劉 迪 趙中垚 孫 琦 王友信
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院流行病與衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)系 臨床流行病學(xué)北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100069)
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抑癌DNA甲基化在乳腺癌早期篩查和輔助診斷中的價(jià)值比較:間接比較Meta分析
劉 迪 趙中垚 孫 琦 王友信*
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院流行病與衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)系 臨床流行病學(xué)北京市重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100069)
目的 本研究利用間接比較Meta 分析的方法評(píng)價(jià)在乳腺癌中眾多甲基化的基因中價(jià)值較大的基因。方法 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索 Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase、Chinese BioMedical Literature Database(CBM)、Web of Science、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(China National Knowledge Infrastructure,CNKI)和萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),收集涉及抑癌基因啟動(dòng)子甲基化與乳腺癌關(guān)系的Meta研究。采用間接比較Meta分析的方法評(píng)價(jià)在乳腺癌病人中甲基化的抑癌基因的診斷價(jià)值。結(jié)果 最終共納入10個(gè)甲基化基因(10個(gè)Meta研究),共計(jì)130個(gè)原始研究。在匯總的Meta分析中,甲基化的同源性磷酸酶-張力蛋白基因(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN)比值比[odds ratio(OR)=66.16(24.48~178.82)]、人類相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子基因(Runt-related transcription factor 3,RUNX3)[OR=28.88(15.48~54.25)]對(duì)乳腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大,雖然乳腺癌1號(hào)基因(breast cancer 1,BRCA1)[OR=2.11(1.88~2.35)]最小,但是在10個(gè)Meta研究中BRCA1的權(quán)重是57.1%。根據(jù)靈敏度相比之下,RUNX3基因[0.62(0.56~0.67)]最大,其次是脆性組氨酸三聯(lián)體基因(fragile histidine triad protein,F(xiàn)HIT)[0.59(0.54~0.63)],但是RUNX3基因的特異度[0.95(0.91~0.97)]大于FHIT基因[0.65(0.61~0.69)]。綜合甲基化基因的靈敏度和特異度,利用間接比較的方法,RUNX3基因?qū)θ橄侔┑脑\斷價(jià)值最大。結(jié)論 在乳腺癌的早期篩查和輔助檢查中,提倡對(duì)RUNX3和BRCA1甲基化的基因加以利用。
乳腺癌;甲基化;診斷試驗(yàn);間接比較;Meta分析
乳腺癌是女性最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤,我國(guó)乳腺癌病死率位居女性惡性腫瘤第5位,而且有逐年上升的趨勢(shì),嚴(yán)重威脅女性的身心健康和生活質(zhì)量[1]。研究[2]表明乳腺癌病人的五年生存率低,早期診斷及早期治療對(duì)于病人的預(yù)后有重要意義,而通過(guò)篩查從表面健康的無(wú)癥狀人群中發(fā)現(xiàn)癌前病變者或早期癌病人更具有重要意義。DNA甲基化是重要的表觀遺傳修飾,雖不改變DNA序列,但DNA甲基化狀態(tài)的改變導(dǎo)致基因結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的異常[3]。DNA甲基化被認(rèn)為是乳腺癌形成的重要分子機(jī)制,并且甲基化異常的現(xiàn)象早于明顯的惡性表型出現(xiàn),很多甲基化的基因譬如結(jié)腸腺瘤樣息肉(adenomatous polyposis coli,APC)、乳腺癌1號(hào)(breast cancer 1,BRCA1)、人類相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(Runt-related transcription factor 3,RUNX3)、Ras相關(guān)區(qū)域家族亞型1 A(Ras association domain family member 1A,RASSF1A)等[4-8]出現(xiàn)在乳腺癌病人的早期,這為DNA甲基化可以作為乳腺癌早期診斷的生物標(biāo)志物提供了重要依據(jù)。越來(lái)越多的抑癌基因啟動(dòng)子區(qū)高甲基化在乳腺癌的輔助診斷、療效觀察、預(yù)后評(píng)估方面的臨床意義被眾多學(xué)者廣泛研究,其對(duì)于乳腺癌的篩查具有較高的靈敏度和特異度[8]。
但在眾多被發(fā)現(xiàn)甲基化的基因中作為用于乳腺癌篩查價(jià)值較大的甲基化基因尚不清楚,而且目前尚無(wú)2種或者多種甲基化基因進(jìn)行直接比較的結(jié)果,筆者利用間接比較的思想評(píng)價(jià)在乳腺癌中眾多甲基化的基因的價(jià)值。近年來(lái)間接比較的Meta分析或多種干預(yù)措施比較的Meta分析(網(wǎng)狀Meta分析)被廣泛應(yīng)用[9-10],為本研究提供研究思路和研究方法。甲基化的基因在乳腺癌篩查價(jià)值的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)為,甲基化的基因?qū)膊〉娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估[比值比(odds ratio,OR)],診斷的靈敏度、特異度及一致性。本研究旨在采用系統(tǒng)分析方法對(duì)甲基化的基因用于乳腺癌篩查的價(jià)值大小進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),以期為其臨床轉(zhuǎn)化應(yīng)用提供最佳證據(jù)。
