ZD958和DH605 的SN處理平均增產4.15%和5.80%,其中ZD958的穗粒數(shù)顯著提升。與BR處理相比,ZD958和DH605的SN處理平均增產1.44%和7.80%,JR處理平均增產2.10%和10.13%,其中ZD958的穗粒數(shù)顯著提高,DH605的千粒重顯著增大。兩年試驗都以JR處理產量最高,但JR與SN處理的產量無顯著性差異。ZD958和DH605 JR處理的植株氮素總積累量比BR處理顯著提高10.99%和6.78%,花后氮素積累量提高45.99%和43.87%,花后氮素吸收速率提高46.1%和43.5%。與SN處理相比,ZD958和DH605 JR處理的植株氮素總積累量提高5.15%和7.67%,花后氮素積累量提升18.78%和30.49%,花后氮素吸收速率提高18.39%和30.51%。ZD958和DH605 JR處理的氮素積累活躍期(ANAP)較BR處理增加13.74 d和25.87 d,成熟期籽粒含氮量(NAAG)提高12.78%和10.49%,花后氮素同化量(AANAA)提高50.87%和42.57%,氮素轉運量(NTA)降低24.82%和25.38%,氮素轉運效率(NTE)降低19.16%和12.04%,氮肥偏生產力(PFPN)提高2.07%和10.19%,氮肥農學利用率(AEN)提高11.47%和69.72%,氮肥利用率(REN)提高60.89%和25.91%,土壤氮依存率(SNDR)降低9.90%和6.36%。與SN相比,ZD958 JR處理的ANAP延長了12.77 d,NAAG、AANAA分別提高3.44%和20.17%,NTA和NTE分別降低18.93%和15.76%,PFPN、AEN和REN分別提高0.63%、3.29%和23.07%,SNDR降低4.89%。DH605 JR處理的ANAP延長了22.76 d,NAAG、AANAA分別提高10.26%和28.67%,NTA和NTE分別降低15.56%和7.80%,PFPN、AEN和REN分別提高2.15%、10.31%和29.96%,SNDR降低7.12%?!窘Y論】黃淮海地區(qū)包膜尿素由基施改為拔節(jié)期施用,可以增加玉米籽粒含氮量、延長植株氮素積累活躍期并保持較高氮素吸收速率;氮肥偏生產力、氮肥農學利用率和氮肥利用率顯著提高,土壤氮依存率降低,增強了玉米對緩釋肥養(yǎng)分的利用能力;增大了ZD958的穗粒數(shù)和DH605的千粒重,增產幅度與拔節(jié)期-大喇叭口期分次施氮的效果相當,保證一次施肥滿足夏玉米整個生長季對養(yǎng)分需求,利于夏玉米精簡化高效生產。

