林雷++++++陳春++++++侯俊++++++楊萍
[摘要] 目的 探討靜脈注射不同劑量地塞米松聯(lián)合超聲引導肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯對行肩部手術(shù)患者術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛效果的影響。 方法 選擇宜昌市中心人民醫(yī)院2014年6月~2015年10月80例于肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯下行肩關節(jié)鏡手術(shù)患者,采用電腦生成的隨機數(shù)字分為四組:阻滯前分別靜注生理鹽水(A組,n = 20)、0.025 mg/kg地塞米松(B組,n = 20)、0.05 mg/kg地塞米松(C組,n = 20)、0.1 mg/kg地塞米松(D 組,n = 20)。主要指標:術(shù)后48 h首次需求鎮(zhèn)痛時間;次要指標:術(shù)后24、48 h無痛或輕度疼痛及術(shù)后24 h阻滯側(cè)上肢肌力未完全恢復患者例數(shù),術(shù)后48 h累積鎮(zhèn)痛藥物消耗,睡眠干擾、惡心嘔吐等不良事件,及患者對麻醉的滿意率等。 結(jié)果 C組和D組患者術(shù)后48 h首次需求鎮(zhèn)痛中位時間明顯長于A組(P < 0.01),但C、D組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05);四組間術(shù)后24、48 h無痛或輕度疼痛,術(shù)后24 h阻滯側(cè)上肢肌力未完全恢復,48 h內(nèi)不需鎮(zhèn)痛劑,曲馬多的用量及使用哌替定患者例數(shù)等指標比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05),但D組術(shù)后48 h雙氯芬酸鈉栓的使用量明顯低于A組(P < 0.05);C組和D組睡眠干擾患者明顯少于A組(P < 0.05),且D組患者麻醉滿意率高于A組(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 靜注0.05 mg/kg或0.1 mg/kg地塞米松可延長肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯肩部手術(shù)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛時間,靜注0.1 mg/kg地塞米松患者麻醉滿意率更高。
[關鍵詞] 肌間溝;臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯;地塞米松
[中圖分類號] R614.2 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)06(a)-0067-04
A randomised controlled trial of intravenous Dexamethasone combined with interscalene brachial plexus blockade guided by ultrasound in shoulder surgery
LIN Lei1 CHEN Chun1 HOU Jun2 YANG Ping2
1.Department of Anesthesia, the First College of Clinical Medical Science, Three Gorges University, Hubei Province, Yichang 443003, China; 2.Department of Anesthesia, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Hubei Province, Yichang 443003, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effects of intravenous injection of different doses of Dexamethasone combined with ultrasound-guided interscalene bronchial plexus block on postoperative analgesia in patients underwent shoulder surgery. Methods 80 cases of patients underwent shoulder arthroscopy under interscalene brachial plexus blockade in Yichang Central People's Hospital from June 2014 to October 2015 were chosen and randomly divided into four groups: intravenous injection of saline (group A, n=20), 0.025 mg/kg Dexamethasone (group B, n=20), 0.05 mg/kg Dexamethasone (group C, n=20), 0.1 mg/kg Dexamethasone (group D, n=20) before blockade, respectively. Outcomes for 48 h were recorded. Primary endpoint was the time to first postoperative analgesic required. No or mild pain at 24 h and 48 h, weakness at 24 h, cumulative analgesic consumption, sleep disturbance, nausea and vomiting, and satisfaction were considered as secondary outcomes. Results The median time to first postoperative analgesic required was significantly longer in group C and group D than that in group A (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between group C and group D (P > 0.05). Among the four groups, no or mild pain at 24 h and 48 h, weakness at 24 h, no analgesia required, the amount of Tramadol and Dolantin required were compared, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05), but the amount of Diclofenac Sodium Suppository was lower in group D than that in group A (P < 0.05). The incidence of sleep disturbance in group C and group D was less than that in group A (P < 0.05), and patients' anesthesia satisfaction rate in group D was higher than that in group A (P < 0.05). Conclusion Intravenous injection of 0.05 mg/kg or 0.1 mg/kg Dexamethasone can extend the duration of postoperative analgesia provided by interscalene brachial plexus block, patients' satisfaction with anesthesia by using 0.1 mg/kg Dexamethasone is higher.