1.1 研究對(duì)象
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①乳腺癌病人的甲基化基因的Meta分析,所有標(biāo)本術(shù)后均經(jīng)病理科醫(yī)師確診,乳腺浸潤(rùn)性導(dǎo)管癌分級(jí)與分期參照乳腺癌世界衛(wèi)生組織(World Health Organization, WHO)分類和分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn);基因的甲基化檢測(cè)采用甲基化特異PCR方法;②基因甲基化診斷乳腺癌的診斷性試驗(yàn),可提取四格表數(shù)據(jù);③Meta分析有異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)[11]、敏感性分析、發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估、研究質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)[12]。
評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo):合并靈敏度、合并特異度、綜合靈敏度和特異度的正確指數(shù)。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索 Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase、Chinese BioMedical Literature Database(CBM)、Web of Science、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(China National Knowledge Infrastructure,CNKI)和萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索時(shí)限為1990年1月1日至2016年10月10日。并補(bǔ)充檢索納入文獻(xiàn)的參考文獻(xiàn),搜索相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)如需相關(guān)信息,與本領(lǐng)域相關(guān)專家或作者聯(lián)系,獲取以上檢索時(shí)未發(fā)現(xiàn)的相關(guān)信息。英文檢索詞包括:breast cancer、methylation、Meta analysis;中文檢索詞包括乳腺癌、甲基化、Meta分析。并檢索涉及的甲基化的基因從Meta截止時(shí)間后的研究,并統(tǒng)一分析。
1.3 資料提取與質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
由2名評(píng)價(jià)者獨(dú)立按照納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選文獻(xiàn)、提取資料并交叉核對(duì),如遇分歧討論解決或由第三者研究者協(xié)助解決。提取資料包括:①一般信息:文獻(xiàn)作者、出版時(shí)間、甲基化基因標(biāo)志物名稱、納入Meta研究個(gè)數(shù)、納入樣本數(shù)、Meta檢索截止時(shí)間;②診斷參考信息:從原始文獻(xiàn)中提取或通過(guò)計(jì)算獲得真陽(yáng)性(true positive,TP)、真陰性(true negative,TN)、假陽(yáng)性(false positive,F(xiàn)P)、假陰性(false negative,F(xiàn)N);③檢查Meta分析中是否包括異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)、敏感性分析、發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估、研究質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
計(jì)數(shù)資料采用OR值,并計(jì)算效應(yīng)量的95%可信區(qū)間(95%confidence interval,95%CI)。由于本研究基于Meta分析篩選的甲基化基因進(jìn)行間接比較,納入Meta分析均有異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)、敏感性分析、發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估、研究質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià);而且本研究是基于病理診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較各個(gè)甲基化的基因的間接比較,符合網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的相似性條件;本研究屬于網(wǎng)狀Meta類型中星形網(wǎng)狀Meta分析,不存在直接比較的數(shù)據(jù),只存在間接比較的數(shù)據(jù),因此不需要進(jìn)行一致性檢驗(yàn)[10]。采用Review manager 5.3軟件繪制森林圖及呈現(xiàn)間接比較的結(jié)果,進(jìn)行Meta分析中甲基化基因?qū)Π┌Y的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的匯總,對(duì)納入甲基化基因作為乳腺癌診斷標(biāo)志物的靈敏度和特異度進(jìn)行分析比較,對(duì)納入甲基化基因診斷的一致性進(jìn)行分析比較,OR(95%CI)為評(píng)價(jià)甲基化異常的基因?qū)θ橄侔┰\斷一致性的比較,若AvsB,OR>1且置信區(qū)間不包括1,相對(duì)于B,A的診斷價(jià)值大;若置信區(qū)間包括1,則A和B診斷價(jià)值一樣;若OR<1且置信區(qū)間不包括1,相對(duì)于B,A的診斷價(jià)值小。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)為α=0.05,雙側(cè)P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 檢索結(jié)果
