陳克研,董婉維
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物部,沈陽 110001)
富氫液通過PI3K通路減輕大鼠腦缺血再灌注損傷
陳克研,董婉維
(中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物部,沈陽 110001)
目的 探討富氫液對(duì)大鼠腦缺血再灌注致海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡及PI3K/Akt/FoxO1信號(hào)通路表達(dá)的影響。方法 采用線栓法阻塞大鼠大腦中動(dòng)脈,建立大鼠局灶性腦缺血/再灌注(I/R)模型,SD 大鼠隨機(jī)分為假手術(shù)組(Sham 組)、缺血/再灌注組(I/R組)和富氫液處理組(HRS組),每組 10只;各組于再灌注后24 h,ELISA檢測(cè)血清中炎癥因子IL-6、TNF-α及IL-1β的變化;HE染色觀察海馬變化,TUNEL 法觀察腦組織細(xì)胞凋亡情況;Western blot法檢測(cè)海馬p-PI3K、Akt、caspase-3和FoxO1蛋白表達(dá)變化。結(jié)果 與Sham組相比,I/R組錐體細(xì)胞排列疏松,大量錐體細(xì)胞死亡,海馬凋亡細(xì)胞增多,血清炎癥因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、表達(dá)顯著增加(P< 0.05),腦組織中p-PI3K、Akt、caspase-3表達(dá)顯著升高,F(xiàn)oxO1蛋白降低,兩組間比較均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P< 0.05);與I/R組相比,HRS組炎癥因子顯著降低;p-PI3K、Akt、caspase-3表達(dá)水平均顯著降低,,F(xiàn)oxO1蛋白升高(P< 0.05)。結(jié)論 富氫液可以減輕缺血再灌注導(dǎo)致的腦損傷,其機(jī)制可能與PI3K/Akt/FoxO1信號(hào)通路相關(guān)。
富氫液;缺血再灌注;PI3K;FoxO1;細(xì)胞凋亡
對(duì)缺血腦組織進(jìn)行及時(shí)再灌注是治療腦卒中的有效措施之一,在腦缺血再灌注時(shí),缺血局部組織會(huì)釋放大量炎癥因子,這些激活的炎癥細(xì)胞會(huì)浸潤到局部組織,并激活相關(guān)的炎癥信號(hào)通路,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致腦組織發(fā)生更嚴(yán)重的炎癥性損傷[1-3]。此外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),缺血再灌注損傷會(huì)伴隨著細(xì)胞凋亡的發(fā)生,且細(xì)胞凋亡會(huì)隨著缺血時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而加重,凋亡在缺血/再灌注損傷的病理過程中的作用不容忽視[4]。目前認(rèn)為,缺血再灌注損傷導(dǎo)致的炎癥反應(yīng)和凋亡與磷酸肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)及其下游蛋白AKT信號(hào)通路的激活息息相關(guān)[5]。氫氣通過特殊加壓方式溶到生理鹽水而獲得的富氫液(hydrogen rich saline,HRS)是很好的抗氧化物,集高氫量、弱堿性、負(fù)電位、小分子水為一體,平衡身體酸堿度,可有效防止多種疾病[6,7]。已有報(bào)道顯示HRS在肝臟、腸缺血再灌注中對(duì)相應(yīng)臟器有保護(hù)作用,而有關(guān)HRS在腦缺血再灌注損傷(ischemia reperfusion injury,IRI)中是否具有器官保護(hù)作用、其機(jī)制是否與抗炎性反應(yīng)有關(guān)尚缺少相關(guān)研究。本研究通過建立大鼠缺血再灌注損傷模型,采用富氫液進(jìn)行預(yù)處理,探討富氫液對(duì)缺血再灌注大鼠腦損傷和PI3K通路蛋白表達(dá)的影響,闡明富氫液對(duì)腦組織損傷的保護(hù)作用及分子機(jī)制,旨在為富氫液治療大腦缺血/再灌注損傷提供依據(jù)。
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物及分組
清潔級(jí)SD大鼠40只,250 ~ 300 g,源于中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物部【SCXK(遼)2013-0001,SYXK(遼)2013-0007)】。實(shí)驗(yàn)隨機(jī)分為假手術(shù)組(sham組),缺血/再灌注組(I/R組),富氫液處理組(HRS組)。H組大鼠于再灌注開始靜脈泵注富氫水5 mL/(kg·h)至灌注結(jié)束;模型組動(dòng)物注射等量的生理鹽水;假手術(shù)組組動(dòng)物在麻醉后僅動(dòng)脈分離手術(shù)。
1.2 富氫水的制備
參照文獻(xiàn)[8]制備富氫水溶液,將醫(yī)用注射液軟包裝袋,用低壓艙0.8個(gè)大氣壓減壓處理24 h,常壓下置12 h,將飽和部分的氣體析出;將包裝袋置于4℃冰箱冷卻;取預(yù)冷的生理鹽水,取總體積的15%,注入同體積的純氫氣;將注入氫氣后的鹽水放入加壓艙,4℃下持續(xù)加壓24 h,使氫氣充分溶入注射液,取出后置4℃保存。