夏玉米;包膜尿素;施用時期;產量;氮素利用效率

0 引言

【研究意義】夏玉米作為氮肥敏感作物,整個玉米季對氮肥需求較高,合理的氮肥運籌是保證高產的重要因素。中國當季氮肥利用率較低,普通氮肥施用多是分次追施尿素。分次施氮較傳統(tǒng)“一炮轟”可以提高產量和氮素利用效率[1-2],但分次施肥繁瑣了生產過程,在農村勞動力日益減少,勞動成本提高情況下,不利于農業(yè)精簡化生產。與普通尿素相比,緩控釋肥料有一次性施用,減少施肥數(shù)量和次數(shù)等優(yōu)點,逐漸成為解決玉米生育后期追肥不便、簡化施肥的新途徑[3-4]。黃淮海地區(qū)隨著緩釋肥的逐漸推廣,種肥同播技術逐漸成為一種施肥趨勢,但緩釋肥技術的不全面使其養(yǎng)分釋放受溫度和土壤水分等環(huán)境影響較大[5]。當?shù)叵挠衩准居隉嵬?,種肥同播易造成緩釋肥前期養(yǎng)分釋放過快,影響玉米生長后期尤其是花粒期等籽粒灌漿階段對養(yǎng)分的需要。因此對緩控釋肥施用時期的研究對明確緩控釋肥對玉米氮素供給效果,保證玉米高產有重要意義?!厩叭搜芯窟M展】汪強等[6]、易鎮(zhèn)邪等[7]和王宜倫等[8-9]對夏玉米基施包膜尿素與分施尿素的效果進行了比較研究。呂嬌等[10]和隋常玲等[11]對不同類型的緩釋氮肥在夏玉米上的應用進行了報道。司賢宗等[12]就緩釋尿素與普通尿素配施比例對夏玉米影響進行了研究。張婧等[13]、李娜等[14]和盧艷艷等[15]就緩釋尿素對夏玉米土壤N2O排放和土壤酶特性進行了研究。衣文平等[16]就緩釋肥釋放時期對玉米影響進行了報道。HANYU等[17]和張玉玲等[18]探究了環(huán)境條件對包膜尿素釋放速率的影響。結果表明施用緩釋氮肥的增產效果與分次施用尿素的產量效果相當,且緩釋氮肥與普通尿素配施可以提高氮素利用效率,提高經濟收益。緩釋氮肥可以減少土壤反硝化細菌數(shù)量,提高玉米后期土壤無機氮尤其是硝態(tài)氮含量,減少土壤氨揮發(fā)和硝態(tài)氮淋溶。緩釋肥釋放時長隨溫度升高而減少,在10—25℃內,每升高5℃,釋放速率常數(shù)提高1倍左右;土壤水分含量越少,包膜肥料養(yǎng)分溶出速率常數(shù)越小,當土壤含水量高于田間持水量的40%,包膜控釋肥料的養(yǎng)分釋放速度和釋放期才不受土壤水分狀況的影響?!颈狙芯壳腥朦c】目前關于緩控釋肥料研究大多是對緩釋肥的類型、施用量、釋放時長及與普通尿素配施比例上,而對緩釋肥施用時期的研究鮮有報道?!緮M解決的關鍵問題】本研究通過大田試驗研究包膜尿素肥料施用時期對夏玉米產量和氮素積累特性的影響,以期在黃淮海地區(qū)找到合適的包膜控釋肥施用時期,為簡化農業(yè)生產提高肥料利用效率提供一定理論基礎。

1 材料與方法

1.1 試驗地點

本試驗于2012—2013年在山東農業(yè)大學黃淮海試驗基地(36.09°N,117.09°E)進行,當?shù)貙贉貛О霛駶櫞箨懶约撅L氣候,年均氣溫14℃,年均光照2 536 h,年均降水量697 mm。試驗地土壤類型為棕色壤土,基礎養(yǎng)分含量(0—20 cm)為有機質14.36 g·kg-1、全氮1.78 g·kg-1、堿解氮128.62 mg·kg-1、速效磷60.13 mg·kg-1、速效鉀95.19 mg·kg-1、pH 8.0。

1.2 試驗設計

供試夏玉米選用登海605(DH605)和鄭單958(ZD958)。設置不施氮肥、1次施尿素(拔節(jié)期100%)、2次施尿素(拔節(jié)期40%尿素+大喇叭口期60%尿素)、基施包膜尿素和拔節(jié)期施包膜尿素5個施氮處理,分別用CK、JN、SN、BR、JR表示。包膜尿素為樹脂包膜尿素(含N量42%),由山東農業(yè)大學資源與環(huán)境學院提供(自制),控釋期為3個月。N、P2O5和K2O用量為300 kg·hm-2、120 kg·hm-2、240 kg·hm-2,磷、鉀肥全部基施,氮肥施用比例如表1所示。種植密度67 500株/hm2,小區(qū)面積為3 m×10 m,等行距種植,行距60 cm,重復3次,隨機區(qū)組排列。2012年和2013年分別在6月13日和6月15日播種,在10月3日和10月5日收獲。

表1 不同施氮方式分配表

1.3 測定項目

1.3.1 干物質量測定 分別于拔節(jié)期(V6)、大喇叭口期(V12)、開花期(VT)、乳熟期(R3)、成熟期(R6)取5株長勢均勻一致的植株,按器官分離,在105℃殺青30 min后,80℃烘至恒重,稱重后磨粉過篩保存。