檢索相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),最初檢索到相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)33篇,嚴(yán)格依據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),進(jìn)一步仔細(xì)閱讀摘要及全文后剔除22篇,最終有11篇文獻(xiàn)符合要求并納入本研究(圖1)。10篇Meta中的原始研究均提供了較為完整的數(shù)據(jù)資料,如表1為10篇Meta研究的信息。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果
表1 納入研究的基本特征
2.2 甲基化基因?qū)θ橄侔╋L(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估及診斷的靈敏度和特異度
如圖2,在匯總的Meta分析中,甲基化的同源性磷酸酶-張力蛋白基因(phosphatase and tensin homolog, PTEN)[OR=66.16(24.48~178.82)]、RUNX3 [OR=28.88(15.48~54.25)]對(duì)乳腺癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最大,雖然BRCA1[OR=2.11(1.88~2.35)]最小,但是在10個(gè)Meta研究中BRCA1的權(quán)重是57.1%。根據(jù)靈敏度相比之下,RUNX3基因[0.62(0.56~0.67)]最大,其次是FHIT [0.59(0.54~0.63)],但是RUNX3基因的特異度[0.95(0.91~0、97)]大于脆性組氨酸三聯(lián)體(fragile histidine triad protein,F(xiàn)HIT)基因[0.65(0.61~0.69)]。
圖2 Meta分析的匯總森林圖
A: forest plots of Meta analysis of the higher risk of DNA methylation in breast cancer;B: forest plots of Meta analysis of sensitivity and specificity of DNA methylation in breast cancer;APC:adenomatous polyposis coli; BRCA1:breast cancer 1; CDH1:cadherin 1; FHIT:fragile histidine triad protein; GSTP1:glutathione S-transferase pi 1; HIN-1:high in normal-1; PTEN:phosphatase and tensin homolog;RARβ2:retinoic acid receptor beta2;RASSF1A: ras association domain family member 1;RUNX3:Runt-related transcription factor 3; TP:true positive; FP:false positive; FN:false negative;TN:true negative.
2.3 甲基化基因?qū)θ橄侔┰\斷價(jià)值的間接比較
綜合甲基化基因的靈敏度和特異度,利用間接比較的方法,RUNX3基因相比于結(jié)合珠蛋白基因(high in normal-1,HIN-1)[1.96(1.50~2.57)]、FHIT[1.96(1.54~2.49)]、APC[1.98(1.60~2.45)]、上皮-鈣粘連素基因(cadherin 1,CDH1) [1.99(1.55~2.57)]、PTEN[2.20(1.75~2.77)]、BRCA1[2.36(1.92~2.91)]、維甲酸受體β2基因(retinoic acid receptor beta2,RARβ2)[2.50(2.00~3.13)]、RASSF1A3.04[(2.43~3.80)]、谷胱甘肽S-轉(zhuǎn)移酶P1(glutathione S-transferase pi 1,GSTP1) [3.28(2.64~4.08)],對(duì)乳腺癌的診斷價(jià)值較大,詳見(jiàn)表2。
乳腺癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展是一個(gè)涉及多基因改變和多階段致癌的復(fù)雜過(guò)程[13],其中癌基因的激活和抑癌基因的失活在乳腺癌發(fā)生、發(fā)展過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵作用,其中DNA高甲基化被認(rèn)為是使抑癌基因沉默的重要分子機(jī)制,在乳腺癌形成及其侵襲性不斷增強(qiáng)的過(guò)程中,參與DNA損傷修復(fù)、細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控、細(xì)胞黏附以及細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)等功能的基因,都可能因?yàn)槠鋯?dòng)子區(qū)CpG島的甲基化而發(fā)生功能失活相關(guān)[8]。在筆者匯總的甲基化的基因?qū)θ橄侔┑娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的Meta中發(fā)現(xiàn)了APC、BRCA1、RUNX3、RASSF1A等[4-7, 14-19]10個(gè)甲基化的基因與乳腺癌密切相關(guān),這些基因的甲基化不僅發(fā)生在乳腺癌癌變前期,而且甲基化的水平與乳腺癌的分期相關(guān)?;虍惓<谆粌H在組織能檢測(cè)到,在病人的血液中亦能檢測(cè)到,而在正常人的組織或者血液中基因的甲基化率很低[8]。對(duì)其甲基化的基因進(jìn)行早期篩查可以早期發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺癌病人或癌前病變,提高篩查的靈敏度,盡可能較多地發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑病人,因此尋找對(duì)乳腺癌診斷靈敏度較高的甲基化基因。利用間接比較的方法評(píng)估對(duì)乳腺癌診斷價(jià)值較大的甲基化的基因,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)RUNX3基因?qū)θ橄侔┰\斷的靈敏度[(0.62(0.56~0.67)]最大,特異度[(0.95(0.91~0.97)],綜合靈敏度和特異度,相比于其他9個(gè)甲基化的基因,RUNX3基因的診斷價(jià)值較大。