1.3 腦缺血/再灌注動(dòng)物模型的制備
腦缺血/再灌注動(dòng)物模型的制備參照文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行[9]。大鼠經(jīng)腹腔注射 2% 戊巴比妥鈉進(jìn)行麻醉,結(jié)扎右側(cè)翼腭動(dòng)脈和頸外動(dòng)脈。在大鼠頸外動(dòng)脈距結(jié)扎處約0.5 cm處用注射器針頭刺一小口,將尼龍線栓經(jīng)右側(cè)頸外動(dòng)脈主干切口緩慢向頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈入顱方向推進(jìn),以頸總動(dòng)脈分叉處為標(biāo)記,推進(jìn) 18 ~ 20 mm 感到輕微阻力時(shí),即已阻斷大腦中動(dòng)脈。阻斷 2 h 后,拔出尼龍線并扎緊動(dòng)脈殘端,縫合皮下組織和皮膚,完成腦缺血/再灌注損傷模型。
1.4 標(biāo)本采集
各組于缺血再灌注術(shù)后24 h處死實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物,經(jīng)頸內(nèi)靜脈采血3 mL離心法分離血漿,采用ELISA試劑盒(美國 USCN)檢測(cè)血漿中炎癥因子IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β;另取右側(cè)海馬組織,置于福爾馬林液中,常規(guī)石蠟包埋,HE染色觀察組織學(xué)變化,TUNEL染色觀察神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡情況;另一部分置液氮中,Western blot技術(shù)檢測(cè)p-PI3K、Akt、caspase-3和FoxO1蛋白表達(dá)變化。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
2.1 富氫液對(duì)缺血再灌注大鼠海馬形態(tài)學(xué)改變的影響
Sham組大鼠海馬區(qū)域神經(jīng)細(xì)胞形態(tài)正常,排列規(guī)則、胞質(zhì)均染,細(xì)胞核呈圓形或卵圓形,未見明顯病變;I/R組大鼠海馬區(qū)域細(xì)胞排列紊亂,核固縮、溶解,神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞及錐體細(xì)胞死亡,細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯減少;HRS組大鼠可見海馬區(qū)域細(xì)胞紊亂程度減輕,變性/壞死的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞明顯減少(圖1)。
2.2 富氫液對(duì)血漿中炎癥因子表達(dá)的影響
與sham組相比,I/R組大鼠腦組織IL-1β、IL-6、和TNF-α的表達(dá)顯著升高,差異有顯著性(P< 0.05);與I/R組相比,HRS組大鼠IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的表達(dá)顯著降低,差異有顯著性(P< 0.05)(表1)。
2.3 富氫液對(duì)大鼠海馬神經(jīng)元凋亡的影響
TUNEL陽性細(xì)胞呈棕黃色,細(xì)胞核著色。與sham組比較,I/R組TUNEL陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)量顯著增加,差異有顯著性(P< 0.05);與I/R組相比,HRS組腦組織海馬區(qū)域TUNEL陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)量顯著降低(P< 0.05)(圖2)。
2.4 富氫液對(duì)大鼠凋亡蛋白p-PI3K、Akt、caspase-3和FoxO1蛋白表達(dá)的影響
與Sham組相比,I/R組大鼠腦組織中p-PI3K、Akt、caspase-3表達(dá)顯著升高,F(xiàn)oxO1蛋白降低,兩組間比較均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P< 0.05);與I/R組相比,HRS組大鼠腦組織p-PI3K、Akt、caspase-3表達(dá)顯著降低,F(xiàn)oxO1蛋白升高,差異有顯著性(P< 0.05)(圖3)。
圖1 大鼠海馬的組織學(xué)改變(HE染色)Fig.1 Histological changes of hypocampal neurons in the rats (HE staining)
指標(biāo)/分組Index/Group假手術(shù)組Shamgroup缺血/再灌注組I/Rgroup富氫液處理組HRSgroupS100?β/ng/L3687±0.9111296±1.45a6842±1.30abTNF?α/μg/L7554±10.2119651±30.31a11847±10.14abIL?6/ng/L2097±2.386869±3.39a4536±5.14ab
注:與Sham組相比,aP< 0.05;與HRS組相比,bP< 0.05。
Note. Compared with the sham group,aP<0.05; Compared with the HRS group,bP<0.05.