1.3.2 氮素相關指標計算 玉米全氮含量用半微量凱氏定氮法測定。氮素相關參數(shù)計算:

植株總氮素積累量(total nitrogen accumulation amount,TNAA,kg·hm-2)=成熟期單株干重×成熟期植株含氮量;

氮肥偏生產力(partial factor productivity from applied N,PFPN,kg·kg-1)=施氮小區(qū)籽粒產量/施氮量;

氮肥農學利用率(agronomic efficiency of applied nitrogen,AEN,kg·kg-1)=(施氮小區(qū)籽粒產量-不施氮小區(qū)籽粒產量)/施氮量;

氮肥利用率(recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen,REN,%)=(施氮區(qū)植株地上部吸氮量-不施氮區(qū)植株地上部吸氮量)/施氮量×100;

土壤氮依存率(soil nitrogen dependency rate,SNDR,%)=不施氮區(qū)地上部吸氮量/施氮區(qū)地上部吸氮量×100;

氮素收獲指數(shù)(nitrogen harvest index,NHI,kg·kg-1)=籽粒吸氮量/植株吸氮量;

營養(yǎng)器官氮素轉運量(nitrogen translocation amount,NTA,kg·hm-2)=開花期營養(yǎng)器官氮素積累量-成熟期營養(yǎng)器官氮素積累量;

氮素轉運效率(nitrogen translocation efficiency,NTE,%)=營養(yǎng)器官氮素轉運量/開花期營養(yǎng)器官氮素積累量×100;

氮素轉運對籽粒的貢獻率(nitrogen contribution proportion,NCP,%)=營養(yǎng)器官氮素轉運量/成熟期籽粒氮素積累量×100;

開花后氮素同化量(assimilating amount of nitrogen after anthesis,AANAA,kg·hm-2)=成熟期籽粒氮素積累量-營養(yǎng)器官氮素轉運量。

1.3.3 氮素積累過程模擬 Logistic方程=a/(1+be- c)模擬玉米植株氮素吸收過程,自變量為出苗后天數(shù),因變量為各時期期氮素積累量。a為終極生長量,b為初始參數(shù),c為生長速率參數(shù)。

最大速率時生長量(weight of maximum grain filling,W,kg·hm-2)= a/2;

氮素積累活躍期(active N accumulation period,ANAP,d)= 6/c;

養(yǎng)分吸收最大速率(the highest absorption rate,HAR,kg·hm-2·d-1)= (c×W)×(1-(W/a));

最大速率出現(xiàn)天數(shù)(date of HAR,d)= (lnb-ln1)/c。

1.3.4 產量測定 玉米成熟期每處理小區(qū)隨機收中間3行共30株玉米,調查雙穗率和空稈率,測量穗行數(shù)、行粒數(shù)和千粒重,按含水率14%折算測定產量。

1.4 數(shù)據處理

使用Microsoft Excel 2003和SPSS 16.0進行數(shù)據分析,兩年試驗數(shù)據趨勢相近,除產量數(shù)據外,其他數(shù)據為兩年均值,采用Duncan新復極差法進行多重比較(= 0.05)。Logistic方程用Curve Expert 1.3進行擬合分析。

2 結果

2.1 夏玉米產量及構成

由表2看出,施用氮肥可以顯著提高玉米產量,ZD958和DH605各施氮處理較CK處理兩年平均增產18.9%—24.7%和19.4%—28.9%,各施氮處理的穗粒數(shù)顯著提高。與JN處理相比,SN處理兩品種產量平均提高4.15%和5.80%,其中ZD958的穗粒數(shù)顯著提升。與BR處理相比,SN處理ZD958和DH605的產量提高1.44%和7.80%,JR處理產量提高2.10%和10.13%,其中ZD958的穗粒數(shù)顯著提高,DH605的千粒重顯著增大。兩年試驗都以JR處理產量最高,但JR與SN處理產量之間無顯著性差異。