[Key words] Interscalene; Plexus blockade; Dexamethasone
地塞米松作為長效糖皮質(zhì)激素在急慢性疼痛及區(qū)域麻醉中應用廣泛。研究表明,神經(jīng)周圍使用地塞米松可延長多數(shù)神經(jīng)阻滯時間[1-7],但可能是其經(jīng)全身吸收后產(chǎn)生的效應,而不是本身的局部作用[8],且目前使用仍有顧慮,主要是擔心地塞米松可能具有神經(jīng)毒性[9-11]。近年發(fā)現(xiàn),靜脈注射地塞米松可延長不同人群不同手術(shù)后的鎮(zhèn)痛時間[12-13],且靜注與神經(jīng)周圍注射10 mg地塞米松在延長羅哌卡因肌間溝鎮(zhèn)痛時間上無顯著差異[14],在鎖骨上阻滯時也有類似報道[15]。但也有研究指出,靜注4 mg地塞米松與神經(jīng)周圍使用相比不能延長肌間溝阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛時間,推測可能是該劑量過低,不足以延長鎮(zhèn)痛時間[16]。本研究觀察靜注0.025、0.05、0.1 mg/kg地塞米松對肌間溝阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛時間的影響,以評價其對肌間溝阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛的效果。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇宜昌市中心人民醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)2014年6月~2015年10月?lián)衿谟诩¢g溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯下行肩關節(jié)鏡肩袖修復手術(shù)患者80例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ級,年齡18~65歲。排除標準:年齡<18歲,地塞米松不能耐受者(包括糖尿病),孕婦,臂叢神經(jīng)病變者,嚴重支氣管疾病者,凝血功能障礙和全身使用糖皮質(zhì)激素者。采用電腦生成的隨機數(shù)字將其分為四組:A、B、C、D組,每組各20例。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準,所有研究對象均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
所有患者不用術(shù)前針,進入手術(shù)室后建立外周靜脈通路,常規(guī)監(jiān)測心電圖(ECG)、脈搏氧飽和度(SpO2)、無創(chuàng)血壓(NIBP),監(jiān)測血糖。各組患者神經(jīng)阻滯前由麻醉醫(yī)師靜脈分別給予生理鹽水10 mL(A組),0.025 mg/kg地塞米松(天津金耀藥業(yè)有限公司,批號:H12020514)+生理鹽水共10 mL(B組),0.05 mg/kg地塞米松+生理鹽水共10 mL(C組),0.1 mg/kg地塞米松+生理鹽水共10 mL(D組)。患側(cè)頸部常規(guī)消毒后,使用高頻線陣探頭(Ultrasound Aloka Prosound α6,日立醫(yī)療有限公司,日本)在頸5~6水平短軸尋找臂叢神經(jīng),使用22 G短斜面50 mm神經(jīng)刺激針連接神經(jīng)刺激器(JUNK Multistim Plex,寶雅醫(yī)療科技集團,德國),采用平面內(nèi)技術(shù)由外向內(nèi)進針,若刺激電流小于0.3 mA仍有明顯相應肌肉收縮則調(diào)整進針位置以減少神經(jīng)內(nèi)注射。進針定位準確回抽無血則緩慢注射0.5%羅哌卡因30 mL(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責任公司,批號:H20103553)。阻滯完成后以丙泊酚血漿濃度3~5 μg/mL、瑞芬太尼1.5 μg/kg、順式苯磺酸阿曲庫銨0.15 mg/kg麻醉誘導完成氣管插管,接麻醉機機械通氣,丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼靶控輸注維持麻醉。術(shù)畢清醒拔管后送入麻醉恢復室(PACU)留觀。
1.3 觀察指標
主要指標:在病房內(nèi)記錄患者術(shù)后48 h首次需求鎮(zhèn)痛時間。
次要指標:在PACU記錄患者霍納綜合征、呼吸困難、聲音嘶啞等麻醉相關并發(fā)癥;在病房內(nèi)記錄術(shù)后24、48 h患者無痛或輕度疼痛及術(shù)后24 h阻滯側(cè)上肢肌力未完全恢復患者例數(shù),術(shù)后48 h累積鎮(zhèn)痛藥物消耗情況,睡眠干擾、術(shù)后惡心嘔吐等不良事件及對麻醉的滿意度。疼痛評估采用數(shù)字等級評分(NRS)量表,評估標準包括無痛(0分)、輕度疼痛(1~3分)、中度疼痛(4~6分)、重度疼痛(7~10分);阻滯側(cè)的手部肌力評估:肌力喪失、較對側(cè)肌力下降、與對側(cè)肌力一樣強。在轉(zhuǎn)入及轉(zhuǎn)出PACU時評估患者患肢疼痛及運動神經(jīng)阻滯清況,若患者存在中度及以上疼痛或肌力與未阻滯側(cè)一樣強則判定為阻滯失敗。術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛方案:若存在中重度疼痛或患者要求時首選雙氯芬酸鈉栓50 mg塞肛,根據(jù)鎮(zhèn)痛效果采用肌注曲馬多50~100 mg或哌替定50 mg進行補充。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,正態(tài)分布的計量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,非正態(tài)分布的計量資料以中位數(shù)(四分位間距)表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析;計數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,部分資料采用Fisher確切概率法;術(shù)后首次需求鎮(zhèn)痛時間比較采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析;以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 四組一般資料比較