圖2 海馬神經(jīng)元的凋亡狀況(TUNEL染色)Fig.2 Apoptosis in the hypocampal neurons in the rats (TUNEL staining)
圖3 Western blot檢測(cè)大鼠海馬組織中 多種基因蛋白表達(dá)的比較Fig.3 Changes of expressions of p-PI3K, Akt, caspase-3, FoxO1, and GAPDH in the rats detected by Western blot assay
本研究通過建立大鼠局灶性缺血再灌注腦損傷模型,采用HE染色、TUNEL、ELISA和Western blot等技術(shù),觀察富氫液對(duì)大鼠海馬區(qū)神經(jīng)元形態(tài)學(xué)改變、細(xì)胞凋亡及相關(guān)蛋白Bcl-2、Bax和caspase-3、炎癥因子和PI3K/Akt/FoxO1通路蛋白表達(dá)的影響。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),富氫液可以減少缺血再灌注導(dǎo)致的大腦海馬區(qū)形態(tài)學(xué)改變,降低炎癥因子表達(dá)、減少細(xì)胞凋亡產(chǎn)生。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn),富氫液可以降低缺血再灌注導(dǎo)致的PI3K、Akt和FoxO1通路蛋白表達(dá),結(jié)果提示富氫液可以減輕缺血再灌注導(dǎo)致的大鼠腦損傷,其機(jī)制可能是通過調(diào)控PI3K/Akt/FoxO1通路來實(shí)現(xiàn)。
氫氣本身就是一種最佳天然抗氧化劑,所以加入氫氣的水具有很強(qiáng)的還原功能,可以中和身體血液和細(xì)胞里的自由基。將氫氣溶于生理鹽水制備富氫液很容易進(jìn)入細(xì)胞通道,參與新陳代謝,從而促進(jìn)細(xì)胞排毒,增加了細(xì)胞的水合作用,提升人體的免疫力[10,11]。通過動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)或臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)均證實(shí),人或動(dòng)物引用HRS后,對(duì)心、肝臟、肺臟和腸等缺血再灌注引發(fā)的相應(yīng)器官損傷有明顯的抑制作用,可以減輕機(jī)體炎癥反應(yīng)和過度氧化,對(duì)臟器有保護(hù)作用[12,13]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),富氫液對(duì)脂多糖(LPS)誘導(dǎo)的大鼠急性肺損傷進(jìn)行干預(yù),它可以有效減少肺和支氣管肺泡灌洗液的蛋白濃度、降低肺濕/干重比,顯著抑制炎性細(xì)胞因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1α、VCAM-1 mRNA表達(dá),結(jié)果表明,富氫液在臨床上可用于有效治療急性肺損傷的抗炎劑[14]。Huang等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)富氫液可以降低潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎大鼠血清LDH、ALP、IL-1β、TNF-α和MPO 水平,而增加前列腺素E2和IL-10水平,結(jié)果提示富氫液可用于治療潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎,為富氫液的臨床抗炎應(yīng)用提供了直接證據(jù)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),富氫液顯著降低缺血再灌注大鼠腦組織促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6、和TNF-α的表達(dá)。此外,富氫液還可以顯著降低缺血再灌注導(dǎo)致促凋亡蛋白caspase-3表達(dá),提示富氫液對(duì)缺血再灌注大鼠腦損傷有保護(hù)作用,這種作用是通過抗炎和抗凋亡實(shí)現(xiàn)的。
既往的研究證實(shí)PI3K/AKT信號(hào)通路參與了腦缺血神經(jīng)細(xì)胞凋亡,內(nèi)在通路和外部的炎癥激活時(shí)均可驅(qū)動(dòng)AKT介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞存活通路,激活磷脂酰肌醇3激酶連接AMPA受體的胞內(nèi)C末端,可激活其下游激酶Akt ser473殘基磷酸化,誘導(dǎo)下游蛋白FoxO1向細(xì)胞膜轉(zhuǎn)位,磷酸化Ser9導(dǎo)致FoxO1失活,磷酸化β連環(huán)蛋白促進(jìn)細(xì)胞生存。同時(shí)抑制下游蛋白caspase-3激活,從而抑制促炎因子釋放,發(fā)揮抗炎、抗凋亡、減少腦損傷作用[16-18]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組相比,缺血再灌注大鼠海馬組織p-PI3K、p-Akt 和p-FoxO1蛋白表達(dá)均顯著增加,而經(jīng)過富氫液預(yù)處理后大鼠腦組織p-PI3K、p-Akt 和p-FoxO1表達(dá)顯著降低,結(jié)果提示,富氫液可能通過激活PI3K/Akt/FoxO1通路,對(duì)缺血再灌注大鼠腦損傷發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用。
綜上,富氫液可以減少缺血再灌注導(dǎo)致的大腦海馬區(qū)形態(tài)學(xué)改變,降低炎癥因子表達(dá)、減少細(xì)胞凋亡產(chǎn)生,其機(jī)制可能是通過調(diào)控PI3K/Akt/FoxO1通路來實(shí)現(xiàn)。