2.2 氮素積累特性

2.2.1 包膜尿素施用時期對夏玉米氮素積累特性的影響 由表3看出,植株氮素積累量隨著玉米生育時期推進而增大,CK處理在整個生育時期的氮素積累量均顯著小于施氮處理的氮素積累量。與JN相比,SN處理的花后氮素積累量、花后氮素吸收速率與花后氮素積累所占比例提高,但沒有達到顯著差異水平。V6時期BR處理的氮素積累量高于SN處理,VT之后BR處理的氮素積累量顯著低于SN處理,花后氮素積累量與SN相比顯著降低。ZD958和DH605的JR處理的植株氮素總積累量比BR顯著提高10.99%和6.78%,花后氮素積累量提高45.99%和43.87%,花后氮素吸收速率提高46.1%和43.5%。和SN處理相比,ZD958和DH605 JR處理的植株氮素總積累量提高5.15%和7.67%,花后氮素積累量提升18.78%和30.49%,花后氮素積累所占比例增大5%和9%,花后氮素吸收速率提高18.39%和30.51%。

2.2.2 包膜尿素施用時期對夏玉米氮素積累特征參數(shù)的影響 玉米氮素積累過程通過Logistic方程模擬后得到相關灌漿參數(shù)(表4)。與SN相比,兩品種JN和BR的養(yǎng)分吸收最大速率出現(xiàn)天數(shù)和氮素積累活躍期略低,但無顯著差異。與BR相比,ZD958和DH605 JR處理的養(yǎng)分吸收最大速率(HAR)減少10.26%和25.30%,養(yǎng)分吸收最大速率出現(xiàn)天數(shù)延長3.99 d和7.52 d,氮素積累活躍期延長13.74 d和25.87 d。JR與SN相比,ZD958和DH605兩品種的HAR降低15.41%和20.26%,養(yǎng)分吸收最大速率出現(xiàn)天數(shù)延長了2.72 d和4.82 d,氮素積累活躍期延長了12.77 d和22.76 d。

2.2.3 包膜尿素施用時期對夏玉米氮素轉運效率的影響 表5可以看到,與JN相比,ZD958和DH605兩品種SN處理的成熟期籽粒含氮量(NAAG)顯著提高6.07%和4.95%,DH605的花后氮素同化量(AANAA)顯著提高8.47%。JR處理與BR相比,ZD958和DH605的NAAG分別提高12.78%和10.49%,AANAA提高50.87%和42.57%,氮素轉運量(NTA)降低24.82%和25.38%,氮素轉運效率(NTE)降低19.16%和12.04%。與SN處理相比,ZD958和DH605 JR處理的NAAG提高3.44%和10.26%,AANAA提高20.17%和28.67%,NTA降低18.93%和15.56%,NTE降低15.76%和7.80%。

表2 不同施氮方式對夏玉米產量及其構成的影響

同列不同小寫字母表示在同一品種內不同處理5%水平差異顯著性。下同

Values followed by different small letters within a column under the same hybrid treatment are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. The same as below

表3 包膜尿素施用時期對夏玉米氮素積累特性的影響

V6:拔節(jié)期;V12:大喇叭口期;VT:抽雄期;R3:乳熟期;R6:成熟期;NA:氮素積累量

V6: Vegetative sixth leaf; V12: Vegetative twelfth leaf; VT: Vegetative tasseling; R3:Milky maturity; R6: Physiological maturity; NA: Nitrogen accumulation

表4 包膜尿素施用時期對夏玉米氮素積累特征參數(shù)的影響

HAR:養(yǎng)分吸收最大速率;Date of HAR:最大速率出現(xiàn)天數(shù);W:最大速率時生長量;ANAP:氮素積累活躍期

HAR: The highest absorption rate; Date of HAR: Days of reaching the highest absorption rate; W: Weight of maximum grain filling; ANAP: Active N accumulation period

表5 包膜尿素施用時期對夏玉米氮素轉運效率的影響

NAAG:成熟期籽粒含氮量;NTA:氮素轉運量;AANAA:花后氮素同化量;NTE:氮素轉運效率;NCP:氮素轉運對籽粒貢獻率

NAAG: N accumulation amount of grain; NTA: Nitrogen translocation amount; AANAA: Assimilating amount of nitrogen after anthesis; NTE: Nitrogen translocation efficiency; NCP: Nitrogen contribution proportion