表2 甲基化的基因在乳腺癌診斷價(jià)值中間接比較結(jié)果
The group of interest versus the referent are shown in the cells above,OR(95%) is used to evaluste the differences between alterations in DNA methylation. For example, 10vs1,OR=3.28,OR>1: compared with 1, 10 had a greater value for the diagnose of the breast cancer. Blue represents the differences arestatistically significant, red represents the differences are not statistically significant. GSTP1:glutathione S-transferase pi 1; RASSF1A: ras association domain family member 1 A; RARβ2:retinoic acid receptor beta2; BRCA1:breast cancer 1; PTEN:phosphatase and tensin homolog;CDH1:cadherin 1; APC:adenomatous polyposis coli; FHIT:fragile histidine triad protein; HIN-1:high in normal-1; RUNX3:Runt-related transcription factor 3.
RUNX3是RUNT基因家族的成員之一,其編碼蛋白是一組DNA結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,在細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育及凋亡過(guò)程中起著重要的作用[20]。RUNX3轉(zhuǎn)錄的蛋白是轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)信號(hào)通路下游的一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,TGF-β信號(hào)通路對(duì)維持細(xì)胞正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育起重要作用,并可能與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關(guān)。筆者匯總了RUNX3基因甲基化對(duì)癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的Meta分析中發(fā)現(xiàn)RUNX3基因在食管癌、肺癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌中[5, 21-23]呈現(xiàn)高甲基化狀態(tài),而此抑癌基因高甲基化使其表達(dá)缺失與癌癥的發(fā)生密切相關(guān),這提示RUNX3基因是一個(gè)很有前景的用于癌癥的篩查的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物。在匯總的評(píng)估乳腺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的Meta分析中,發(fā)現(xiàn)BRCA1基因的權(quán)重占所有研究的57.1%,BRCA1突變基因是乳腺癌易感基因中頭號(hào)關(guān)鍵的基因,而甲基化可能使其突變的原因,并且在乳腺癌和卵巢癌中發(fā)生,BRCA1甲基化具有明顯的組織特異性[24-25]。因此,在乳腺癌早期篩查和輔助診斷的方案即選擇對(duì)乳腺癌診斷價(jià)值較大的RUNX3基因及對(duì)乳腺癌發(fā)生機(jī)制貢獻(xiàn)較大且具有特異性的BRCA1基因。
本研究基于乳腺癌病理診斷的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較各個(gè)甲基化的基因的診斷價(jià)值,在沒(méi)有直接比較的證據(jù)下根據(jù)間接比較的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)推斷甲基化的基因的診斷價(jià)值優(yōu)劣。本研究最大的優(yōu)越性在于可以將用于乳腺癌診斷的甲基化的基因匯總后進(jìn)行定量化的比較,滿足網(wǎng)狀Meta分析的基本假設(shè)條件-異質(zhì)性、相似性、一致性,對(duì)分析結(jié)果的有效性和可靠性提供保障[10]。但是本研究亦存在以下局限:①考慮到甲基化的Meta研究非常多,本研究只納入Meta研究的甲基化基因,雖然對(duì)Meta研究后期的研究進(jìn)行了搜索匯總,但是漏掉了其他沒(méi)有Meta研究但在乳腺癌中甲基化的基因。②所納入Meta的研究人群存在差異,而對(duì)于不同人群甲基化率會(huì)有所差異,這樣對(duì)于結(jié)果會(huì)帶來(lái)一定的誤差。③雖然研究文獻(xiàn)[26]表明甲基化異常存在于病人組織及血液中,但是在組織和血液中會(huì)存在差異,這在以后的研究中要分亞組分析再討論。④雖然本研究針對(duì)Meta分析的甲基化的基因進(jìn)行了比較,但仍然存在小樣本效應(yīng),運(yùn)用本研究結(jié)論仍需謹(jǐn)慎。⑤本研究所納入的研究基于病例對(duì)照設(shè)計(jì),作為診斷標(biāo)志物最大挑戰(zhàn)就是尋找其截?cái)嘀祷蚺R界點(diǎn)(cut off point),而不同的研究其臨界點(diǎn)可能不一致,而對(duì)于病例對(duì)照研究的臨界值的外推性不高,這對(duì)本研究的結(jié)果也會(huì)產(chǎn)生影響。