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Hydrogen-rich saline reduces cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in ratsvia PI3K pathway
CHEN Ke-yan, DONG Wan-wei
(Department of Laboratory Animal Science, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China)
Objective To investigate the effect of hydrogen-rich saline on apoptosis in hippocampal neurons induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats and PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway. Methods The rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was established by thread-occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats. SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group), ischemia-reperfusion group (I/R group) and hydrogen-rich saline treatment group (HRS group), 10 rats in each group. At 24 h after reperfusion, the serum levels of IL-6, TNF-a and IL-1β were detected by ELISA. Histological changes of the hippocampus were observed by pathology using HE staining. Apoptosis in brain tissues was observed by TUNEL staining. The expression changes of p-PI3K, Akt, caspase-3 and FoxO1 proteins were detected by Western blot assay. Results Compared with the sham group, pyramidal cells were arranged loosely in the I/R group and a large number of pyramidal cells were necrotized, and the amount of apoptotic hippocampal cells was increased. The levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly increased (P< 0.05), as well as the expression of p-PI3K, Akt and caspase-3 in the brain tissue. However, the expression of FoxO1 protein was decreased. There were significant differences between the two groups (P< 0.05). Compared with the I/R group, the inflammatory factors were significantly decreased in the HRS group. The expressions of p-PI3K, Akt and caspase-3 were also significantly decreased, while the expression of FoxO1 protein was increased (P< 0.05). Conclusions Hydrogen-rich saline can reduce brain injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion, and its mechanism may be related to PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway.
Hydrogen rich saline; Ischemia reperfusion; PI3k; FoxO1; Apoptosis
國家自然青年科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(31201758);中國醫(yī)科大學(xué)新教師基金項(xiàng)目(XZR20160036)。
陳克研(1983-),男,博士,講師,從事基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)和實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物研究。 E-mail: chenkeyan888@163.com
研究報(bào)告
R-33
A
1671-7856(2017) 07-0013-04
10.3969.j.issn.1671-7856. 2017.07.003
2017-01-05