2.2.4 包膜尿素施用時期對夏玉米氮效率的影響 由表6可知,與JN處理相比,DH605 SN處理的氮肥偏生產力(PFPN)、氮肥農學利用率(AEN)和氮肥利用率(REN)分別提高5.70%、34.90%和20.34%,土壤氮依存率(SNDR)降低4.33%。ZD958 SN處理的PFPN、AEN和REN較JN處理分別提高4.11%、25.81%和30.15%,SNDR降低5.19%。與BR相比,DH605 JR處理的PFPN提高10.19%,AEN提高69.72%,SNDR降低6.36%,REN提高25.91%。ZD958 JR處理的PFPN、AEN和REN較BR處理分別提高2.07%、11.47%和60.89%,SNDR降低9.90%。DH605 JR處理的PFPN、AEN和REN較SN處理分別提高2.15%、10.31%和29.96%,SNDR降低7.12%。ZD958 JR處理的PFPN、AEN和REN較SN處理分別提高0.63%、3.29%和23.07%,SNDR降低4.89%。

表6 不同施氮方式對夏玉米氮效率的影響

PFPN:氮肥偏生產力;AEN:氮肥農學利用效率;REN:氮肥利用率;SNDR:土壤氮依存率;NHI:氮素收獲指數(shù)

PFPN: Partial factor productivity from applied N; AEN: Agronomic efficiency of applied nitrogen; REN: Recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen; SNDR: Soil nitrogen dependency rate; NHI: Nitrogen harvest index

3 討論

3.1 包膜尿素施用時期對夏玉米產量影響

夏玉米籽粒建成生長后期對氮肥仍有較高需求,高產必要條件是有充足的氮肥供應[19]。分次追肥尤其是花后追肥較一次施肥可以提高產量和氮素利用效率[20-21],但玉米生育后期植株高大,追肥不便且增加生產成本,難以在生產中推廣應用。研究表明包膜尿素養(yǎng)分釋放緩慢,基施可以保證整個玉米季對氮素的需求,促進籽粒灌漿,提高穗粒數(shù)和千粒重[22-24]。但徐秋明等[25]表示包膜尿素前期養(yǎng)分釋放較多,一次性基施處理的夏玉米產量、植株吸氮量和氮肥利用率較普通尿素處理無顯著提高。佟玉欣等[26]認為黑龍江春季低溫,緩釋肥養(yǎng)分釋放較慢,基施緩釋肥易造成玉米前期短時脫肥,后期氮素過量供應使玉米貪青晚熟,產量低于分次尿素處理。邢曉鳴等[27]研究表明,硫包衣尿素在水稻生長前期養(yǎng)分釋放較快,促進分蘗和干物質積累,后期肥效降低減少水稻成穗率和穗粒數(shù),樹脂包衣尿素與硫包衣尿素相比養(yǎng)分釋放滯后,前期氮肥釋放不足影響水稻分蘗發(fā)生。本研究結果表明,施用氮肥主要通過提高穗粒數(shù)來增加玉米產量,ZD958和DH605各施氮處理平均增產18.9%—24.7%和19.4%—28.9%。ZD958和DH605在拔節(jié)—抽雄期分次施氮較一次性施用尿素產量平均提高4.15%和5.80%。與基施包膜尿素相比,兩品種分次施氮增產1.44%和7.80%,拔節(jié)期施用包膜尿素增產2.10%和10.13%,其中ZD958的穗粒數(shù)和DH605的千粒重顯著增大。兩年試驗拔節(jié)期施用包膜尿素的產量最高但與分次施氮的產量相比無顯著差異。黃淮海地區(qū)包膜尿素種肥同播與拔節(jié)—抽雄期分次施氮相比,其產量水平仍有差距,但將包膜尿素施用時期改為拔節(jié)期,產量增幅可以達到分次施氮水平。