四組患者年齡、體重指數(shù)、性別、ASA分級、阻滯失敗例數(shù)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。
2.2 四組術(shù)后48 h首次需求鎮(zhèn)痛時間比較
A、B、C、D組術(shù)后48 h首次需求鎮(zhèn)痛時間為12(4.25)、14(5.25)、16.5(7.5)和20(6.75)h,Kaplan-Meier生存分析顯示,C組和D組術(shù)后48 h首次需求鎮(zhèn)痛時間顯著長于A組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.01),但C、D組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05);B組術(shù)后首次需求鎮(zhèn)痛中位時間與A組比較,差異亦無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。
2.3 四組術(shù)后48 h累積消耗鎮(zhèn)痛藥物比較
D組術(shù)后48 h雙氯芬酸鈉栓的使用總量明顯低于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)不需鎮(zhèn)痛劑患者例數(shù)、曲馬多的用量及使用哌替定患者例數(shù)各組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。
2.4 四組不良事件及滿意度比較
術(shù)后24、48 h無痛或輕度疼痛及24 h肌力未完全恢復、霍納綜合征、呼吸困難、聲音嘶啞患者例數(shù)在各組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。D組惡心嘔吐發(fā)生率明顯低于A組(P < 0.05),C、D組睡眠干擾發(fā)生率低于A組(P < 0.05),D組患者麻醉滿意率高于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05),見表3。各組患者的血糖水平術(shù)后48 h均在正常范圍。
3 討論
如何有效延長神經(jīng)阻滯作用時間一直是區(qū)域麻醉中的熱點問題,連續(xù)神經(jīng)阻滯能延長神經(jīng)阻滯的鎮(zhèn)痛時間,但管道容易移位且有感染風險[17-21]。地塞米松、可樂定、曲馬多、丁丙諾啡等藥物曾被加入到局麻藥中,但其安全性仍有待證實[22]。因此,筆者認為應該確立靜脈注射地塞米松在外周神經(jīng)阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛中的重要作用。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),靜注0.05 mg/kg(C組)或0.1 mg/kg(D組)地塞米松能使羅哌卡因肌間溝阻滯的鎮(zhèn)痛時間分別延長4.5 h及8 h,但兩者之間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,但D組患者滿意率更高。本研究中術(shù)后24、48 h無痛或輕度疼痛患者在各組間比較差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,可能與術(shù)后使用鎮(zhèn)痛劑有關。
目前靜注地塞米松的鎮(zhèn)痛量效反應關系尚未完全確定,薈萃分析顯示小于0.1 mg/kg地塞米松不能降低疼痛評分及鎮(zhèn)痛劑的用量,而大于0.1 mg/kg時未表現(xiàn)出量效反應關系[12]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,0.05 mg/kg地塞米松有延長鎮(zhèn)痛時間的作用,可能與該研究用藥時機有關,術(shù)前給予地塞米松比術(shù)中更有效[12]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),靜注8 mg與40 mg地塞米松在減輕肩關節(jié)鏡手術(shù)術(shù)后疼痛等方面無顯著差異,提示地塞米松有封頂效應[23]。
本研究四組患者24 h肌力未完全恢復、聲音嘶啞等不良事件的發(fā)生率無統(tǒng)計學差異,可能與采用超聲聯(lián)合神經(jīng)刺激儀引導有關。本研究中有1例患者出現(xiàn)呼吸困難,可能是阻滯了同側(cè)膈神經(jīng)。D組惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率明顯低于A組,可能與地塞米松本身具有的協(xié)同止吐作用有關。理論上靜脈使用地塞米松可能會引起血糖升高,但本研究中各組的血糖均在正常范圍。
綜上所述,靜脈注射0.05 mg/kg或0.1 mg/kg地塞米松可延長肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯肩部手術(shù)術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛時間,且兩者效果無明顯差異,但后者患者麻醉滿意率更高,低于0.05 mg/kg地塞米松的作用有待進一步明確。
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(收稿日期:2017-02-22 本文編輯:程 銘)
(本欄目主編:王 庚)