綜上所述,甲基化異常的現(xiàn)象早于明顯的惡性表型出現(xiàn),是乳腺癌發(fā)生的早期事件及危險(xiǎn)因素;甲基化的異常能從病人較易獲取的血液或者體液標(biāo)本中檢測(cè)到,無(wú)創(chuàng)傷;隨著甲基化技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,甲基化的檢測(cè)更加成熟、穩(wěn)定、廉價(jià)。這些為甲基化作為乳腺癌的早期篩查及輔助診斷的生物標(biāo)志物提供了優(yōu)勢(shì)及必要條件。本研究基于間接比較的思想,首次在標(biāo)志物作為疾病的診斷上進(jìn)行比較,篩選出診斷價(jià)值較大的標(biāo)志物,這為在眾多篩選的候選基因的選擇上提供了參考和思路,但尚需高質(zhì)量、大樣本的研究進(jìn)一步論證。
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編輯 孫超淵
Comparison of DNA hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes as diagnostic biomarkers in screening and auxiliary detection of breast cancer: an indirect comparison Meta-analysis
Liu Di, Zhao Zhongyao, Sun Qi, Wang Youxin*
(BeijingKeyLaboratoryofClinicalEpidemiology,DepartmentofEpidemiologyandBiostatistics,SchoolofPublicHealth,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100069,China)
Objective To assess the comparative efficacy of diagnostic accuracy of DNA methylation biomarkers for the screening and detection of breast cancer, we conducted an indirect comparison Meta-analysis of published reports. Methods Databases including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMbase, Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (CBM), Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and WanFang Data were searched to collect the diagnostic trials on the Meta-analysis of aberrant DNA hypermethylation for breast cancer published until October 2016. The indirect comparison Meta-analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of the included genes, and the Meta-analysis was conducted via Review manager 5.3 software. Results Ten Meta-analysis of 130 original studies were included. In summary of Meta-analysis, compared with others gene, methylation of phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN) [iodds ratio (OR)=66.16 (24.48-178.82)], methylation of Runt-related transcription factor 3 gene (RUNX3) [OR=28.88 (15.48-54.25)] had greater risk in breast cancer. Although breast cancer 1 gene (BRCA1) [OR=2.11 (1.88-2.35)] was the smallest risk for breast cancer, the weight ofBRCA1 gene was up to 57.1% in all the Meta. According to the sensitivity, compared with others gene,RUNX3 [0.62 (0.56-0.67)] was the largest, followed by fragile histidine triad protein gene (FHIT) [0.59 (0.54-0.63)], but the specificity ofRUNX3 [0.95 (0.91-0.97)] was greater thanFHIT[0.65 (0.61-0.69)]. Comprehensive sensitivity and specificity of ten genes, the largest value ofRUNX3 in the diagnosis of breast cancer was found. Conclusion We advocate thatRUNX3 andBRCA1 gene methylation can be used in the screening and auxiliary detection of breast cancer.
breast cancer; methylation; diagnostic test; indirect comparison; Meta-analysis
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81673247, 81370083, 81530087),北京市科技新星項(xiàng)目(Z141107001814058)。This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81673247, 81370083, 81530087), Beijing Nova Program (Z141107001814058).
時(shí)間:2017-07-16 17∶34 網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3662.r.20170716.1734.042.html
10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2017.04.014]
R195
2016-10-25)
*Corresponding author, E-mail:wangy@ccmu.edu.cn