3.2 包膜尿素施用時期對夏玉米氮素利用的影響

控釋肥的肥效期長釋放穩(wěn)定,施用控釋肥是減少氮素損失、提高氮效率的重要手段,也是玉米簡化栽培的重要技術途徑之一[28]。包膜控釋尿素通過膜上微孔和裂隙實現(xiàn)養(yǎng)分釋放,采用包膜材料減少尿素與土壤脲酶的直接接觸面積,降低參與氨揮發(fā)底物含量,推遲氮素最大釋放速率出現(xiàn)時間,利于作物及時吸收土壤中氮素,減少氮素在土壤中的揮發(fā)及淋溶損失,能良好協(xié)調整個生育期氮素的養(yǎng)分供應,促進玉米對氮素的吸收利用,提高氮素利用效率[29-31]。但也有研究表明,基施包膜控釋肥在農田土壤環(huán)境下其養(yǎng)分釋放加快,抑制期縮短,施用40 d后氮素釋放即達到肥料所含氮素的64%[32]。本研究表明,分次施氮與基施包膜尿素相比有更高的花后氮素積累量、花后氮素同化量和氮肥農學利用效率,而與拔節(jié)期施包膜尿素相比,花后氮素積累量、花后氮素同化量和氮素積累活躍期和氮肥利用率顯著降低,土壤氮素依存率顯著提高?;┌つ蛩靥幚淼闹仓甑胤e累量在生育前期高于拔節(jié)期包膜尿素處理和分次施氮處理,但從乳熟期到成熟期,其氮素積累量顯著小于拔節(jié)期施用包膜尿素處理和分次施氮處理,花后氮素同化量顯著降低,氮肥偏生產力、氮肥農田利用率和氮肥利用率都有一定降低。包膜尿素由基施改為拔節(jié)期施用,促進夏玉米植株氮素積累,尤其是花后氮素積累顯著提高,氮素積累活躍期顯著延長,促進花后籽粒氮素同化,提高成熟期籽粒含氮量,氮肥偏生產力、氮肥農學利用率和氮肥利用率均顯著提高。出現(xiàn)此現(xiàn)象的原因一方面是黃淮海地區(qū)雨熱同期,提高了包膜尿素養(yǎng)分釋放速率,包膜尿素施用較早易后期脫肥,影響玉米生長。另一方面凸顯出包膜尿素本身養(yǎng)分控釋時間過短,無法完全滿足種肥同播技術要求,這是未來肥料行業(yè)亟需改進的目標,控釋肥產品需要保證田間的養(yǎng)分釋放過程與作物對養(yǎng)分的吸收動態(tài)一致,才能充分發(fā)揮控釋肥在增加玉米產量和提高肥料利用率等方面的優(yōu)勢。

4 結論

黃淮海地區(qū)包膜尿素施用時間由基施改為拔節(jié)期施用,顯著提高ZD958的穗粒數(shù)和DH605的千粒重,產量提高水平與拔節(jié)—大喇叭口期分次施氮的效果相當。拔節(jié)期施用包膜尿素與分次施氮相比,可以增加玉米籽粒含氮量、植株氮素總積累量、花后氮素積累量和花后氮素同化量,延長植株氮素積累活躍期,氮肥偏生產力、氮肥農學利用率和氮肥利用率顯著提高,減少土壤氮素依存量。因此,包膜尿素在黃淮海地區(qū)于拔節(jié)期施用可以充分發(fā)揮緩釋肥優(yōu)勢,簡化生產過程,促進氮肥高效生產利用。

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(責任編輯 楊鑫浩)

Effect of Coated-Urea Application Times on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Summer Maize

SUN Xudong, SUN Hu, Dong Shuting, Zhao Bin, Liu Peng, Zhang Jiwang

(College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Taian 271018, Shandong)

【Objective】The measures of agricultural production will be simplified which is a trend in the future because of agricultural labor is decreasing. Huang-huai-hai Region is high temperature and rainy in summer corn season. Single basal fertilization is easy to release so fast that corn can’t have enough N at late growth stage which can’t meet the demand of maize growth. By studying different fertilizer application times, the optimum summer corn fertilization methods were explored for the simplification of production measures while guaranteeing the yield and improving the utilization efficiency of fertilizer. 【Method】Denghai605 (DH605) and Zhengdan958 (ZD958) were used as test varieties. Five experimental treatments were designed including no nitrogen fertilization (CK), one-dose nitrogen application (JN), split nitrogen topdressing (SN), coated-urea as base fertilizer (BR), coated-urea application time at jointing stage (JR). The effect of fertilizer application time on accumulation of dry matter accumulation, nitrogen transport characteristics and yield by field experiment.【Result】Nitrogen fertilizer significantly improved maize yield. Compared with CK treatment of ZD958 and DH605, the yield of nitrogen treatments were increased by 18.9%-24.7% and 19.4%-28.9%. Compared with the JN treatment of ZD958 and DH605, the yield of SN were increased by 4.15% and 5.80%, and the grain number of ZD958 was significantly increased. Compared with BR treatment of ZD958 and DH605, the yield of SN was increased by 1.44% and 7.80%, and that of JR was increased by 2.10% and 10.13%, respectively. The grain number of ZD958 and 1000- grain weight of DH605 was increased significantly. The yield of JR was the highest in two years, but there was no significant difference between JR and SN. Compared with BR of ZD958 and DH605, the total nitrogen accumulation of JR were increased by 10.99% and 6.78%, the amounts of accumulated nitrogen after flowering were increased by 45.99% and 43.87%, nitrogen absorption rate after flowering were increased by 46.1% and 43.5%. Compared with SN treatment of ZD958 and DH605, the total nitrogen accumulation of JR were increased by 5.15% and 7.67%, and the post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation were increased by 18.78% and 30.49%, and the rate of nitrogen absorption after anthesis were increased by 18.39% and 30.51%. Compared with BR of ZD958 and DH605, the active N accumulation period (ANAP) of JR were increased by 13.74 days and 25.87 days, respectively, and the nitrogen content (NAAG) was increased by 12.78% and 10.49%, and the assimilating amount of nitrogen after anthesis (AANAA) was increased by 50.87% and 42.57%, and nitrogen translocation amount (NTA) was decreased by 24.82% and 25.38%, the nitrogen transport efficiency (NTE) was decreased by 19.16% and 12.04%, the partial factor productivity from applied N (PFPN) was increased by 2.07% and 10.19%, and the agronomic efficiency of applied nitrogen (AEN) was increased by 11.47% and 69.72%. The recovery efficiency of applied nitrogen (REN) was increased by 60.89% and 25.91%, and soil nitrogen dependence rate (SNDR) decreased by 9.90% and 6.36%, respectively. Compared with SN of ZD958, the ANAP of JR was increased by 12.77 d, NAAG and AANAA were increased by 3.44% and 20.17%, NTA and NTE were decreased by 18.93% and 15.76%, PFPN, AEN and REN were increased by 0.63%, 3.29% and 23.07%, while SNDR was decreased by 4.89% respectively. Compared with SN of DH605, the ANAP was increased by 22.76 d, NAAG and AANAA were increased by 10.26% and 28.67%, NTA and NTE were decreased by 15.56% and 7.80%, PFPN, AEN and REN were increased by 2.15%, 10.31% and 29.96%, while SNDR was decreased by 7.12%, respectively.【Conclusion】The coated urea applied at jointing stage instead of basal could increase corn grain nitrogen content, extended the active time of plant nitrogen accumulation. PFPN, AEN, REN were increased significantly, SNDR was reduced, more nitrogen directly affected grain growth, the amount of yield was equal to SN. JR is more convenient to meet maize’s demand of nutrients on the basis of one-dose nitrogen application, which help streamline production of summer maize.

summer maize; coated-urea; application timing; yield; nitrogen use efficiency

2016-09-26;

2017-02-23

國家自然科學基金(31671629)、“973”計劃(2015CB150404)、國家現(xiàn)代農業(yè)產業(yè)技術體系建設項目(CARS-02-20)、山東省農業(yè)重大應用技術創(chuàng)新項目

張吉旺,Tel:0538-8241485;E-mail:jwzhang@sdau.edu.cn

聯(lián)系方式:孫旭東,E-mail:sxd196@163.com。孫滸,E-mail:husun188@163.com。孫旭東和孫滸為同等貢獻作者。

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